Complex Nombers

Lm
Conmplex NuMber
20 bi
eal imaginary
Part

CArgand plane)
CoMplex Conjuqate Z=a-bi
To ind quotient ws complex Aulbers
atbi atbi (-di
C+di +di (- di

Properties of Conjuqates
+w 2+w

Modulos 2 at+b
bi

Qvadrahc equakion bt-Mac

Ch find (aoa da
for aa+ ba+ C: 0

a Poldr form a rcose, b:rsine

Zar(cose+ isine)
where 12| =Ja+1 arglt)-tan"( (G)
 Let
2 =iCcose +iuine), ? fal coseetiine:)

L = (cos(O,-ea) isinCG-e2))

9 If 2 lcoe
=rlcose +isne) then -uine)

De Moivre' Theovem 2 (con9 +isinne

Let 2r(cos +isin©) and let n be a posikive inheger

then 2 has the n dil-incd ath roo
wrtos/Bk+isin(P +2
where K: Onl3,.., n-1

Culer' Formola e'9 (0Jy +iliny

Co mpex exponenb have the came propertiey as re01.
pit ebp i
C

C ) fourier Serieu

fourier sefies - infinite sefies that represenh

fvntHons vsinq sin and
cos
periadit

Fovrier Series P fCx) of period 2T

CanCosn+ bn )
fCx) as +

tourier coefficients
f ( x ) dz

f(a)os(na) dz
On (
bn fCa)sinCnz) da
TT

by tovrier Series
epresenubion
with period 2T and pieeuite
Let fCa) be periodic TSXS
conhinuoos in the interval
have lefk-hand deivakive and a righk
Fvrther let f(a)
a
that inknal
hund derivahive aB each poin an
FCa) Convelge).
Then the fovurier serjes of fa) is
at poink o where
Is suM is FCa), encept a is the
SUM A the seties,
disanhAuoos Therc. the limit Flal a X.
ef
of the left- and ngh-hand
aveage
awiage
CI. 2) Arbihary Period, Cven and add Funchrons and
HAlP-Range CxpansionS
toyiier Series (genernl form)

hra
or a funchion flal uith peried 22,
owier sene) i qiven by
by

vie Coefficient
aZ FCa) dx

an FCa)co«( ) dx
bn: t I Fo)cin(") dr

If fCK)il an even function fCa) F(-)

L4it is better epresented usinlg Coine so
OSe a tovrier Coineseries

FCa)a2aaCo()
a a) da, an Rtlcas (auq dx
f fCK) is an odd Funchion fC-x) -f(x)
L it better tepresenfed
i osinq sine So,
v e fourier Sine Serie

CR) Z bn Sin (AL

bn n)sin(aT«) dx

Sum andScalar Mvlhple

The fovrier Coeficiens ofa sum ftfh are the sums
of the Corresponding fourier oelfiuenks of h and fz.
The fovrier coeffrcierk of ck are chimei the
coesponding founer (ooPlrcjenh P f

Half-Range apansion
L tend a funcbion dt period L and deuchp
it inh a foufier series
Even Pefiodic ension a uue fourier cos seie
Odd
Odd periodic exens ion -9 Ue toupier sin series
(11.) Approithonu bhy Tignontehric Polynuials

Parse val' ldenthky

2a.'+ Zau'tba)- Fa)" da
(.7fovrier Integral
0sed to madel nan-periodic funckions on an inhnile inlenal

epevenlatren )
ox) ACwcosux+Rtu)sinwa) dw
where he coeflicienh the fovrier integral are:

Acw) " foccosu da

BLw) f(a)sinux da

tourier InteqralTheorem
fCx) i piecewise conhuous in everg Finite intewel
and has a righkhand derivalive and left -hand derivahive d

every point and if the integnas IfCall da eaiuks

(converges) Hen FCal can be eprevenhed by a urier
ittegal.
At a pointwhose Gal is discanhiuous, thevalve of he
fovrier inkeqnal equab the aveage of he lelt and righ-hand
liMi P(x)
that poink.
at
FCal inn (4) is absolukely inkegrable if
L

Lim Fx)| dx +Lim ,1fCa)l da

(follewing Finite 1imis cul. (cenuga)
f has Forier ntegral Kepresentdhion

fis even BCw): O

We uie C tovrier Co ine integral

fCa)A(wloswx duw
where
A(w) f(vlcawv dv
fis odd A(w) O
We Use C tovrier Sine inhegrak
fCx) Rtu)sin wx dw
where

Btu):2 f(v) sinwv dv

Laplae Inegals
fourier cosine and sine inlegads f FCx)= e*,x720 and K70

due" SiL du e«
C1.3) Fovner (osine and Sine Transform
Integra transfurmahon: a trat1 foimation in the tornt of
an integtal tha produes Fam given funckians new funcion
depending on a diffeent vas iable

Fourier Cosine Transforn EOP):)

Lo conceLA eve0 FvAchians
f(w) fCa) cosux dx

Inverse of fourier_Lasine transfofm

FCs ( flw) cwwx dw

toorier Sine Transtorm

Lo concerns odd unckions

u). tcx)sinwx ax
Inverse fourier Sine trans form
FCA) ° `stw) sinwx duu
Linearity Transforms 0f Derivatives

Caf+ bg) Te Cf) + b Ti (9)whereand

a
afe abselukgly.
q
integradle funcient
Caft bq) at cf) +b (g)

(ogine_and Sine Trans foms_f_Derivarives

C1 -w r{fcx)}

Second Derivatives
EC w f(a) -J fco)
P"C) } -w'k{PCa)} -J4'C0)
{"Cx)} -w k{fa)_
 S.lcm

(1.9) Fovier Transform

Complex frm P Hhe fovfier Integrak
FCx) Jf(v)eo " dvdw

Forrier TADSfotm and l Inwce

(w)LS(x)edx
transforMation h caMplen plane

Fa) f(wle dsw

Exsence t h e Fourier Transfornh
If SCa) il absolvtely integable on the K-asis
and piecewise (anlhinugos on eery Finite interval
then he fourier Hartfom PCw) of fx) eaisk.

Convolohiorn
The convoluhon f*g of funcbion s f andd is
=
hCad Cf 9)a) FCplgn-p)dp FCaplg(pdp
Convoluion Theorenm
Suppose that fCx) dnd gtk) ae piecewise conhnuaus,
bsunded. and absolulely integrable on the x-axis
then
Peg) J2 PCelttg)
(fa 4) (z) wljcwJe*dw