ZCT219/4 Mathematical Methods

2021/2022 Semester II
Answers to Chapter 1 Exercises

1. We know that both sin 𝑥 and cos 𝑥 have a fundamental period of 2𝜋. Meanwhile, sin 𝑛𝑥, for
instance, oscillates 𝑛 times faster than sin 𝑥. Hence, the fundamental period of sin 𝑛𝑥 get
shorten by a factor of 𝑛. Therefore,
a. 2𝜋
=𝜋
2
b. 2𝜋
=2
𝜋
c. 2𝜋
=𝑘
(2𝜋/𝑘)

2. a.

b.

c.

3. a. 0 for − 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0

𝑓(𝑥) = { , 𝑓(𝑥 + 2𝜋) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝐿 = 𝜋
𝑥 for 0<𝑥<𝜋
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = { −𝑥 − 4 for − 4 < 𝑥 < 0 , 𝑓(𝑥 + 8) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝐿 = 4
−𝑥 + 4 for 0<𝑥<4
4. a. 𝜋 1 2
𝑎0 = , 𝑎𝑛 = 2 ((−1)𝑛 − 1) = { − 𝑛2 𝜋 for odd 𝑛
4 𝑛 𝜋
0 for even 𝑛
1
(−1)𝑛 for odd 𝑛
𝑏𝑛 = − ={ 𝑛
𝑛 1
− for even 𝑛
𝑛
𝜋 2 cos 3𝑥 cos 5𝑥 sin 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = − (cos 𝑥 + + + ⋯ ) + sin 𝑥 − +
4 𝜋 9 25 2 3
b. Odd function ⇒ 𝑎0 = 𝑎𝑛 = 0 for all 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
∞
8 8 𝑛𝜋𝑥 8 𝜋𝑥 1 𝜋𝑥 1 3𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ sin = (sin + sin + sin + ⋯)
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 4 𝜋 4 2 2 3 4
𝑛=1

5. a. Even extension:

1 2 𝑛𝜋 2 1 for 𝑛 = 1,5,9, …
𝑎0 = , 𝑎𝑛 = − sin =− × {−1 for 𝑛 = 3,7,11, …
2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋
0 for even 𝑛
∞
1 2 1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = − ∑ sin cos
2 𝜋 𝑛 2 4
𝑛=1
1 2 𝜋𝑥 1 3𝜋𝑥 1 5𝜋𝑥
= − (cos − cos + cos − ⋯)
2 𝜋 4 3 4 5 4
Odd extension:

2 𝑛𝜋 2 −1 for odd 𝑛
𝑏𝑛 = − ((−1)𝑛 − cos ) = − × { 2 for 𝑛 = 2,6,10, …
𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 0 for 𝑛 = 4,8,12, …
∞
2 1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = − ∑ ((−1)𝑛 − cos ) sin
𝜋 𝑛 2 4
𝑛=1
2 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 1 3𝜋𝑥
= − (− sin + sin − sin + ⋯)
𝜋 4 2 3 4
b. Even extension:

3𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2 −1 for odd 𝑛
𝑎0 = , 𝑎𝑛 = 2 (cos − 1) = 2 × {−2 for 𝑛 = 2,6,10, …
8 𝑛 𝜋 2 𝑛 𝜋 0 for 𝑛 = 4,8,12, …
∞
3𝜋 2 1 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 2 (cos − 1) cos 𝑛𝑥
8 𝜋 𝑛 2
𝑛=1
3𝜋 2 1
= + (− cos 𝑥 − cos 2𝑥 − ⋯ )
8 𝜋 2
Odd extension:
1 2
+ 2 for 𝑛 = 1,5,9, …
𝑛 𝑛 𝜋
(−1)𝑛 2 𝑛𝜋 1 2
𝑏𝑛 = − + 2 sin ( ) = − 2 for 𝑛 = 3,7,11, …
𝑛 𝑛 𝜋 2 𝑛 𝑛 𝜋
1
{ −𝑛 for even 𝑛
 ∞
(−1)𝑛 2 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ (− + 2 sin ( )) sin 𝑛𝑥
𝑛 𝑛 𝜋 2
𝑛=1
2 1 1 2
= (1 + ) sin 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + ( − ) sin 3𝑥 − ⋯
𝜋 2 3 9𝜋

6. For 𝑟(𝑡), which is an odd function,

∞
12 (−1)𝑛+1
𝑏𝑛 = − 3 (−1)𝑛 ⇒ 𝑟(𝑡) = 12 ∑ sin 𝑛𝑡
𝑛 𝑛3
𝑛=1

The solution for 𝑦 is

∞ ∞

𝑦(𝑡) = ∑ 𝑦𝑛 (𝑡) = ∑ 𝐴𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑡 + 𝐵𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑡

𝑛=1 𝑛=1

where
12(−1)𝑛 𝑐 12(−1)𝑛 (𝑛2 − 1)
𝐴𝑛 = , 𝐵𝑛 = , 𝐷𝑛 = (1 − 𝑛2 )2 + (𝑐𝑛)2
𝑛2 𝐷𝑛 𝑛3 𝐷𝑛