Challenge-1:

 Increasing the size of the radiator and/or fan: This can improve cooling efficiency and reduce the
risk of overheating. However, it may also increase the size and weight of the system, as well as
increase power consumption.
 Adding a coolant reservoir: This can help to maintain a consistent coolant level and reduce the
risk of air bubbles in the system. However, it may also increase the complexity and cost of the
system.
 Using a higher-quality temperature sensor: This can improve accuracy and reliability of
temperature monitoring. However, it may also increase cost and may not be necessary for some
applications.
 Adding a variable-speed pump: This can improve energy efficiency and reduce noise, as the
pump can be adjusted to match the cooling requirements of the system. However, it may also
increase complexity and cost of the system.
 Using a different type of filter pressure bypass valve: This can improve reliability and reduce
maintenance requirements. However, it may also increase cost and may not be necessary for
some applications.
 Adjusting the size of the orifice: This can help to regulate coolant flow and improve cooling
efficiency.

Challenge-2:
Challenge-3:
Ladder Logic:

Ladder Logic Code:

// Define variables

VAR

TempSensor : BOOL; // Temperature sensor input

IgnitionSwitch : BOOL; // Ignition switch input

PumpControl : BOOL; // Pump control output

FanControl : BOOL; // Fan control output

TempSetpoint : REAL; // Temperature setpoint

TempReading : REAL; // Current temperature reading

END_VAR

// Initialize variables

TempSetpoint := 80.0;
PumpControl := FALSE;

FanControl := FALSE;

// Main program loop

WHILE TRUE DO

// Read temperature sensor input

TempReading := GetTemperature(TempSensor);

// Check ignition switch and temperature setpoint

IF IgnitionSwitch AND (TempReading > TempSetpoint) THEN

// Turn on pump and fan

PumpControl := TRUE;

FanControl := TRUE;

ELSE

// Turn off pump and fan

PumpControl := FALSE;

FanControl := FALSE;

END_IF;

END_WHILE;

// Function to get temperature reading from sensor

FUNCTION GetTemperature : REAL

VAR_INPUT

Sensor : BOOL; // Temperature sensor input

END_VAR
VAR

Temp : REAL; // Temperature reading

END_VAR

BEGIN

// Emulate temperature reading based on sensor input

IF Sensor THEN

Temp := 75.0;

ELSE

Temp := 85.0;

END_IF;

// Return temperature reading

GetTemperature := Temp;

END_FUNCTION

In this program, we define variables for the temperature sensor input, ignition switch input, pump
control output, fan control output, temperature setpoint, and current temperature reading. We initialize
the temperature setpoint and pump/fan control variables to their default values.

In the main program loop, we read the temperature sensor input and check the ignition switch and
temperature setpoint to determine whether to turn on the pump and fan. If the ignition switch is on and
the temperature is above the setpoint, we turn on the pump and fan. Otherwise, we turn them off.

We also define a function to get the temperature reading from the sensor input. In this function, we
emulate the temperature reading based on the sensor input, returning a value of 75.0 if the sensor is on
and 85.0 if it is off.

C++ code:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

double GetTemperature(bool sensor) {

// Emulate temperature reading based on sensor input

if (sensor) {

return 75.0;

} else {

return 85.0;

int main() {

// Define variables

bool tempSensor; // Temperature sensor input

bool ignitionSwitch; // Ignition switch input

bool pumpControl = false; // Pump control output

bool fanControl = false; // Fan control output

double tempSetpoint = 80.0; // Temperature setpoint

double tempReading; // Current temperature reading

// Main program loop

while (true) {

// Read temperature sensor input

tempReading = GetTemperature(tempSensor);

// Check ignition switch and temperature setpoint

// Turn on pump and fan

pumpControl = true;

fanControl = true;

} else {

// Turn off pump and fan

pumpControl = false;

fanControl = false;

// Output pump and fan control signals

cout << "Pump control: " << pumpControl << endl;

cout << "Fan control: " << fanControl << endl;

return 0;

In this implementation, we define variables for the temperature sensor input, ignition switch input,
pump control output, fan control output, temperature setpoint, and current temperature reading. We
initialize the pump and fan control variables to their default values.

In the main program loop, we read the temperature sensor input and check the ignition switch and
temperature setpoint to determine whether to turn on the pump and fan. If the ignition switch is on and
the temperature is above the setpoint, we turn on the pump and fan. Otherwise, we turn them off.

We also define a function to get the temperature reading from the sensor input. In this function, we
emulate the temperature reading based on the sensor input, returning a value of 75.0 if the sensor is on
and 85.0 if it is off.