This release of PROCESS (v2.16.3) is documented in the first edition of Hayes, A. F.

(2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A

regression based approach. New York: The Guilford Press as well as in an
addendum to the documentation available in the zip archive containing the
PROCESS program that you downloaded. The first edition of the book will soon
be out of print and will be available only through the used book market. There is
a frequently asked questions page at www.processmacro.org/faq.html

In January 2018, version 2 of PROCESS will still be available through

processmacro.org but will no longer be supported. Regular PROCESS users should
update to version 3 when it is released in December 2017. Version 3 is
documented in Appendices A and B and various examples in the 2nd edition of the
book. The second edition is available through the publisher at
http://www.guilford.com/p/hayes3

Courses on the use of PROCESS taught by Andrew F Hayes are offered through
Statistical Horizons (www.statisticalhorizons.com) and the Global School in
Empirical Research Methods (gserm.ch). See the PROCESS workshop page at
www.processmacro.org/workshops.html for courses that are currently scheduled.
All courses offered after June of 2017 will be taught using PROCESS version 3.
 PROCESS v2 versus PROCESS v3
PROCESS v2 PROCESS v3

Number of preprogrammed models 76 55

Multicategorical independent variables (X) Limited to models 1 and 4 All models

Multicategorical moderators Limited to model 1 All models

Maximum number of moderators 4 (max. 2 per path in 2

indirect effects)

User-constructed models No Yes

Customization of preprogrammed models No Yes

Moderated serial mediation models No Yes

(preprogrammed and
user-constructed)

Categorical mediators No No

Dichotomous Y Yes No

Bootstrapping Indirect effects only Indirect effects and all

model regression
coefficients

Comparison of conditional effects in multiple No Yes

moderator models

Probing and visualizing interactions Limited to moderation-only All models with

models (models 1, 2, 3) interactions

Standard errors and confidence intervals for No Yes

estimates of outcome variables

Heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors HC3 only HC0, HC1, HC2, HC3, HC4

Contrasts between indirect effects Pairwise in mediation-only Pairwise and complex

models contrasts for
unconditional and
conditional indirect effects

Documentation in Introduction to Mediation, 1st edition 2nd edition

Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis

PROCESS is written by Andrew F. Hayes and is free and downloadable from www.processmacro.org. Documentation
and instruction on its use is available in Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis
(www.guilford.com/p/hayes3)
 Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional
Process Analysis
SECOND EDITION
A Regression-Based Approach

Andrew F. Hayes

“This book provides clear instruction that is accessible to graduate students while also useful to
seasoned researchers looking to expand their skills for more complex regression-based analyses.
The second edition provides increased clarity in interpreting PROCESS output and documents
PROCESS v3, which allows for great flexibility in analyzing models. Other useful developments in
the second edition include chapters on multicategorical variables, incorporation of the index of
moderated mediation, and the appendix of instructions on how to customize PROCESS for models
not covered by the templates. Hayes’s approach is cutting edge in both philosophy and pragmatics.
2017, Hardcover I've used the first edition extensively as a course text as well as in my own research, and am excited
ISBN 9781462534654 to move to the second edition.”
7" x 10", 700 Pages, $65.00 —Elizabeth J. Kiel, PhD, Department of Psychology, Miami University
DISCOUNT PRICE: $52.00
“Using lucid prose and abundant, worked-through examples, Hayes walks readers through the
promise and potential pitfalls of two of the most essential—yet convoluted—tasks in social science
research. Novices will find this book to be a thorough, accessible description of ordinary least
squares regression and a smart tutorial on mediation and moderation, but it is also much more. Any
seasoned researcher who has slogged through the arcane computation and agonizing decision
making related to the estimation and interpretation of direct and indirect effects, or the visualization
and presentation of interactions, will find this volume (with the accompanying PROCESS macro) to
be a veritable Swiss Army knife, and will return to it time and time again.”
—Jeffrey G. Parker, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Alabama

“This text is a wonderful combination of traditional mediation and moderation using regression and
extensions into more complex variations. Coverage is clear and thorough—perfect for intermediate
to advanced regression learners. Updates in the second edition include a new chapter with answers
to many very important and common questions, which will be extremely helpful to learners. I can't
wait to use this second edition with my students.”
—Jocelyn H. Bolin, PhD, Department of Educational Psychology, Ball State University

“This second edition is a welcome addition to advanced regression books that can be used in
doctoral courses in the social sciences or by social science researchers. Hayes maintains his usual
level of clarity while adding coverage of such important topics as multicategorical variables for
mediation, moderation, and conditional process models. Enhanced presentation of tabular materials,
coupled with new plots, add to the reader’s understanding of analyses. Incorporation of R syntax at
points in the book is great, as many researchers turn to R for its open access and improved graphics
capabilities. I loved the first edition for my first-year doctoral course, and will use the second
edition in its place.”
—Ramona L. Paetzold, DBA, Department of Management, Texas A&M University

“Since I began using the first edition of this text in my graduate statistics classes in 2014, the
number of theses and dissertations that include mediation and/or moderation analysis in our
department has increased dramatically. Valuable new material in the second edition includes 13
new models, including models with categorical variables and models with both parallel and serial
mediation, as well as the recently developed index of moderated mediation. My copy of the first
edition is filled with my annotations on the examples of PROCESS output—in the second edition,
Hayes has provided useful annotations of his own. I highly recommend this book for statistics
classes that include OLS mediation and moderation. It is also a terrific resource for researchers
wishing to keep up with advances in moderation and mediation analysis.”
—Karl L. Wuensch, PhD, Department of Psychology, East Carolina University

Lauded for its easy-to-understand, conversational discussion of the fundamentals of mediation,

moderation, and conditional process analysis, this book has been fully revised with 50% new
content, including sections on working with multicategorical antecedent variables, the use of
PROCESS version 3 for SPSS and SAS for model estimation, and annotated PROCESS v3 outputs.
Using the principles of ordinary least squares regression, Andrew F. Hayes carefully explains
procedures for testing hypotheses about the conditions under and the mechanisms by which causal
effects operate, as well as the moderation of such mechanisms. Hayes shows how to estimate and
 interpret direct, indirect, and conditional effects; probe and visualize interactions; test questions
about moderated mediation; and report different types of analyses. Data for all the examples are
available on the companion website (www.afhayes.com), along with links to download PROCESS.

Find full information about this title online: www.guilford.com/p/hayes3

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