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8190 - File - Network Lect No.5 - Audio

Network protocols allow devices to communicate over a network. There are two main models - the OSI model with 7 layers and the TCP/IP model with 4 layers. Each layer performs specific functions like routing, error checking, and formatting data. The physical layer converts data to signals and the application layer displays data to users.

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Mohamed Gamal
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21 views16 pages

8190 - File - Network Lect No.5 - Audio

Network protocols allow devices to communicate over a network. There are two main models - the OSI model with 7 layers and the TCP/IP model with 4 layers. Each layer performs specific functions like routing, error checking, and formatting data. The physical layer converts data to signals and the application layer displays data to users.

Uploaded by

Mohamed Gamal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter – 3

“Network Protocols”
Definition:
Network protocol is a group of sorted or layered stages, hardware and software,
to be setup inside any terminal in order to be part of network.

Standard Models for Network Protocols:


1- OSI Model: Open System Interconnection constructed by IBM team in 1970
which contained 7 layers (or stages) but not compatible with internet
connection.
2- TCP/ IP Model: Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol constructed
also by IBM team in 1974 which contained only 4 layers (or stages) and
compatible with internet connection.
7-
7-
6-
6-

5-
5-
4-
4-

3-
3-
2-
2-
1-
1-
OSI Data Encapsulation Process
7 Application L7H Data

6 Presentation L6H L7H Data

5 Session L5H L6H L7H Data

4 TCP or UDP L5H L6H L7H Part of Data Segment


Transport

3 Network IP TCP or UDP L5H L6H L7H Part of Data Packet

2 Data Link MAC IP TCP or UDP L5H L6H L7H Part of Data CRC Frame

Physical
1
7- Application - responsible for displaying data and images to the user in a human-recognizable
format known by GUI (graphical user interface) designed by HTML (hypertext
markup language). Such as:
Protocols for Application Layer
1- Web Browsing Protocols:
• HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• HTTPS: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secured

2- Email Protocols:
• SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• POP: Post Office Protocol.
• IMAP: Internet Message Access Protocol

3- File Sharing Protocol:


• FTP: File Transfer Protocols.
• TFTP: Trivial File Transfer Protocols.
Applies first coding process stage; sources
coding, data compression and encryption.
• Session means data connection between
client and server.
• A client can run more than one session at
the same time.
• Session layer performs session security,
name recognition, timing, logging, and
so on.
• Segmentation and segment sequencing.
• Identifying type of application via port
numbers according to which one protocol is
activated; TCP or UDP .
• Tracking the Conversation from source to
destination using flow and error control
algorithms (only in case of TCP).
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
UDP: User Datagram Protocol
• Performs routing process and mapping
between physical address (MAC) and logical
address (IP).

10 18
1 2 3
A B
12 4 4
5

4 5
10
• Insert MAC address as a header to each segment
and CRC as trailer.
• MAC address is called hob- to- hob address since
it’s changed by data link layer at every hob in the
path between transmitter and receiver.
• Whereas, IP address is called end- to- end address
since it’s kept unchanged till transmitted frame
reach final destination.
• Converts frame bits into signal dependent on
type of NIC:
1- in case of wire NIC, physical layer applies
line coding process.
2- in case of wireless NIC (WIFI), physical layer
applies CW modulation such as; FSK or PSK.
Physical Layer
• Wire NIC:
Two common Line Coding techniques: 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
+V
1- ON- OFF in case of optical fiber NIC 0V

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
+V
2- NRZ in case of twisted pair NIC
-V

• Wireless NIC:
Two common CW modulation techniques may
be applied:
1- FSK as in case of PC.

2- PSK as in case of mobile.


TCP / IP Model

1
TCP/ IP Data Encapsulation Process

4 Application
Data

3 TCP or UDP Part of Data Segment


Transport
2 Internet IP TCP or UDP Part of Data Packet

MAC IP TCP or UDP Part of Data CRC Frame


1 Network Access

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