eyes Eyebrow

Hair
Cheeks
Nose
Chin
Ear
Mouth
Neck
Fingers
Elbow

hands Sole

knee

Feet
Leg
Possessive Adjectives: The possessive adjectives are my, your, his, her, its, our, their. They are
used to show something belongs to somebody. Comes before noun.

I have a bag->this is my bag

You have a cat->this is your cat
He has a car->this is his car
She has a book->it is her book
The dog has a bed->it is its bed
We have a flat->it is our flat
They have a daughter-> she is their daughter

What are possessive pronouns?

They also say who something belongs to BUT they replace the noun.

Mine, ours, yours, theirs, his, hers

I have a bag->this is mine

You have a cat-> that is yours
He has a car-> that is his
She has a book-> that is hers
We have a flat-> this is ours
They have a daughter-> she is theirs

Whose vs who’s

What is whose?
Used in questions to ask who OWNS something or has something
-used to show which person or thing you are talking about.

I found this phone. Whose is it?

What is Who’s
Used in question about which person did something or is someone.
Contraction
Who is=who’s
Who has=who’s

Who’s -who is the man talking to same?

Who’s -who has got time for lunch?
Adverbs of frequency
-Tells us how often something (action) happens.

2 types of Adverbs of Frequency

1. Definite adverbs of frequency- weekly, daily, yearly.
Eg. We attend class daily.
2. Indefinite adverbs of frequency- doesn’t say an exact time frame.
----They are approximate frequencies.

****Never, seldom, rarely, are not usually used in the negative form*** Don’t make negative
sentences using these frequencies.

How to form a sentence using adverbs of frequency?

****Sentences are often used with the PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE.

Affirmative Sentences-Present Simple

Subject + Adverb of Frequency + V1 or Vs/es + Object (Modify Verb sentence)

I +usually+ get up at 7. He always runs in the evenings.

Sub. + Verb to ‘be’ (are/ is/am) + adverb of frq + adj. (Modify an adjective sentence)

She +. Is + always + happy

Negative Sentences-Present Simple
Subject + Do not (don’t)/Does not (doesn’t)+ Adverb of Frequency+Verb Base form (V1)+ Object

She +doesn’t +always + yell + at me.

******Never, seldom, rarely, are not usually used in the negative form*** Don’t make
negative sentences using these frequencies.

Adverb of
frequency.

Eg. Always,
Usually, swims
Sometimes
What are tenses.
-form a VERB takes to show the time it happened.

Tenses describe when any action took place, with respect to time/ and now the time the action
took place would be PAST, PRESNT or FUTURE.

Past (also Preterit) Future

The line left of the circle The line right of the

Present
is the time that already circle is the future
passed. The circle represents time.
the present time.
(NOW)
Tenses are divided into 3 types.

Tenses

Past tense Present tense Future

Each of these 3 types have 4 subtypes.

1. Simple
2. Continuous
3. Perfect
4. Perfect Continuous.

Forms of Verbs 5 forms Example of Regular verb-Play

Example of Irregular verb-Go
Base form Verb (V1)  Play Go
Past form Verb 2 (V2).  Played Went
Past Participle Verb 3 (V3)  Played Gone
S/ES form Verb or Vs/es.  Plays Goes
ING form Verb or V-ING  Playing Going
 Verb Chart
Past Present Future

Simple Truth/Habit/Facts/Fixed
arrangements/unchangin
g situation.
S+V1 (s/es)+ O
Eg. I am 30 years old.
Continuous On Going action
S+(to be verb)+Ving+O
Eg. They are swimming in
the pool.
Perfect

Perfect Continuous

What is Present Continuous (Also known as Present Progressive Tense)

-It is a form of PRESENT TENSE.
-verb tense that indicates an action is happening NOW AND may continue into the future.

When do we use Present Continuous?

Present Continuous or Present Progressive

Indicates action that is happening NOW and may continue into the future
1. Temporary or new habits
Eg. I am drinking too much coffee today.
Eg: She is taking dance lessons.
2. Things that happening at the moment
Eg. The water is boiling, so can we put in the pasta.
Eg. It is raining right now.
3. Temporary situation or situations that are changing/developing
Eg. He is travelling to Europe.
Eg. Computers are becoming more important.
4. Definite Future plans.
Eg. I’m meeting Suli after class.

How to make sentences using the Present Continuous (Grammar structure)

1. Affirmative (positive sentence) I am teaching.

Subject + Auxiliary be (is/are/am) +verb+ING +O You are listening.
She is reading.
 We are speaking.
They are learning.
He is sleeping.
2. Negative Sentence I am not teaching today.
Subject +Aux be verb + NOT + Verb+ING+ O He isn’t listening very well.
We are not playing any sports.
3. Yes/No Questions Is our team winning?
Aux be verb+ Subject+ verb+ING? Are you enjoying the game?

Short answers to Yes/No Questions Yes, it is/ No, it isn’t.

Pronoun Subject + Aux be verb+ not Yes, I am/No, I’m not

4. Wh-Questions
a. Wh-word (as Subject) + Aux be verb+ Who is winning?
Verb+ING +O Who is washing the car?

b. Wh-word (not the Subject) + Aux be Why is he running now?

verb+ Subject+ Verb+ING +O

c. Wh-word with Verb to “BE” Am I starting class today?

Aux To Be Verb (Am, Is, Are) + S + Verb (ING)+O

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? When to use which tense.

Present Simple: Present Continuous or Present Progressive:

To describe something that doesn’t change Indicates action that is happening NOW and
may continue into the future
Habits or things we do regularly. Temporary or new habits

Eg. I brush my teeth every day. Eg. I am drinking too much coffee today.
General truth -something that is always true Things that happening at the moment

Eg. Water boils at 100 degrees. Eg. The water is boiling, so can we put in the
pasta.
Permanent (unchanging situation) Temporary situation

Eg. Haida lives in Canada. Eg. He is travelling to Europe.

Fixed arrangements. Definite Future plans.

Eg. My plane takes off at 9. Eg. I’m meeting Suli after class.
Types of verbs.

Action Verbs (most of the verbs) Dynamic verb

-requires an action, something that you can start and stop when you want.

EG: Texting, running, talking, driving, skiing, jumping

****ACTION VERBS can use both Simple present tense and Present Continuous tenses***

Simple Present

Subject + Verb Base form (V1) (s/es) + Object

I +walk + to school.

Present Cont.

Subject + Auxiliary To BE (is/are/am) +verb+ING

I am reading a book.

Stative verbs (NON action verbs)

-verbs that don’t express an action. Stative verbs express state rather than an action.

States such as: emotion, senses, mental state, possession, measurement

-They do not use the Present Cont. Tense. They do not end with ING (even though they are
happening at the moment.). We use the present simple tense.

Simple Present

Subject + Verb Base form (V1) (s/es) + Object

I think he can drive the car. I thinking he can drive a car

I don't know the answer. I'm not knowing the answer.

She really likes you. She's really liking you.
He seems happy at the moment. He's seeming happy at the moment.
 Stative (or State) Verb List

State Verbs of State Verbs of State Verbs of State Verbs Stative Verb of
Possession Mental States Emotions of Senses Measure, Cost
and others

 have  know  Love  Sound  cost

 own  believe  Like  Hear  measure
 possess  understand  Dislike  Smell  weigh
 lack  doubt  Hate  See  owe
 consist  think (have  Adore  Taste  seem
 involve an opinion)  Prefer  Touch  fit
 include  suppose  Care for  Feel  depend
 contain  recognise  Mind  Look  matter
 want  forget  Want
 remember  Need
 imagine  Desire
 mean  Wish
 agree  Hope
 disagree  Appreciate
 deny  Value
 promise
 satisfy
 realise
 appear
 astonish
 please
 impress
 surprise
 concern

AGAIN
STATIVE VERBS (NON-ACTION VERBS)
-Describes a state/condition which has NO DEFINITE beginning (START) or NO DEFINITE ending
(STOP) (eg. Emotions, senses, thoughts, possessions) -> Please refer to Stative Verb Chart in
previous lesson

Versus (VS.)

ACTION VERB (also called Dynamic Verbs)

-requires an action (to do, perform), something that you can START and STOP when you want.

REMEMBER
-Stative Verbs are NOT used in the Progressive/Continuous form (-ING ending)
Rule: Remember, Progressive/Continuous is a verb tense
‘NON-ACTION VERB=NO PROGRESSIVE used to show an action that is happening NOW and
TENSE’ may continue into the future + Auxiliary ‘TO BE’.

However, there are exceptions.

******STATIVE VERBS the EXCEPTIONS (Verbs that do NOT follow the rule) ********

EXCEPTION: Non-Actions Verbs with ACTION MEANING

- You can use some stative verbs in the progressive form (-ing form) when they describe something with
a definite beginning and end (ACTION MEANING).

-Common verbs that are both stative and dynamic are:

Verbs
Be (am/are/is) Be is usually a stative verb,
Eg. (Stative) You are silly=it’s part of your personality

but when it is used in the continuous it means ‘behaving’ or ‘acting’

Eg. (Dynamic) You are being silly=only NOW, not usually (Progressive
tense)
Have Have (stative) = own
Eg. I have a car.
Have (dynamic) = When have doesn’t mean to own something.
Eg. I’m having a party. (Progressive tense)
Eg. I’m having lunch. (Progressive tense)
See See (stative) = see with your eyes/understand
Eg I see what you mean

See (dynamic) =meet/have a relationship with

Eg. I’m seeing Mark (relationship). (Progressive tense)
Eg. I’m seeing Jane tomorrow (Meet). (Progressive tense)
Taste, smell, feel, Taste (stative)=has a certain taste
look Eg. This soup tastes great.
Eg :The flowers smell nice.
Eg: She looks great.

Taste (dynamic)=the action of tasting

The chef is tasting the soup. (Progressive tense)
 Other examples:
I am smelling the flowers.
She is feeling the fabric to see if it’s soft.
Why are they looking in that direction?
Think Think (stative)=have an opinion
Eg. I think the coffee is great.

Think (dynamic) = consider, have in my head

Eg. What are you thinking about? I’m thinking about my next holiday.
(Progressive tense)