Roorkee Water Conclave 2020

Assessment of SuDS in an Urban Drainage System of Gurugram city using SWMM

Guru Chythanya Guptha, Ashish Pandey and K. S. Kasiviswanathan
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
Corresponding author email id: [email protected]

Abstract: In the recent past, extreme climatic events (i.e. floods, droughts) has been frequently
witnessed and significantly impacted on urban flooding. This consequently leads to affect the life of
people and property mainly due to water-logging and subsequent health issues. Therefore, the
effectiveness of conventional drainage network design has been questioned. Recently, the concepts of
Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SuDS) has been developed to minimise the impacts of urban
runoff by capturing runoff close to source and then releasing it slowly allowing the stormwater to
infiltrate into the ground and subsequently attenuate the peak runoff. Therefore, SuDS as an
alternative to conventional approaches is preferred across the world over, however the actual
implementation at least in major cities of India is still lacking. Hence, in this paper, a case study to
evaluate the effectiveness of implementing SuDS is demonstrated for Gurugram region using Storm
Water Management Model (SWMM). The comparative analysis with conventional methods revealed
that introducing SuDS has reduced the peak runoff by around 20% on the higher intensity of rainfall
and even control the urban flooding by minimising the flooding volume at the junctions by millions of
litres and storing it within the catchment area.
Keywords:Sustainable urban drainage system (SuDS); Stormwater modelling; Storm water
management model; Urban flooding.

1. Introduction
Urban drainage systems have been facing numerous difficulties during stages of planning and
designing. So, management of urban stormwater has become increasingly complex for the
past few decades (Cembrano, et al., 2004; Li & Matthew, 1990). Climate change, urban
densification and failure of infrastructure had compromised these systems’ performance to
make it extremely unsatisfactory. This impacted rainfall statistics leading to uncertainty (Ten
Veldhuis, 2010; Djordjević, et al., 2011; Fryd, et al., 2012; Willems, et al., 2012; IPCC, 2012;
Hammond, et al., 2015). Catastrophic damage of human life and property has been observed
due to frequent urban floods (Mugume, et al.,2015; Mugume & Butler, 2017).
These problems have been affecting the human health terribly across the globe by
contaminating the food and water, drowning, and also promoting mental and emotional
troubles (Ohl & Tapsell, 2000; Huong, & Pathirana, 2013; Shrestha, et al., 2017). Focusing
on India, frequency and the magnitude of extreme rain events during the monsoon seasons
have increased in the recent past due to global climate change (Da Silva, et al., 2012; Bisht, et
al., 2016; Rao, 2019). The stormwater drainage network is too inadequate to serve the
disposal of stormwater as only 20% of the road network has been covered with stormwater
drains (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, 2011). Especially
in Gurugram city of Haryana, the human life is interfered with by endless water logging
problems at the time of monsoon rains (Skymet Weather Team, 2017; Bhatt, 2018; The
Hindu Team, 2019).
Accompanying to urban floods, depletion of groundwater has also been a problem of
disruption in major cities of India (Vaidyanathan, 1996; The Hindu, 2018). Over-exploitation
of groundwater has been prelavant over the decades due which there has been a rapid decline

Organized by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and National Institute of Hydrology,

Roorkee during February 26-28, 2020
Roorkee Water Conclave 2020

in the groundwater table . A total of 750–800 km3/year of groundwater has already been
withdrawn and is escalating rapidly (Shah, et al., 2001; Konikow & Kendy, 2005;
Aeschbach-Hertig & Gleeson, 2012). In Gurugram, particularly, there has been a decline of
82% of groundwater during the last decade and the water table has fallen over 20 meters in
the past few decades (India Today, 2016; The Times of India, 2018).
Considering the depletion and degradation of urban water resources, sustainable urban
drainage system is being advocated which is characterized by implementation of best
management practices (BMPs) and advanced management of water pollution (Marsalek, et
al., 1993). The adoption of green infrastructure might enhance infiltration and storage volume
which ultimately reduce the impacts of urbanization and help to identify flood risk
management strategies (Lennon, et al., 2014; Barbedo, et al., 2014; Jato-Espino, et al., 2016).
SuDS usually deals in three stages of control: source control, site control and regional control
(CPHEEO, 2016). SuDS techniques are used to address water quality, water quantity,
amenity and habitat, and hence integrating these multi-disciplinary approaches. Examples of
these techniques comprise detention ponds, infiltration trenches, green roofs, filter strips,
permeable pavements, wetlands and rain water harvesting systems (Department of
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2015). Hence, it’s objective is “to minimise the
impacts of runoff by keeping it onsite as much as possible and release it slowly” (CPHEEO,
2016). The use of SUDS instead of traditional drainage system tends to mitigate the peak
runoff and control water pollution by retention, infiltration and transportation (Hellström, et
al., 2000).
The modelling of these drainage systems can be performed manually, using empirical
formulae, or with Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) software. This large complex
software, developed by EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), can undergo detailed
hydrological and hydraulic modelling for stormwater and wastewater catchments to analyse
network performance and develop mitigating measures. It is capable of simulating the inflow
and outflow of any type of catchment and hence, can be used for economic design of the
conduits and various other parts of the drainage system (Lockie, 2009).
Looking to the aforementioned, this study has been planned with the following specific
objectives:

2. Objectives
 Modelling of the proposed urban drainage system for a part of Gurugram city,
Haryana using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM).
 Implementing Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SuDS) on the proposed
drainage system.
 A comparison between the simulation results of conventional drainage system and
SuDS in the SWMM and suggestion for the proposed drainage network.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1.Details of Study Area
The study area has been taken as a part of Gurugram of National Capital Region, mainly
Sector-81 to Sector-98 (Fig. 1). The region lies between 28022′12′′ to 28025′48′′ North

Organized by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and National Institute of Hydrology,

Roorkee during February 26-28, 2020
Roorkee Water Conclave 2020

latitude and 76052′30′′ to 77059′24′′ East longitude comprising of an area of 41.5 km2 and
average slope of 1.79%. The district comprising the region has hills on the one hand and
depressions on the other, forming irregular and diverse nature of topography.

Organized by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and National Institute of Hydrology,

Roorkee during February 26-28, 2020
Roorkee Water Conclave 2020

Fig. 1. Location of study area

Organized by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and National Institute of Hydrology,

Roorkee during February 26-28, 2020
Roorkee Water Conclave 2020

The average annual precipitation of the area is approximately 714 mm and most of the
rainfall occurs in the monsoon season.
The main drain of the area which carries entire runoff connects to Badshahpur drain which
ultimately disposes of in Najafgarh Jheel (Lake), which is around 10 kilometres from the
study area. Presently, the built-up area is around 53% with mainly high raised building with
patches of single or two-storeyed, the farmlands are about 46% and the remaining areas with
grass or barren lands.

3.2.Details of Hydrological and Catchment Data

Hydrological analysis, simulation and modelling plays a vital role in providing flood risk
management measures and hence, to evaluate the urban runoff and mitigate urban floods
(Guo, et al., 2010). Particularly, the precipitation analysis of the catchments becomes
fundamental identifying the most effective strategies for green infrastructure.
The factor which affects the runoff most is the local precipitation. Hourly rainfall data of
Palam (New Delhi, India) Station has been analysed for the years 1991 to 2014. Different
storm data was noted down which occurred in short span with high intensity. The intensities
were used for hydraulic simulations.
The drainage map (proposed master plan) obtained from the municipality technical office
provides technical details of the sewer network system. It contained length and cross
sectional details of the conduits along with formation and bed levels of its starting and end
junctions.
Catchment details are also critical part of the runoff analysis to which depends on the volume
and depth of discharge occurring in a particular time. Land use/ land cover, slope map and
soil map are various data required to enumerate the sub catchment details. Land use was
analysed from 30×30m resolution Landsat 8 data (Jia, et al., 2014) and modified with the
help of Geographic Information System and Google satellite images.
The soil map was obtained from the Survey of India illustrating variety of soils classifying
each type very specifically according to their drainage capability, constituents, salinity,
erodibility, sodic conditions, etc. This soil map was used to identify the region’s soil type
(Group A, B, C & D). Accordingly, the curve number to be used in the SCS-CN system to
assess infiltration has been allocated.
The vertex data of the Alaska Satellite Facility with a resolution of 12.5 ×12.5 m can be used
to deduce slope map of different catchments using ArcGIS from the Digital Elevation Model
(DEM) of the appropriate area. This map was used to derive the mean slope and to locate the
outlet of different sub catchments.
The length of the overland flow can be estimated from the point of departure. The width of
the catchment has been shown by dividing the area with the longest overland flow length.
3.3.Modelling in SWMM

US EPA SWMM allows us to model and display the runoff volumes, storage volumes,
infiltration volumes, or depths, etc. of any type of catchment very effortlessly compared to

Organized by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and National Institute of Hydrology,

Roorkee during February 26-28, 2020
Roorkee Water Conclave 2020

manual process. It estimates the quantity of runoff generating from each sub catchment, its
discharge, flow depth, and also quality of water in each conduit during a certain simulation
period with multiple time steps (Rossman, 2010).
The results of both before and after implementing SuDS on the proposed drainage network
will be obtained and compared when modelled out in SWMM. The simulation has been
performed using different intensity and duration of rainfall. The SWMM uses the hyetograph
of rainfall as an input to stimulate the catchment area runoff. So, higher intensity storm data
were considered for simulation which are shown in the table 1.

Table 1. Storm data used for simulation

Hourly 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total
Intensities Depth
(mm/hr) (mm)
Date

30/8/1995 0.7 0.1 0 0 4.5 10.5 19.5 60.7 1.5 0 1.8 0.6 0 0.2 100.1

17/7/2014 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 24 18 22 5 4 4 100

The manning’s roughness coefficient for the conduits are assumed to be 0.013 as all the pipes
and channels are built up of concrete lining. The manning’s roughness coefficient of the sub
catchment represents the resistance experienced on overland flows as it runs off over the
surface (Rossman, 2015). The values were assumed for pervious (0.13 s/m1/3) as most of the
pervious regions are farmlands and impervious (0.013 s/m1/3) for all the sub-catchments.
Depth of depression storage is the volume that is filled within before the starting of runoff
from the sub-catchments (Rossman, 2015) which were considered 2mm (impervious region)
and 6mm (pervious region) for all the sub-catchments. These values were referred from the
tables of SWMM’s User Manual.
The Curve Number Infiltration model was used for evaluation of infiltration through the
pervious portion of catchments as it is the most commonly used method because of the
known standard values of curve number (CN). The values required were CN and drying time
within which the soil will be dried after getting saturated which is usually 2-14 days
(Rossman, 2015). CN values assigned are as shown in Table 2. which are referred to
SWMM’s User Manual assuming antecedent moisture condition II. Accordingly, the value of
CN differed in sub-catchments as per the land use of the sub-catchments. The drying time
was considered 5 days, the soil being sandy loam and falling in Group A.

Table 2. CN values for different type of Land Use

Land Type CN
Built-up Area 77
Farmlands 72
Barren Land 68
Grass 49

Organized by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and National Institute of Hydrology,

Roorkee during February 26-28, 2020
Roorkee Water Conclave 2020

Kinematic Wave Routing uses the continuity equation with a simplified form of the
momentum equation in each link whereas Dynamic Wave Routing uses the complete 1D
Saint-Venant flow equations. These equations consist of both the continuity and momentum
equations for links and a volume continuity equation at nodes (Gironás, et al., 2010). So, not
to complicate the modelling much Kinematic Wave Routing was preferred while stimulating.
SWMM provides option for internal routing of runoff from pervious to impervious sub- areas
or vice-versa. But the during this simulation routing to the outlet was considered for all the
sub-catchments. Considering ideal situation, 100% routing was assumed for all the sub-
catchments which indicates that all the rainfall which has not infiltrated or stored has been
routed to the outlet.
The study area has been divided in various sub-catchments. The details of which are provided
in table 3.

Table 3. Details of sub-catchments

Sub-catchments Area (ha) % Slope %imperviousness CN
Sector 94 59 1.77 59.66 75.01
Sector 96 180 1.75 14.59 72.74
Sector 97 144.7 1.91 15.93 72.75
Sector 81A 335 1.97 62.75 74.88
ABAD SHI 238.8 1.98 51.38 74.47
Sector 98 174 1.64 27.17 73.35
Sector 95 192 1.85 47.29 74.23
Sector 89 237.2 1.74 42.07 73.96
Sector 88 182 2.05 34.37 73.73
Sector 84 180.4 1.75 71.00 75.48
Sector 85 145 1.77 73.37 75.69
Sector 93 147.3 1.52 52.17 74.59
Sector 92 275.51 1.75 50.83 74.34
Sector 91 182.5 1.59 39.23 73.67
Sector 90 135.57 1.59 40.96 73.94
Sector 87 231.5 1.64 49.26 74.46
Sector 86 229 1.65 69.68 75.39
Sector 81 183.85 1.70 49.18 74.46
Sector 82 124.2 1.62 94.05 76.69
Sector 82A 110 1.91 51.41 74.60
Sector 83 234.85 1.78 87.23 76.38

The study area was accommodated with 26 junction nodes, physically represented as
manholes in sewer system or pipe connection fittings, and these nodes were connected with
26 links which represented conduits or channels. These hydraulic elements made up the
whole proposed network of drainage system with water flowing from one node to another

Organized by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and National Institute of Hydrology,

Roorkee during February 26-28, 2020
Roorkee Water Conclave 2020

passing through the conduits or channels (Rossman, 2015). A flowchart in Fig. 2. Shows the
data required and the methodology to use those in SWMM.

Fig. 2. Steps to follow in SWMM

3.4.Implementation of SuDS

SuDS components such as filter strips, infiltration trenches, bio-retention units, detention
ponds, etc. have the ability to store or infiltrate the storm water allowing it to slowdown and
delay the peak of the runoff. SWMM has the capability to accommodate these abilities of
SuDS components as the features of a sub-catchment. The software has the potential to
explicitly model SuDS components of green roofs, infiltration trenches, detention ponds, etc.
(Gironás, et al., 2010).
In this study, two of the components are chosen to implement in the proposed conventional
drainage system which are infiltration trenches and detention ponds. Both the component
chosen has the ability to control the runoff as close to the source as defined by the primary
objective of SuDS. Combining these systems can be said a whole sustainable urban drainage
system as these components can control the pollution generated in the runoff to some extent.
The runoff, when slowed down, can leave behind the harmful constituents by the process of
sedimentation. Infiltration trenches, in turn, can let the stormwater undergo the filtration
process.
The infiltration trenches were added to all the subcatchments along the width of it; in a way
that entire runoff from the sub-catchment first reaches the trenches and then allowed to enter
the drainage network (Gironás, et al., 2010). The properties of trenches used are provided in
table 4.
Table 4. Details of Infiltration Trenches.
Property Value used
Width 3m
%Slope 0.001
%imperviousness 0
Manning’s coefficient (Pervious) 0.24 s/m1/3

Organized by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and National Institute of Hydrology,

Roorkee during February 26-28, 2020
Roorkee Water Conclave 2020

Depth of depression storage (Pervious) 300 mm

CN 39

Trapezoidal detention ponds were introduced in the drainage network using the option of
storage units in SWMM. These were designed overseeing the availability of area in a
particular sub-catchment and had been provided a side slope of 3H: 1V, ensuring the stability
of the soil. To consider seepage losses through the detention ponds following data from
SWMM’s Reference Manual (Rossman, 2016) were assumed: suction head (4.33mm);
saturated hydraulic conductivity (0.43 mm/hr); and initial deficit which is the difference
between porosity and initial moisture content (0.33). The different sizes of detention ponds
used are shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Details of detention ponds
Detention Ponds Area on ground (m2) Depth (m) Total Volume (m3)
DP1 10,000 3 23,736
DP2, DP3 15,000 3 38,061
DP4 20,000 3 52,386
DP5, DP6 10,000 3 25,086
DP7, DP8 4,000 3 8,976

A tool had been identified by Pappalardo, et al., 2017, to compare the peak of the pre and
post implementation of SuDS in the conventional drainage system. The tool was named
indicator of peak flow ratio (If) in percentage:
If = [(QI – QII)/QI] x 100
where, QI is the peak flow of the catchment modelled before the implementation of SuDS and
QII is the peak flow of the catchment modelled after the implementation of SuDS.

4. Results and Discussions

The proposed urban drainage system of the study area had been modelled in SWMM as
shown in Fig. 3. It has 21 sub-catchments, 26 junctions and 26 conduits. The conduits are
both circular and box type having sizes varying from 64 inches in diameter to 12.00m x
2.43m rectangular box. The details of which are given in table 6.

Table 6. Details of conduits between different junctions

Conduit Number Cross-section Size
C1 2 Circular 64”
C2 5 Circular 72”
C3 6 Rectangular Box (2.43 x 1.82) m2
C4 6 Rectangular Box (3.04 x 1.82) m2
C5 1 Rectangular Box (3.04 x 2.43) m2
C6 1 Rectangular Box (4.00 x 2.43) m2
C7 2 Rectangular Box (4.50 x 2.43) m2
C8 1 Rectangular Box (5.50 x 2.43) m2
C9 1 Rectangular Box (8.50 x 2.43) m2

Organized by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and National Institute of Hydrology,

Roorkee during February 26-28, 2020
Roorkee Water Conclave 2020

C10 1 Rectangular Box (12.0 x 2.43) m2

The land use land cover (LU/LC) classification showed that the area has 53% of built-up area
including roads, high raised buildings, housing societies, etc., 46% of farmlands mostly
cultivated with wheat. The rest of the area were with grass of around 0.3% and barren land
being 0.7%. The accuracy assessment performed to the LU/LC image gave an Overall
Classification Accuracy of 70.10% and Overall Kappa Statistics as 0.5998 which are not
good results as these have to be above 80% and 0.8 respectively.

Fig. 3. Layout of drainage system in SWMM.

Results of the simulation before the implementation of SuDS in the proposed conventional
drainage system are as shown in Table 7.
Table 7. Modelling results obtained in SWMM before SuDS
Storm Surface Flooding Peak Flow at Time Storage Junction
dated Runoff Vol. outlet junction Lag Vol. flooded
depth (mm) 6
(*10 Lit.) (m /s)3 (hrs.) (*106 Lit.) (n)
30/8/1991 73.757 1276.5 102.72 8 0.855 20

17/7/2014 69.583 1029.2 75.57 4 0.122 14

The proposed drainage system turned to be inadequate for these sequences of rainfall as
major flooding losses are seen to occur. This may cause frequent flooding problems at almost
all the junctions, during times the depth of rainfall is above the stimulated sequence
(100mm). To overcome this situation either the network must be redesigned or SuDS can be
adopted which can reduce the flooding to a very large extent. In this paper infiltration
trenches and detention ponds are used to convert the convention drainage system to SuDS.
The infiltration trenches were installed in every sub-catchment in a way that entire water
enters the trenches from the sub-catchment and then discharges to junctions of the drainage

Organized by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and National Institute of Hydrology,

Roorkee during February 26-28, 2020
Roorkee Water Conclave 2020

network. Detention ponds are installed as per the area availability and necessity. The
installation of both the components is shown in Fig. 4.

Infiltration
Trenches

Detention Ponds

Fig. 4. Layout of SuDS in SWMM

Simulation of the above model in SWMM gave results as mentioned in Table 8.

Table 8. Modelling results obtained in SWMM after SuDS

Storm Surface Flooding Peak Flow at Time Storage Junction
dated Runoff Vol. outlet junction Lag Vol. flooded
depth (mm) (*10 Lit.) (m3/s)
6 (hrs.) (*106 Lit.) (n)
30/8/1991 72 29.2 80.57 10 136.4 4

17/7/2014 67.4 0.00 68.11 5.5 135 0

If at outlet for storm dated 30/8/1991 has been evaluated as 21.56%, whereas for the
storm on 17/7/2014, it was 9.87%. This result shows SuDS can be more effective during
higher intensity of rainfall.
Implementation of SuDS in conventional drainage system proved to be effective in reduce the
flooding to a very large extent as the number of junctions flooded and the volume flooded
have been reduced considerably. The peak flowrate has not only attenuated but also has been
delayed by hours which provides the time for taking mitigation measures during flooded
situation. There is also greater storage of stormwater which can be put to use in future
drought conditions or can be allowed to percolate into the ground for recharging
groundwater.

Organized by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and National Institute of Hydrology,

Roorkee during February 26-28, 2020
Roorkee Water Conclave 2020

The infiltration trenches have the ability to filter the water and detention ponds can undergo
sedimentation process which combines to replicate a whole water or sewage treatment plant
to treat the surface runoff and control the pollution entering groundwater or any other water
sources.
The SuDS components have not been quantitatively analysed instead it only has been
qualitatively proven that implementation of SuDS can reduce the peak runoff and control the
flooding effectively. The sensitivity analysis of different SuDS components should be
performed in order to categorise or show the effect of each component more constructively.
These limitations on assessing of SuDS call due to the unavailability of field data. All the
input data and other parameters were taken on the reliable results of researchers. More
reliable results must have been obtained for the field observation or data would have been
available. For the validation of model input parameters and to interpret results support of
hydraulic engineers is still required (McCutcheon & Wride, 2013).
As in the present scenario, the study area has only 53% of built up area, there is scope for the
implementation of SuDS. The area required for introducing the SuDS components can be
spared from the open spaces needed for a building or housing complex as per the National
Building Code.

5. Conclusions

This study was to assess the effectiveness of SuDS on a conventional drainage system of an
urban catchment using US EPA SWMM. The reason behind the requirement of SuDS instead
of simple drainage system is to prevent frequent urban flooding to a large extent in an
effectual manner. Simultaneously, reducing and delaying the peak of surface runoff by
keeping the runoff as close to source as possible. Besides this, SuDS also has the ability to
control the pollution of water sources caused by urban runoff (Department of Environment,
Food and Rural Affairs, 2015).
The simulation was performed in SWMM for a proposed drainage network of a part of
Gurugram city, Haryana in India. The results of the simulation proved the need for
improvement in the drainage network as flooding was observed during the analysis. The
redesign can be made either by changing the conduits’ cross sectional area, or introducing
SuDS components and converting it to sustainable urban drainage system.
The results show that the application of SuDS has been proved to be an effective means to
reduce the peak rate of runoff i.e., up to 20% and flooding to a large extent. Thus, it
contributes sustainably to sustainable urban ecosystem growth. The sensitivity and feasibility
analysis of the SuDS components would show more appropriate results but the qualitative
analysis of the infiltration trenches and detention ponds also demonstrated enough to be
implemented on the field.

Acknowledgment

I thank fully acknowledge the Gurugram Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA) for
sharing the data required for this research work. I thank Ministry of Human Resource and

Organized by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and National Institute of Hydrology,

Roorkee during February 26-28, 2020
Roorkee Water Conclave 2020

Development (MHRD) for providing fellowship and Department of Water Resources

Development and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee to pursue my M.
Tech studies.

References

Aeschbach-Hertig, W., & Gleeson, T. (2012). Regional strategies for the accelerating global
problem of groundwater depletion. Nature Geoscience, 5(12), 853.
Barbedo, J., Miguez, M., van der Horst, D., & Marins, M. (2014). Enhancing
ecosystem services for flood mitigation: a conservation strategy for peri-urban
landscapes? Ecology and Society, 19(2).
Bhatt, A. (2018, July 18). Gurgaon: Hindustan Times. Retrieved from Hindustan
Times Web site:https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/what-s-flooding-gurugram-apart-
from-rains/story-7PtfVEIpgie1t6XyfBonvJ.html
Bisht, D. S., Chatterjee, C., Kalakoti, S., Upadhyay, P., Sahoo, M., & Panda, A.
(2016). Modeling urban floods and drainage using SWMM and MIKE URBAN: a case
study. Natural Hazards, 84(2), 749-776.
Cembrano, G., Quevedo, J., Salamero, M., Puig, V., Figueras, J., & Martı, J. (2004).
Optimal control of urban drainage systems. A case study. Control engineering
practice, 12(1), 1-9.
CPHEEO (Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation).
(2016). Manual on Storm Water Drainage Systems. India: Ministry of Housing and Urban
Affairs.
Da Silva, J., Kernaghan, S., & Luque, A. (2012). A systems approach to meeting the
challenges of urban climate change. International Journal of Urban Sustainable
Development, 4(2), 125-145.
Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. (2015). The SuDS Manual.
London: CIRIA.
Djordjević, S., Butler, D., Gourbesville, P., Mark, O., & Pasche, E. (2011). New
policies to deal with climate change and other drivers impacting on resilience to flooding in
urban areas: the CORFU approach. Environmental Science & Policy, 14(7), 864-873.
Fryd, O., Dam, T., & Jensen, M. B. (2012). A planning framework for sustainable
urban drainage systems. Water Policy, 14(5), 865-886.
Gironás, J., Roesner, L. A., Rossman, L. A., & Davis, J. (2010). A new applications
manual for the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Environmental Modelling &
Software, 25(6), 813-814.
Guo, J.C., Blackler, G.E., Earles, T.A., MacKenzie, K., 2010. Incentive index
developed to evaluate storm-water low-impact designs. J. Environ. Eng. 136 (12), 1341–
1346.
Hammond, M. J., Chen, A. S., Djordjević, S., Butler, D., & Mark, O. (2015). Urban
flood impact assessment: A state-of-the-art review. Urban Water Journal, 12(1), 14-29.
Hellström, D.; Jeppsson, U.; Kärrman, E. A Framework for systems analysis of
sustainable urban water management. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 2000, 20, 311–321.

Organized by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and National Institute of Hydrology,

Roorkee during February 26-28, 2020
Roorkee Water Conclave 2020

Huong, H. T. L., & Pathirana, A. (2013). Urbanization and climate change impacts on
future urban flooding in Can Tho city, Vietnam. Hydrology and Earth System
Sciences, 17(1), 379-394.
India Today. (2016, June 3). Mail Today: India Today. Retrieved from India Today:
https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/gurugram-water-table-hits-new-low-12128-2016-
06-03
Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations. (2011). Report on
Indian Urban Infrastructure and Services. New Delhi: Ministry of Urban Development.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2012). Managing the Risks of
Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: Summary for Policy
Makers. Cambridge University Press.
Jato-Espino, D., Charlesworth, S., Bayon, J., & Warwick, F. (2016). Rainfall–runoff
simulations to assess the potential of SuDS for mitigating flooding in highly urbanized
catchments. International journal of environmental research and public health, 13(1), 149.
Jia, K., Wei, X., Gu, X., Yao, Y., Xie, X., & Li, B. (2014). Land cover classification
using Landsat 8 operational land imager data in Beijing, China. Geocarto International, 29(8),
941-951.
Konikow, L. F., & Kendy, E. (2005). Groundwater depletion: A global problem.
Hydrogeology Journal, 13(1), 317-320.
Lennon, M., Scott, M., & O'Neill, E. (2014). Urban design and adapting to flood risk:
the role of green infrastructure. Journal of Urban Design, 19(5), 745-758.
Li, G., & Matthew, R. G. (1990). New approach for optimization of urban drainage
systems. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 116(5), 927-944.
Lockie, T. (2009). Catchment modelling using SWMM. In Modelling Stream at the
49th Water New Zealand Annual Conference and Expo.
Marsalek, J., Barnwell, T. O., Geiger, W., Grottker, M., Huber, W. C., Saul, A. J., ...
& Torno, H. C. (1993). Urban drainage systems: design and operation. Water Science and
Technology, 27(12), 31-70.
McCutcheon, M., Wride, D., 2013. Shades of Green: Using SWMM LID Controls to
Simulate Green Infrastructure in Pragmatic Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph
21. James, Irvine, Joksimovic, Li, McBean, Pitt, Vasconcelos, Wright and Wu, Eds. ISBN
978-0-9808853-8-5. CHI Press 2013. 〈www.chiwater.com〉.
Mugume, S. N., & Butler, D. (2017). Evaluation of functional resilience in urban
drainage and flood management systems using a global analysis approach. Urban Water
Journal, 14(7), 727-736.
Mugume, S. N., Gomez, D. E., Fu, G., Farmani, R., & Butler, D. (2015). A global
analysis approach for investigating structural resilience in urban drainage systems. Water
research, 81, 15-26.
Ohl, C. A., & Tapsell, S. (2000). Flooding and human health: the dangers posed are
not always obvious.
Pappalardo, V., La Rosa, D., Campisano, A., & La Greca, P. (2017). The potential of
green infrastructure application in urban runoff control for land use planning: A preliminary
evaluation from a southern Italy case study. Ecosystem services, 26, 345-354.

Organized by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and National Institute of Hydrology,

Roorkee during February 26-28, 2020
Roorkee Water Conclave 2020

Rao, K. (2019, August 02). How the Chennai 2015 flood was made: livemint.
Retrieved from livemint website: https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/how-the-
chennai-2015-flood-was-made-1564736261550.html
Rossman, L.A., 2010. Storm Water Management Model User’s Manual. Version 5.0.
EPA/600/R-05/040.
Rossman, L.A., 2015. Storm Water Management Model User’s Manual. Version 5.1.
EPA- 600/R-14/413b.
Rossman, L.A., 2016. Storm Water Management Model Reference Manual Volume I
– Hydrology (Revised). EPA/600/R-15/162A
Shah, T., Molden, D., Sakthivadivel, R., & Seckler, D. (2001). Global groundwater
situation: Opportunities and challenges. Economic and Political Weekly, 4142-4150.
Shrestha, A., Babel, M., Weesakul, S., & Vojinovic, Z. (2017). Developing Intensity–
Duration–Frequency (IDF) curves under climate change uncertainty: the case of Bangkok,
Thailand. Water, 9(2), 145.
Skymet Weather Team. (2017, June 17). Weather news and analysis: skymetweather.
Retrieved from skymetweather web site: https://www.skymetweather.com/content/weather-
news-and-analysis/rain-swings-gurugram-to-gurujam/
Ten Veldhuis, J. A. E. (2010). Quantitative risk analysis of urban flooding in lowland
areas.
The Hindu Team. (2019, July 22). Delhi: Cities: News: The Hindu. Retrieved from
The Hindu Web site: https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/rain-floods-roads-and-
underpass-in-gurugram/article28630113.ece#
The Hindu. (2018, November 11). Sci-Tech: The Hindu. Retrieved from The Hindu:
https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/groundwater-depletion-alarming-in-northwest-central-
india/article25463716.ece
The Times of India. (2018, May 12). India Times: Times of India. Retrieved from
Times of India: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/gurgaons-groundwater-
table-has-fallen-by-82-in-past-decade/articleshow/64130351.cms
Vaidyanathan, A. (1996). Depletion of groundwater: some issues. Indian Journal of
Agricultural Economics, 51(1), 184.
Willems, P., Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K., Olsson, J., & Nguyen, V. T. V. (2012). Climate
change impact assessment on urban rainfall extremes and urban drainage: Methods and
shortcomings. Atmospheric research, 103, 106-118.

Organized by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee and National Institute of Hydrology,

Roorkee during February 26-28, 2020