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Unit 2 - Imperative

The document discusses the imperative programming paradigm which is characterized by programming with state and commands that modify the program's state through variable assignment and sequencing commands to transition between states, providing examples of imperative code in Python to add two numbers and get and sum n numbers entered by the user.

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Sai sathvika
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46 views17 pages

Unit 2 - Imperative

The document discusses the imperative programming paradigm which is characterized by programming with state and commands that modify the program's state through variable assignment and sequencing commands to transition between states, providing examples of imperative code in Python to add two numbers and get and sum n numbers entered by the user.

Uploaded by

Sai sathvika
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IMPERATIVE

PROGRAMMING
PARADIGM
Mrs. S. Niveditha
Assistant Professor (Sr. G)
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
SRMIST, Vadapalani Campus
Topics
■ Program state, instructions to change the program state

■ Combining Algorithms and Data Structures

■ Imperative Vs Declarative Programming

■ Other Languages: PHP, Ruby, Perl, Swift

■ Demo: Imperative Programming in Python


INTRODUCTION
■ In a computer program, a variable stores the data. The
contents of these locations at any givenpoint in the
program’s execution are called the program’s state.
Imperative programming is characterized by programming
with state and commands which modify the state.

■ The first imperative programming languages were


machinelanguages.
Machine Language
■ Each instruction performs a very specific task, such
as a load, a jump, or an ALU operation on a
unit of data in a CPU register or memory.
For example:
– rs, rt, and rd indicate register operands
– shamt gives a shift amount
– the address or immediate fields contain an
operand directly
Assembly Code
■ 10110000 01100001
■ Equivalent Assembly code
■ B0 61
– B0 - ‘Move a copy of the following valueinto AL’
(AL is a register)
– 61 is a hexadecimal representation of the
value01100001 – 97
■ Intel assembly language
■ MOV AL, 61h; Load AL with 97 decimal (61 hex)
Other Languages
■ FORTRAN(FORmula TRANslation) was the first high level
language to gain wide acceptance. It was designed for
scientific applications and featured an algebraic notation, types,
subprograms, and formatted input/output.

■ COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language) was designed


at the initiative of the U. S. Department of Defence
in 1959 and implemented in 1960 to meet the need
for business data processing applications.

■ ALGOL 60 (ALGorithmic Oriented Language) was designed


in 1960 by an international committee for use in
scientific problem solving
Evolutionary developments

PL / I to
Algol to PL /I FORTRAN COBOL to PL/I LISP to PL/I

•Block •Subprograms •File •Dynamic


structure •Formatted IO manipulation storage
•Control •Record allocation
statements •Linked
•Recursion structures
OVERVIEW
■ In imperative programming, a name may be
assigned to a value and later reassigned to
another value.
■ The collection of names and the associated
values and the location of control in the
program constitute the state.
■ The state is a logical model of storage
whichis an association between memory locations
and values.
■ A program in execution generates a sequence of
states.
■ The transition from one state to the next is
determined by assignment operations and sequencing
commands.
Highlights on
■ Assignment, ■ Imperative language

■ goto commands ■ Assertions

■ structured programming ■ Axiomatic semantics

■ Command ■ State

■ Statement ■ Variables

■ Procedure ■ Instructions

■ Control-flow ■ Control structures


Declarative Vs Imperative
Declarative Vs Imperative
# Declarative

# Imperative
DEMO
An algorithm to add two numbers
entered by user
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variables num1, num2 and sum.
Step 3: Read values num1 and num2.
Step 4: Add num1 and num2 and assign the result to
sum. sum←num1+num2
Step 5: Display sum

Step 6: Stop
Addition two numbers entered by user
An Algorithm to Get n number, print
the same and find Sum of n numbers
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare variable sum = 0.
Step 3: Get the value of limit “n”.
Step 4: If limit is reached, goto Step 7 else goto Step 5
Step 5: Get the number from user and add it to sum
Step 6: Goto Step 4
Step 7: If limit is reached, goto Step 9 else goto Step 8
Step 8: Print the numbers
Step 9: Goto Step 7
Step 9: Display sum
Step 10: Stop

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