Digital Communication Bandpass Signal Transmission and

5- 88
Reception
Since there is no imaginary part in above result,
A
X* () = X) =10(/-fo) + f +fo)l
Hence the transfer function becomes,
2k A
+fo)le-i2 fT
H) = N 200-fo)+ of
kA
H)= No lof- fo)+Ôf + fo)le-j2r fT

This is the required transfer function.

5.13.2 Probability of Error for Coherently Detected BPSK Dec.-05
In Binary PSK (BPSK), the phase of the carrier is shifted by 180 for two symbols.
These two symbols (bits) are represented by two signals as follows :
Binary '1'» x () = V2P cos (27r fo t) . (5.13.9)

and Binary O > X) (1) = -v2P cos (27 fo t) ... (5.13.10)

Here P is normalized power of the carrier; and P= 2 where A is amplitude of the

carrier. From the above two equations we can write,
X, () =-X () ... (5.13.11)
In the last subsection (see 5.13.1) we have seen that probability of error of the
matched filter is given as (By equation (5.13.2)),
1 |XÍ1 (T) - X2 (T)| ... (5.13.12)
P. =
2 V2o
And for a matched filter detection in presence of white Gaussian noise,
Xo1 (T) - xo2 (T)] 2
(5.13.13)
NÍ By equation (5.13.4)
max 0

Here we know that x() = x; () - x (). For PSK, X () =-x (0) as we have seen
(equation (5.13.11).
x(1) = X() --x1 ()] = 2x, (t)
Hence equation (5.13.13) becomes,
T T
Xo1 (T) - xo2 (T)] 2
[ 4x () dt =
8 (5.13.14)
No o No 0

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 mwmCaton 5- 89
Bandpass Signal Transmission and
subsection it can be Recepton
shown very easily that,
2P cos (2 fo ) dt
0

[1+ cos 4n fo t\dt =

0

aboveequation second integration will be zero since it is integration

This of cosine
one
Orer bit period. we have proved in last subsection (ie. section 5.13.1)
. aboveequation becomes,
T

[0d= PÍdt
Since second term is zero.

= P[t], = PT =E (5.13.15)

E = Power (P) x bit duration (T). Putting the

above result in
Thus energy
ation (5.13.14) we get,
Xo1 (T)- Xo2 (T)| 8

max
No
8E (5.13.16)
Xo1 (T)- X02 (1)
Jmax
No

(5.13.12) we get,
ting this result in equation
1 1 8E
P 2 |2V2 VNo

Smplification of above equation we get, .. (51317)

E

probability in PSK : P, =,erfc

Error
using matched titer
of PSK
gives error probability
This is the expression which cos ot and
A
ARtion. the received wnvforms S,(t)
filter.
=
The value of A is
tamgle 5.13.2 In a PSK system, detected with a matched density
çoherently pover spectral
A cos (nt are the noise
DgtalCommunication
5- 89 Bandpass Signal Transmission and Reception

Asinthe
previous subsection it can be shown very easily that,
(x0) dt = J2P cos (2r fo ) dt
0

= 2P 2 |1+ cos 4z fo t\dt = cos 47 fo tdt

0
0 0

In the above equation second integration will be zero since it is integration of cosine
wave over one bit period. This we have proved in last subsection (i.e. section 5.13.1).
Hence above equation becomes,
T

S0d = Pf dt Since second term is zero.

0 0

= P[t]h = PT =E ... (5.13.15)

Thus energy E = Power (P) x bit duration (T). Putting the above result in
equation (5.13.14) we get,
Xo1 (T) - X02 (T)| =
8

max
No

Xo1 (T) -Xo2 (T)| 8E

. (5.13.16)
Jmax \No
Putting this result in equation (5.13.12) we get,
1 1 8E
P, = efe |2 V2 \No
Oh simplification of above equation we get,
1 E
... (5.13.17)
Error probability in PSK : P, =,erfc VNo

gives error probability of PSK using matched iter

Inis is the expression which
detection. the received waveforms S,(t) = A
cos ot and
Example 5.13.2 In PSK system,
detected with a matched filter. The value of Ais
S,(t) = - A cos wt are coherently
rate is 1 Mbps. Assume that the noise power spectral densitu
mV, and the bit
No = 10 " W/Hz. Find the probability of error Pe. May-07, Marks 6
Digital Communication 5-90 Bandpass Signal Transmission and

Solution : Here A= 20 x 10 V
Reception
6
=|x 10 Sec
th = 1Mbps, hernce T, =
lx 10
No = 10lw/Hz
2
N, = 2x10-11

Ey =PT, =4'T,, since P, =4*

x (20x 10'x1x10- =2 x 10 "J
Error probability of BPSK is given as,
1 E 2x 10-10 1
P, = =,erfc V2x10-l1 (3.1622777)

Since erfc (x) is higher than erfc (1.5) we can use the following approximation,
e
erfc (x) =

e-3.16227772
.. erfc (3.1622777) = = 8 x 10- 6
VI (31622777)
1
P. =efe (3.1622777) =;x8x10-6 = 4x10-6

5.13.3 Probability of Error for Coherently Detected Binary Orthogonal FSK

May-05
In the binary FSK transmission, two different carrier frequencies are used to transmit
two binary levels. As we have seen these two signals are as follows :

Binary '1' ’ x () = V2P cos (27 fo + 2) t

and Binary '0 ’ x, () =\2P cos (2r fo -2) t ... (5.13.18)

From above equation we can write,

x ()- x () = V2P icos (2r fo +S2)t- cos (2r fo - 2):}
(x (0)-x2 (tO)² = 2P [cos (2r fo +2)t- cos(2r fo -2)
Here let us use 2 sin () sin (y)= cos (x-y)-cos (r+ v), then above equation becomes
x ()- *2 )] = 2P[-2 sin 27 fo t sin 2t|2
= 2P[4 sin wg t sin 2 2fo =00
... By putting
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DgtalCommunication
and Reception
5-91 Bandpass Signal Transmission

2P(2 sin² w(2 sin² s2n} By rearranging the

equation
Herelet us use 2sin()=1- cos (2r), then above equation becomes,

L.0-20)=P-os 2wo )(1 -cos 290)

= 2P{1- cos 292t- cos 20 g! +
cos 20 gt cos 221
In the above equation let us use cos(1) cos (v) =lcos (x- v) + cos (x + y)] then above
quation willbe.

-cos 22t- cos 2og t+lcos 2(w -2) t +cos 2(o0 +2)1
Lat us take integration of both the sides from 0 to T then we get,
T
( [x ()- x2 ())" dt =J 2P{1- cos 22 t- cos 2w
0t
0 0
1
+;lcos 2(a0 - 2)t+ cos 2(w +2) t|}dt

dt -[ cos 292 t dt - [ cos 2wo tdt

0 0

cos 2(w - S2)t dt +f cos 2(w0 +2)t dt

0
sin 22T sin 2w ¢T 1sin 2(w0 -2) T
+
22 200 2 2(o0 -2)
1sin 2(wo +2) T .. (5.13.19)
+
2 2(w0 + S2)
sin 20 0T + 1sin 2 (wo -2) T
sin 22T
22T 200T 2 2(w0 -2)T
1sin 2(00 +2) T ... (5.13.20)
T2 2(00 -2)T
in comparison with the carrier
We know that the frequency shift '2' is very small sin 2w 0T
above equation will be of the form
Irequency Wo. Then the last three terms in 200T
angular frequency of the carrier signal and T is the period of one bit.
Here 0 is the
bit period, i.e. w,T>>1. Hence the
ACually many cycles of carrier are completed in one
ratio sin 20 o approaches to zero as @o1 increases. Therefore we
can neglect last three
200T
equation becomes,
s n equation (5.13.20). Then the
sin 22T
.. (5.13.21l)
J ()- x,(0) dt =2PT1
0
292T

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 Digital Communication 5-92 Bandpass Signal Transmission and Recen

We know that error probability of the matched filter is given as,

1
P, = By equation (5.13.2) . (5.13
2 V2 o
And for a matched filter detection, in presence of white Gaussian noise,
To (T) - 2 (T)]? 2 Sr () dt By equation (5.13.4) .. 5.13
No 0
max

Here we know that x(t) = N(0) - x, (). Therefore above equation becomes,
T
Xo1 (T) - Io2
No
Putting the value of integral of RHS from equation (5.13.21) we get,
Xo1 (7)- Xo2 (T)] 2 sin 22 T
No 22T
Jmax

4PT sin 22 T)
No 292 T ... (5.132
The above ratio obtains largest value when 22T= 37
2
Putting this value in above equation we get,
31
Zo1 (T) - Xo2 (T)] 4PT
sin 2 4.84 PT
... (5.13.2
max No 37 No
2

4.84 PT
max No (5.13.2
Putting this value of Xo1 (T)- x02
in equation (5.13.22) we get probability
error as,

1 1 4.84 PT 1 J0.6 PT
P, =
|2V2 V No No
We know that the product PT = E (energy of one bit). Hernce
becomes, above equatior
Error probability of FSK: P, 0.6 E
... (5.13.27)
V No
This is the expression for
detection. probability of error of FSK which uses
matched
Solution:
The 5-99
T
1
IkHz frequency
=lm sec.
of
baseband
Bandpass Signal Transmission and Reception

signal is 1 kHz. Hence bit duration

Normalized power
of
carrier is equal to in 12 load resistance. Hence,
Normalized power of carrier P= A2
2
Bit energy Eh = PT, = A2
(1x 10-)²
= 5x 1o-10
2 X1× 10-3

From equation 5.13.27

error
probability of FSK signal is given as,
P, = erfe .6E 0.6x 5x 10-10
No 2x 10-10
1

543.5 Probability of Error for

We h¡ve Seen the
QPSK
May-06
signal space representation -05(t)
of QPSK in Fig. 5.13.3. It
shown below for Co 8

convenience. In the figure Space of

observe that transmitted symbol "B'

reference carriers are 1t) -04(0) 45°:

and 2(t). All the signal 45°
vectors A, B, C and D are Decision
at 45° to these
reference bounday
carriers. Consider that
Signal vector 'A' is
transmitted. If phase shift -00=1cos(2rf,)
of the reference carrier
s

is
more than 45°, it will be Fig. 5.13.3 Signal space diagram of QPSK
detected as 'B or 'D'. It will depend upon phase shift of 2(t) also. Fig.
5.13.5
Teceiver for OPSK signal. Observe that there are two correlators for two shows the
reference
arriers. These two correlators are actually BPSK receivers. Error probability of BPSK.
ue to imperfect phase is given as,
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 Digital Communication 5- 100 Bandpass Signal Transmission and
Reception
P, = E, cos²e
NÍ .. (5.13.31
Hence error probability of correlator 1is
given as,
Pei =
1
E, cos?
No
Since both the correlators of BPSK, the error probability of
as correlator 2 will be Same
correlator1. i.e.,

E, cos
Pez = Pe = 5ere No
From Fig. 5.13.5 observe that correlators detect wrong symbol if
phase shift of the
carrier is more that 45°. Hence putting = 45° in above
equation,
1 E, cos (45) 1
No
zerNo
Hence probability of getting correct symbol can
.. (5.13.32)

be expressed as,
P = (-P)-P,)
Observe that P. is the product of probabilities of corrector 1 and 2 for getting correct
symbol. From equation (5.13.32) we know that Pe1 = P2 Hence above equation becomes
P. = (1-P"i)(1-P-i) =1-2P1 +P;
Normally Pej is very very small (<<1). Hence P2 will be negligible. i.e.,
P = 1-2Pe1
Probability of error is given in terms of 'P.' as,
P. = 1-P =1-(1-2P1)
= 2le1

Putting for Pei from equation (5.13.32)

erfe, E2N
1 E,
P, =2x;<er 2No
Thus,

Eb
Error Probability of QPSK, P= erfc2N, (5.13.33)

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 CommunIcation and Reception
5-101 Bandpass Signal Transmission

More Ep is the ener8Y of one bit. We know that F.A2T. Similarly symbol
2
energy given as,

Since T, = 2T,

= 2Eh

Hence equation (5.13.33) becomes,

P, = er4No
Above equation gives symbol error probability.
Erample 5.13.7 Binary data are transmitted over a microwave link at the rate of 1Mbps
and the PSD of the noise at the receiver input is 10-10 W/Hz. For each of the following
than the other. Determine the extra
pairs, determine which one requires more power
average signal power required by the more power consuming scheme so that an average
probability of error of 10"+ is alvays maintained.
i) Coherent PSK and DPSK.
ii) Coherent PSK and QPSK.
ii) Coherent FSK and non-coherent FSK.
iv) Coherent FSK and coherent MSK. Dec.-08, Marks 16

Solution :
Here fh = 1Mbps = 1X 10° bps
1 1
T; = = 1x10 sec
lx106

No = 10-10 W/Hz, hence No = 2x10-10

2

P, = 10-4

) Coherent PSK and DPSK

For PSK, P, =
1 |E

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Sr. No. Name of the scheme Bit error rate (P)
1 Binary ASK 1 E
2 erfc 4No
2 Binary coherent PSK 1 E
VNo
3. Binary coherent FSK 1 0.6E
|4No
4. Binary non coherent FSK 1
2No

5. Binary DPSK 1 E

6 QPSK E
erfe
\2No
Table 5.14.1 Bit error rates of digital modulation systems

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 Digital Communication 5-112 Bandpass Signal Transmission and Recen
5.14.3 Error Probability of QAM
Here we will use equation 5.14.1 for calculating error probability of QAM ie..
M

P s
1 d
k=2 erf 4No (5.14

For example let us calculate the error probability for 16 QAM. The geome
representation of 16 QAM is given in Fig. 5.6.1. Observe that the shortest distance d.
any two points is 2,/0.1 E,. Observe that the error probability for s6, S7 , S10 ans s11
be higher because each of the signal points has 4 neighbouring signals.
Hence let us take four signal points in equation (5.14.5),
|0.4 E 1
P, s4x; er4 No Since all dË = d= 2 0.1 E,

P s 2erfc. 0.1Es
VNo
For 16 QAM, Since E = 4Eh,

P, s 2erfc. V|0.4NoEb
In general for M-ary QAM

P, s 2erfc. 3log2 ME, (5.14.

V2(M-1) No
5.14.4 Bit Error Probability versus
Symbol Error Probability
For binary transmission, one bit
symbol error probability are same forforms one symbol. Hence bit error probabllty
are related to each other. This binary transmission. For M-ary
transmussio
QPSK, two bits represent four relationship can be understood with the help of
be error in first bit, it symbols. Let one symbol be
bit, then it will be will be detected as
second symbol. transmitted,
There can be
Then u
both the bits. The detected as third symbol. And fourth symbol will be errOI
detecting 2nd grd probability
th
of bit is ue to :1;ios
DgtalCommunication
5-111 Bandpass Signal Transrnission and Reception
514.1|Probability of
Consider the signal
Symbol Error for M-ary PSK
space diagram of
Ihedistance between
nearesttwo symbols is,M-ary I'SK, shown in Fig 5.5.1 and Fig, 5.53
dË2 = dis = 2/E, sin
M
Consider that symbol s is
Fig
5.5.3observe that transmitted.
due to noise, ether Refer the signal space diagram shown in
$ or s will be detected. Hernce
only two nearest symbols in considering
equation 5.14.1,
1
P, s

S erfc.
ANo 1
Since d12 = d18 = sarne for all symbols

4E, sin 2I|2

s erfc M
4No Sin
M (5.14.2)

This is the probability of symbol error for M-ary PSK. Here E,

=P,T, is the symbol
energy.

5.14.2 Probability of Symbol Error for M-ary FSK

The signal space diagram for M= 3 is shown in Fig. 5.5.1. Observe that all the
points have same distance from each other. The distance between any two signal points
is d =y2E,. Hence one symbol can be detected as any of the rest of (M-1) symbols.
Hence we have to take summation of (M-1) symbols in equation (5.14.1)ie.,
1 2E, 1 2E,
+...(M-1) times
4No +;r4No
2E,
(M-D}efN
Le M-1 |E . (5.14.3)
P, s 2 erf 2No
is an expression for symbol error probability of coherently detected M-ary
FSK
Ihis
system. For noncoherently detected M-ary FSK, the symbol error probability is given as,
M-1 .. (5.14.4)
2No
P, s 2

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