Newcastle Location:

Newcastle can be located in the north-east of England (Europe), and is part of the
county of Tyne and Wear. It is located very close to the sea. Grid reference:
55.0077°N 1.6578°W

Research task based exam question from yesterday: 

Explain the national and international importance of a major city in the UK that
you have studied (4 marks) 

Newcastle is internationally important because it has two big universities: Durham

and Newcastle. Newcastle is known for being a student city. Newcastle University
are partners with the centre for life, which carries out genetic research. It is
known globally, as it often leads new research. In addition, it has partners with
other countries, and many students from the UK may go over to work in foein
countries and vice versa. Also, it has an airport - Newcastle International Airport
connects you to over 85 destinations worldwide.

Furthermore, it has the Helix centre, which is the only place other than London,
where open heart surgery can take place

Migration - The movement of people from one place to another

International migration - The movement of people from one country to another

Emigrate - To leave your own country

Positives and Negatives of International Migration to Newcastle

Positives

The new migrants will work and pay taxes

Having workers willing to work for relatively low pay may see local people not able
to get a job
Job vacancies and skills gaps can be filled
Negatives:

Migrants may be exploited

Host countries are enriched by cultural diversity (new religions/festivals and
foods)
Increases in population can put pressure on public services
Opportunities:

500,000 acres of commercial space

New public spaces
Sustainability
Fastest growing tech centre except London
1.7 million people of working age living with 30 minutes drive
5 universities
30 trains to London
Frequent international shipping
space effective public spaces and living places
more green spaces
Good transport services - international flights from Newcastle Airport
Newcastle: Recreation and Entertainment
Recreation is one of the things that Newcastle is most famous for.

Entertainment can be found in places such as the Sage and Newcastle Arena

Cultural attractions include the Hancock Museum and the Theatre Royal

Rugby is just one of the many sports that Newcastle is famous for

Events linked to the 2012 Olympics were held in Newcastle

Add the many bars and clubs that can be found in Newcastle and it becomes obvious
why it has an internationally famous nightlife reputation

The Great North Run is just one of several sporting events that Newcastle has
hosted

In the city, there are many large venues as well as some specialist venues

Ouseburn is where The Cluny - a specialist venue - can be found Newcastle Arena is

one of many large venues where you can enjoy live music

Newcastle: Integrated Transport System 

Choose three statements from the information that are facts - you then need to AO2
them to explain how this is an opportunity for the population of Newcastle and the
wider area in the rest of the country. 

AO1 - Expansion at Newcastle airport means that there are now scheduled flights to
over 80 destinations.  Most of these are within Europe, however there are now also
regular direct flights to Dubai.  

AO2 - This is an opportunity as it is means that there are more places for people
to visit, and furthermore, as Newcastle airport continues to grow, more flights
will be scheduled, so not only will people from Newcastle be able to travel
further, but there may also be a chance for tourism to grow. In addition, now that
there are now also regular direct flights to Dubai, it means that Newcaslte can
become a more culturally diverse palace, as if the only places that were being
visited before were European, then this means that Newcastle would not really have
developed culturally. If Newcastle develops culturally then more tourists may be
attracted, and more students may come from abroad to study and work, boosting the
economy.

AO1 - Although the Coast to Coast cycle route goes through Newcastle, along the
quayside, Newcastle does not have many other designated cycle paths.  This is
something that Newcastle Council are planning to improve in the next few years

AO2 - If more cycle paths are built, then it is likely that more people will cycle
and this will improve people’s health. In addition, it will reduce the number of
cars on the road, reducing pollution and car accidents. If pollution begins to
decrease,not only will people be healthier, but more people will be likely to visit
Newcastle. In addition, bikes make for an easy way for tourists to travel - e.g.
Amsterdam - so it would be a good tourist attraction

AO1 - Nexus controls the majority of public transport in Tyne & Wear.  They plan
and promote public transport to improve the economic prosperity of the region, and
the daily lives of its people.

AO2 - This will improve people’s opportunities as it will be easier for them to
travel. So they will be able to get to work more easily, and also to see friends
and family. Also, it may improve the quality of life for elderly people, as if
public transport does improve, then it will be easier for them to see more places
and do more with their day. In addition, it may even lead to more people working as
those who previously struggled to get to work may then find it easier. More
opportunities will open up to more people, and also it will help the economy, as
more people will be working, or paying for transport, and in addition it will help
to circulate wealth, as people can visit 4 restaurants now instead of the previous
2.

Newcastle: Urban Greening

Green spaces are good for people, spending time in them produce levels and patterns
of chemicals in the brain associated with low stress and can have positive impacts
on blood pressure. Green areas also encourage physical activity by providing a
pleasant environment in which to exercise; woodland trails encourage walking and
cycling, whilst large sport and community parks encourage more formal physical
activity. It doesn’t matter if you are rich or poor, anyone in a city can make use
of its parks, gardens, woodland and sports fields.  Urban green spaces can be a
place to relax and socialise, promoting stronger neighbourhood relationships.
Plants can cool down the local area by providing shade, soak up water, which helps
to reduce the chance of flooding, and some (the plane tree) can even absorb harmful
car exhaust fumes, helping to clear the air for us. Newcastle is already a fairly
‘green city’. Most people live with a 5 minute walk of a park or another public
green space. Some green spaces are also part of a city's history and culture. E.g.
the riverside walkways, the Town Moor and Jesmond Dene. Newcastle council are
trying to increase the amount of green space in the city. New large scale
development schemes have to include public green spaces if they want to get
planning permission. Even new high density housing schemes are trying to include
roof gardens or flower beds. They are also trying to find ways of linking areas of
green space together. Even in the very centre of the city, M&S have shown that it
is possible to add green spaces.  The green wall on the front of the M&S store on
Northumberland Street contains 16,000 plants. Green space can benefit everyone, so
people are now trying to increase them.

Explain how the changes in Newcastle have been positive for the people of the city
(6 marks)

A social change in Newcastle is the increase in urban green space. Green spaces
encourage people to do physical activity, and also it has been shown that spending
time in them produce levels and patterns of chemicals in the brain associated with
low stress and can have positive impacts on blood pressure. In addition, green
spaces can be a place for people to socialise and relax with friends and family, or
even build a stronger relationship with neighbours. Plants help to cool the local
area down, by providing shade, and also soak up water (reducing the risk of
flooding) and some can also absorb harmful car exhaust fumes (e.g the plane tree).
This is positive as it reduces pollution and overall means that people are
healthier and happier. Newcastle council are trying to increase the amount of green
space in the city. New large scale development schemes have to include public green
spaces if they want to get planning permission. Even new high density housing
schemes are trying to include roof gardens or flower beds. They are also trying to
find ways of linking areas of green space together.

A social and economic change in Newcastle is to do with an integrated transport

system. Expansion at Newcastle airport means that there are now scheduled flights
to over 80 destinations.  Most of these are within Europe, however there are now
also regular direct flights to Dubai.  This is an opportunity as it means that
there are more places for people to visit, and furthermore, as Newcastle airport
continues to grow, more flights will be scheduled, so not only will people from
Newcastle be able to travel further, but there may also be a chance for tourism to
grow. In addition, now that there are now also regular direct flights to Dubai, it
means that Newcaslte can become a more culturally diverse palace, as if the only
places that were being visited before were European, then this means that Newcastle
would not really have developed culturally. If Newcastle develops culturally then
more tourists may be attracted, and more students may come from abroad to study and
work, boosting the economy.  Although the Coast to Coast cycle route goes through
Newcastle, along the quayside, Newcastle does not have many other designated cycle
paths.  This is something that Newcastle Council are planning to improve in the
next few years. If more cycle paths are built, then it is likely that more people
will cycle and this will improve people’s health. In addition, it will reduce the
number of cars on the road, reducing pollution and car accidents. If pollution
begins to decrease,not only will people be healthier, but more people will be
likely to visit Newcastle. In addition, bikes make for an easy way for tourists to
travel - e.g. Amsterdam - so it would be a good tourist attraction

Newcastle: The Index of Multiple Deprivation

Describe the index of multiple deprivation

The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) bundles together 7 different types of

problems faced by some people in urban areas. E.g. low income, unemployment, poor
GCSE grades, low environmental quality. The government's way of seeing which areas
are more deprived than other areas, and in particular, what they are deprived of.

Explain why income, unemployment and education are the most important indicators of
deprivation

Income, unemployment and education are all linked factors. They show how good the
education system in that area is, whether the schools have enough money, if people
are attending school. Unemployment shows where there are not enough jobs, areas
where people don’t want to have jobs, and maybe also areas where there are single
parents who can’t work etc. In poorer areas, parents have to rely on help from the
government in order to support themselves and their children. Income shows how much
jobs pay, and who gets the high paying jobs. In a richer area, it is likely that
the majority of people will have high paying jobs. It is also likely that in an
area where education is not as good, and most people get low GCSEs, then it is most
likely that people in this area will have lower paying jobs. These things - income,
unemployment and education - are a cycle. If you don’t get a good education, you
don’t get a good job, or even a job at all, so your income will be lower, so then
it is more likely your children will have a bad education also. A cycle of poverty
and of prosperity can be created. 

Why do you think that factors such as the living environment are not seen as
important as other factors on the deprivation index?

Because they do not affect people as much as employment and education. The impact
they have on people is subtler and has more of an impact in the long-term. Harder
to record this data, and it is harder to help these people

Issues in Newcastle: Recycling, brownfield sites and increased traffic

AO1 - 158,000 tonnes in 2009

AO2 - This is an issue, because as so much waste is produced, it will be difficult

to dispose of it all. Furthermore, it could make Newcastle dirty and unhygienic.
Shows that there is a lot of waste being produced, this is not good for the
environment and is a waste of resources

Issue: Brownfield sites

AO1 - Deindustrialised sites along the Quayside - derelict land

AO2 - This makes Newcaslte look ugly. It may lead to fewer tourists visiting
Newcastle, meaning less money brought into the economy, business will suffer as a
result. The land can not be used, which is a waste of space

Issue: Increased traffic

AO1 - A186 one of the most polluted roads in UK

AO2 - Pollution is dangerous for nature and for humans. People cna have increased
risks of cancers and breathing problems from pollution, also may lead to the death
of other animals. Pollution means that the average health of the people will
decrease, leading the economy to suffer

Greenfield and Brownfield Sites

G - Great housing shortages in the UK means that there is a lack of available land
to build on. 

R - Retail parks (such as the metro centre) are being built on greenfield sites

E - Expensive brownfield sites are often limited in size

E - Environmental impacts are negative as building on greenfield sites leads to

loss of green belt land

N - Natural habitats for plants and animals are often destroyed

A - An area of land that has not been developed previously (e.g. farmland or
woodland) is known as a greenfield sites

N - Need an expensive clear up operation before you can start building on

brownfield sites

D - Developed land should be used over undeveloped land

B - Brownfield sites are old industrial or inner city sites that are cleared for a
new building development

R - Reused land is known as brownfield sites

O - Old industrial or inner city sites are cleared so that the land can be reused

W - With the population growing, more houses are needed

N - Negatives to positives mean that building on a greenfield site is very

controversial

Greenfield sites are any area of land that has not been developed previously (it
could be farmland or woodland etc)

Brownfield sites are old industrial or inner city sites that are cleared for a new
building development.

Building on greenfield sites is very controversial as it is the loss of green belt

land which contains natural habitats for plants and animals and has a negative
impact on the environment. This land is however cheaper as it is away from the city
and there are many new housing developments and retail parks  (such as Metro
Centre) being built on this land. The Town Moor to the North of the city is an area
of land that has been protected by the city and cannot be built on. 

Brownfield sites are preferable for sustainability as they save the green land but
sites are often limited in size, are expensive to buy and need an expensive clear
up operation before building can start. As Newcastle suffered from
deindustrialisation there are many areas along the Quayside that were formerly
brownfield sites and are still there.

Education in Newcastle

Children across Newcastle do not get equal exam grades. Generally, the schools in
the poorest areas score the lowest number of GCSE points per pupil.  Children born
into poverty have fewer educational and cultural opportunities.  This leads to
lower exam grades and fewer job choices.  This leads to a greater chance of living
in poverty as an adult. In Byker the average number of GCSE’s per person is 4.2
grades, in Gosforth in the North of the city it is 7.9 grades.

Children across Newcastle do not get equal exam grades. Generally, the schools in
the poorest area score the lowest number of GCSE points per pupil. Children born
into poverty have fewer educational and cultural opportunities. This leads to lower
exam grades and fewer job choices. This leads to a greater chance of living in
poverty as a result. This means that in the future, they won’t be able to send
their children to a good school - and so the cycle continues. Sme children may have
behaviour problems, or other difficulties that make it harder for them at school.
Due to upbringing, poverty and the area, many children may not do well at school.
If parents have not done well at school, they may not do well either.

Air Pollution: Newcastle

Newcastle has moderate air quality, but certain routes into the city have
dangerously high pollution levels.

Data shows that people using the A186 in Newcastle risk being exposed to high
levels of the noxious gas nitrogen dioxide.  As a result Newcastle City Council has
identified a number of areas, including the Quayside and Gosforth, as air quality
management zones in a bid to help curb the potential harmful impact.  They are
hoping to see reductions in diesel engine emissions from buses and HGVs operating
in the city.  Many of the City Council’s vehicles now run on less polluting LPG. 
Bus companies are investing in dual fuel vehicles and Newcastle is leading the way
in the development of electric vehicles and the installation of electric vehicle
charging points. (There are currently 269 charging points across Newcastle.)

Waste Disposal: Newcastle

In 2009/10 Newcastle City Council generated a total of just under 158,000 tonnes of
solid waste. This figure has been decreasing at 3% per year for the last 3 years,
despite the population of the city increasing by 1.4%.  This is because we are all
getting better at recycling!

However, huge amounts of waste generated in Newcastle still end up in either

landfill sites or incinerated, which pollutes the atmosphere.

Every household in Newcastle has recycling bins, allowing local residents to

recycle cardboard, plastics, metals and glass.  In many areas there are also garden
waste bins, allowing the council to produce its own compost.  Local tips in
Newcastle also force people to separate their waste whenever possible, further
increasing recycling rates. The percentage of Newcastle’s waste that is recycled
has increased from 15.39% to 40.87%.  However this is still short of the Council’s
target of 50%.

Urban Sprawl: Key Terms - Newcastle

Urban sprawl is when cities and towns grow and expand, taking over the countryside

The unplanned growth of an urban area into the rural area

Urban sprawl is happening in Newcastle because of housing pressure

Outward migration:

Counterurbanisation - the opposite of urbanisation, where people move to rural

areas

Suburbanisation - the growth of a town or city into the surrounding countryside

Positive and Negatives of Urban Sprawl

Suburbanisation can lead to decline in inner city as skilled people move away -
negative for inner city

There are increasing employment opportunities in offices and shops such as at

Balliol Business park in Longbenton (suburb) - positive for suburbs

There are less high rise building needed for people in the city centre - positive
for inner city

Suburbanisation can lead to derelict building in the city - negative for inner city

More people have to drive to work so it increases pollution - negative for suburbs

Derelict land in the inner city can be cleared and create park spaces - positive
for inner city

Retail parks develop at the edge of the city near the suburbs - positive for
suburbs

Wealthy people in the suburbs want more gyms and golf courses - positive for
suburbs

They are more flats available in the city for “young professionals” (age 21-30) -
positive for inner city

Loss of local village/town atmosphere as people move away - negative for inner city

Elswick to get 170 new homes as part of major regeneration scheme in Newcastle

More than 170 new homes are to be built on a site in Newcastle’s West End that has
been empty for around 20 years.

The scheme, by Tynexe Residential Ltd, involves building the 171

properties on Loadman Street, in Elswick, and will include a mixture of two, three
and four bedroom houses.

The site used to have terraced houses but they were demolished in the late 1990s
and the plot of land has been an unused brownfield site ever since. A brownfield
site is an area of urban land which used to be used. Newcastle City
Council’s planning committee has approved proposals to build new houses as well as
car parking spaces. This is great news for locals as it means there are homes
available for the growing population. It is also good news for the environment
as this reduces the needs to build on an untouched greenfield site. 

Planners said “The development would be sustainable, and it will deliver economic,
social and environmental benefits to the area. High quality housing and new
employment opportunities will be made available and the surrounding greenfield
landscape can be left alone if we re-use old brownfield sites like this.”

What is happening in Elswick?

The scheme involves building the 171 properties on Loadman Street in Elswick

What are the social, economic and environmental benefits of this?

There will be new houses as well as car parking spaces. This means there are homes
available for the growing population. It is also good news for the environment as
this reduces the needs to build on an untouched greenfield site. There will also be
new employment opportunities, meaning that the economy will improve, and so
people’s quality of life will improve as opportunities increase

Explain how this will slow down urban sprawl.

Because the surrounding greenfield landscape will be left alone, and only the
brownfield sites will be built on. This means urban sprawl will be reduced, as the
towns won’t be taking over the countryside

What is the reason to regenerate run down areas? 

Urban regeneration is a program of investment and development, designed to improve
an urban area – these programmes often take place in derelict (decaying) areas of a
city.

Order the reasons that are on the board to rank what you think are the most to the
least important reasons for regeneration. 
It prevents the urban sprawl of the city (the growing of Newcastle even further
away from the Tyne)
Run down areas have a high crime rate and this can be reduced
Visitors to the area get a bad impression and may not return
It does not disturb the cities green areas 
Buildings may only need repair not an expensive rebuild
Task 2 

Using the information on the slide and the clips make some notes on the TWDC
development project. You need to have at least 5 bullet points on the information
so that you can confidently talk about the scheme. 

The Tyne and Wear Development Corporation was set up in 1987 to help revive the
area around Newcastle Quayside. The quayside received £170 million of funding from
the government and private companies
It aimed to create new business districts and modern offices
Increase employment in the area
Revive the Riverside as a place to live
Improve the environment through landscaping
Task 3 

Entertainment 

You need to fit the information into the letters so that you understand what the
Baltic and the Sage are and how they have contributed to the Quayside: 
Sage is a state of art building which many locals and tourists visit
An international concert venue, arts centre, conference centre and cafe
Great sound no matter where you are in the building
Earlier, before 2004, the site of the SAGE was derelict land. It was a £70 million
investment which has transformed this once derelict part of the quayside
Best local talent in art, culture and design
Aim of this project was to increase the reputation of the North East region
Local talent can be found here, as well as a high end restaurant on the top floor
which attracts many visitors and it plays host to weddings
To increase the reputation of the North East region
In the past, this was a former flour mill during Newcastle's industrial past
Currently, it is now host to World Famous artists and exhibitions

Office and leisure space

The site on the Newcastle side of the river was developed between 1998 and 2002 at
a cost of around £200 million. The aim was to attract investment from the tertiary
sector such as accountants and law firms. 

Make a note of the AO1 information and develop them into AO2 so that you can
explain how this is contributing to the regeneration of the Quayside, the first one
has been done for you: 

AO1

AO2

1,100 space multi storey car park (off picture)

This means that it is convenient for people to work and visit the buildings and
offices even though it is a city centre location to encourage visitors to the area.
Workers can also apply for permits so that they can park there daily. 

A number of recreational buildings (restaurants/bars and leisure complexes)

This means that people’s quality of life will increase, and more money will be
spent, because there will be more opportunities to spend money on recreational
activities

124 room boutique hotel called Malmaison

This will mean that more tourists come to Newcastle and will stay longer. This
means that more jobs will available in the tourism industry, and more money will be
brought in to the economy

brand new office space in four separate state of the art buildings
This means that there will be more jobs available, and since the buildings are new,
there may be lots of competition for the jobs, leading more people to come to
Newcastle. This will improve the economy

Quayside Housing improvements

Summarise the information on housing below. You then need to find two 2 bedroom
flats for sale - one on the Newcastle Quayside and one on the Gateshead quayside. 

Add in images and describe the facilities and who this area would suit to live
there. 

https://www.rightmove.co.uk/ - this website will help you 

A number of different housing schemes have come and invested in Newcastle quayside,
taking over unused or derelict brownfield sites and improving them by creating
modern flats that appeal to young professional people who wish to be near to work
in the city centre. These are good for the environment as no green land has to be
used.

The price for one of these flats can be expensive at nearly £220,000 on average for
a two bedroom flat compared with £177,000 on average for a house a little further
away from the city. Some locals may not be able to afford this. 

Summarised:

Housing schemes taking over unused or derelict brownfield sites

They are improving them by creating modern flats, to appeal to young professional
people

This is good for the environment as no green land is used

However, these flats are expensive 

£220,000 on average for a two bedroom flat compared with £177,000 on average for a
house a little further away from the city

So some locals may not be able to afford this

£280,000 - Newcastle Quayside

£95,000 - Gateshead Quayside

The Future 

Summarise the information on what you can see about the future of the quayside -
you need to add to this with what other information you can find on what has
happened to the quayside since the TWDC. 

The Regeneration of Newcastle Quayside is still not complete with developers

planning to build 1,500 more homes on a derelict site further down river. This will
create more than 1,000 jobs locally, as well as providing green space and leisure
facilities on land that is currently disused. 

Some people are concerned however Newcastle is losing its traditional industrial
feel and that there is too much of the same type of redevelopment happening.

Summarised:

Developers plan to build 1,500 more homes on a derelict site further down river

This will create more than 1,000 local jobs

It will provide green space and leisure facilities

Some people feel Newcastle is losing its traditional industrial feel

Task 4 

Discuss, “The regeneration of Newcastle Quayside has been a success”. (6 marks)

I agree with this statement because before 2004 the site of the SAGE was derelict
land. It was a £70 million investment which has transformed this once derelict part
of the quayside. The SAGE arts centre when built the land, transformed into an
international concert venue, arts centre, conference centre and café that is now
famous all over the World. Locals and tourists visit from all over the world to see
the state of the art building which is built for perfect sound wherever you are in
the building. This brings in money to the local area, because tourists have to eat
and sleep somewhere, and also they may buy souvenirs. In addition, the site on the
Newcastle side of the river was developed between 1998 and 2002 at a cost of around
£200 million. There is now a 1,100 space multi storey car park. This means that it
is convenient for people to work and visit the buildings and offices even though it
is a city centre location to encourage visitors to the area. Workers can also apply
for permits so that they can park there daily. Furthermore, there are now a number
of recreational buildings (restaurants/bars and leisure complexes). This means that
people’s quality of life will increase, and mFore money will be spent, because
there will be more opportunities to spend money on recreational activities. So it
has been successful as it has developed Newcastle, which has led to more money
being generated.

In addition, a number of different housing schemes have come and invested in

Newcastle quayside, taking over unused or derelict brownfield sites and improving
them by creating modern flats that appeal to young professional people who wish to
be near to work in the city centre. These are good for the environment as no green
land has to be used. However, the price for one of these flats can be expensive at
nearly £220,000 on average for a two bedroom flat compared with £177,000 on average
for a house a little further away from the city. Some locals may not be able to
afford this. So this makes the regeneration limited, as it is not completely
helping the local people, instead, it seems to be benefiting tourists more, and
this may anger the people of Newcastle. The Regeneration of Newcastle Quayside is
still not complete with developers planning to build 1,500 more homes on a derelict
site further down river. This will create more than 1,000 jobs locally, as well as
providing green space and leisure facilities on land that is currently disused.
However, some people are concerned however Newcastle is losing its traditional
industrial feel and that there is too much of the same type of redevelopment
happening. This shows that the regeneration has not been a complete success, as not
everyone is happy with it. However, it has helped to improve the area and the
economy, so to a large extent, it has been successful.

Sustainable Urban Living

Task 1 

What does sustainability mean? 

Sustainable development involves using the Earth’s resources in a way that can
continue in the future. It meets the needs of people today, without preventing the
needs of people in the future being met

Task 2 

Choose one of the AO1 statements on the diagram and AO2 it - therefore EXPLAIN how
this makes an area more sustainable. 

Involving local communities and providing a range of employment - this leads to

local communities caring about the environment and it provides money for the local
economy while helping to be sustainable. More money in the local economy means that
more can be done to be even more sustainable. It raises awareness about
sustainability, and teaches people ways in which to live more sustainably

Minimising the use of greenfield sites by using brownfield sites instead - this
means that greenfield sites are protected and can be preserved for forestry,
agriculture and wildlife where environmental conditions can be improved and
conservation encouraged. This means that there are green spaces left, helping the
environment and the people 

Task 3 

Describe the location of Freiburg using CLOCC. 

It is a city in southwest Germany’s Black Forest. The city is situated in the heart
of the major Baden wine-growing region and serves as the primary tourist entry
point to Black Forest. It is situated next to the borders of Switzerland and France
and also situated near Ulm. It is fairly removed from other larger German cities.
50.9128° N, 13.3417° E

Task 4 

Use bikes to travel around the city

Use renewable energy sources

Uses green building

Many solar panels

Green corridors

Blue corridors

Lots of green spaces

No litter/sewage

Hosts a farmer’s market - organic farming

Large river - to help introduce more wildlife

Task 5 

Complete the task sheet using the information on the pdf to help you with your
answer. 

Environmental sustainability:

Twice as many bikes as there are cards - this is sustainable because this means
there will be fewer emissions released because there will be fewer cars on the
road, also means that less money will have to be spent in the future on roads,
garages etc
Streets are not big enough to fit large volume of traffic
Expensive to park in Freiburg - cheaper to bike
Hosts a daily farmers market - where most crops are grown using organic farming
practices - this is sustainable because this means that the area imports less food,
so are not as dependent on other countries, this means that when food becomes more
expensive to import, this area will be less affected. Teaches people valuable
skills for the future
By buying local produce, residents are reducing their food miles, so minimising the
carbon emissions that are produced by transporting food across the world
The local football stadium is powered by solar panels, as well as the Town Hall.
Any surplus energy is transported to local offices and houses, so minimal energy is
wasted
Any building developments must be balanced with an environmental project. E.g when
the city expanded its rail network, it also expanded the river to introduce more
birds and wildlife back to the city - this helps to improve the area, and develop
while not putting the area at risk in the future. This balancing way of developing
will be even more important for the future, the trains will help the area to grow
and expand, and bring in more money, and the bigger river will be socially useful
as well as increasing biodiversity
Social sustainability:

Means the residents as well as the politicians have a voice in changes to the local
area 
Groups of children are involved in giving feedback and offering their opinion for
all new developments in the city - new building constructions..etc
Financial investors are given free football seasonal tickets as a way of saying
thank you for investing into the city - this means people are encouraged to invest
and so the area will receive more money, so can become even more sustainable, as
they will be able to spend more money on renewable resources
Economic sustainability:

10,000 residents are employed in a green industry. E.g. the large cluster of solar
panel manufacturers, nicknamed the ‘Solar Valley’. The business requires a variety
of people, of different levels of skills and education. The solar panels produced
here can be used on important large public buildings or individual houses - this
helps to bring money into the local economy and support the local people, while
helping to invest in renewable energy and ensuring that more cleaner energy is used
in the future
Task 6 - Exam technique

Assess the features of sustainable urban living [9]

Freiburg is a city in southwest Germany’s Black Forest. It is situated next to the

borders of Switzerland and France and also situated near Ulm. It is fairly removed
from other larger German cities. It is a sustainable location because it is
considered the single best city for sustainable urban development. For example, one
policy that Frierburg follows is that any building developments must be balanced
with an environmental project. E.g when the city expanded its rail network, it also
expanded the river to introduce more birds and wildlife back to the city - this
helps to improve the area, and develop while not putting the area at risk in the
future. This balancing way of developing will be even more important for the
future, the trains will help the area to grow and expand, and bring in more money,
and the bigger river will be socially useful (provide places for people to visit,
meet up and relax) as well as increasing biodiversity. Overall, this is very
positive because both the larger river and the trains will be there for future
generations, the trains will help the local people at present (with their jobs, and
to travel to see family) and the river is good for the environment as it will lead
to new ecosystems developing. 

Another way in which Frieburg is sustainable is through the fact that it has twice
as many bikes as there are cards - this is sustainable because this means there
will be fewer emissions released because there will be fewer cars on the road. It
also helps to save money because it means that less money will be spent on
repairing roads or building garages. And, in addition, the people of Frieburg will
have more money to spend on other things such as buying things from the local area
which will boost the local economy. The city also hosts a daily farmers market -
where most crops are grown using organic farming practices - this is sustainable
because this means that the area imports less food, so are not as dependent on
other countries, this means that when food becomes more expensive to import, this
area will be less affected. Furthermore, it teaches people valuable skills for the
future. Freiburg is also economically sustainable as 10,000 residents are employed
in a green industry. E.g. the large cluster of solar panel manufacturers, nicknamed
the ‘Solar Valley’. The business requires a variety of people, of different levels
of skills and education. The solar panels produced here can be used on important
large public buildings or individual houses - this helps to bring money into the
local economy and support the local people, while helping to invest in renewable
energy and ensuring that more cleaner energy is used in the future. This is very
positive because it means that not only will the economy prosper, but also that the
lives of the people of Frieburg will improve and that now and in the future,
Freiburg will be a clean city.

In conclusion, I believe that Frieburg is a sustainable city because the area uses
a lot of renewable energy, encourages new wildlife and ecosystems to develop and
has very low emissions (due to few cars, and buying food locally). The majority of
the people of Frieburg’s jobs are sustainable and beneficial to the environment. 

Urban TransportTuesday 2nd March 2021

Task 1 

What does this live map tell you about issues with transport in London? 

There is a lot of traffic in London - a lot of heavy traffic on most roads, making
it difficult to travel. This means that there will be a lot of congestion and
pollution, as cars will often be stalling. It also makes it harder for people to
cross the road, and also there will be a lot of noise pollution all the time. It
needs to be managed sustainably as otherwise more roads will have to be built, and
there will be a lack of space in London and an increasing amount of pollution.

Task 2 

List the urban activities that increase emissions below: 

Buses, taxis, cycling, walking

1 million journey increase per day expected

Employment growth put pressure on roads

Getting rid of waste

Servicing and freight activities increasing - 192 million deliveries made to London

Building 

1.What is global warming?

A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere, due to the
greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants

2.How might global warming affect people in the UK?

Hotter days, heatwaves, roads melt, harder for people to get to work, less rain

Less biodiversity

Green spaces reduced

Task 3 
What is ELF? 

Environment: What is the impact of a particular solution or technology on the

environment?

Locals: What impacts does this solution or technology have for local people?

Future: What opportunities or challenges does this solution present which means
that people will use it long into the future?

How is ELF useful to measure sustainability? 

Using natural resources responsibly so they can support both present and future
generations

Using any resource responsibly

By using ELF, we can try to measure the impact of our study (in this case transport
systems) on the environment, locals, and the impact it will have in the future. If
the impact is bad then it is most likely unsustainable, and if it cannot be
sustained in the future, then it is also unsustainable.

Task 4 

Using the Figure describe the demand for transport in London

The use of cars has increased from around 50 billion km to almost 700 billion km.
In recent years, the usage of cars has increased, but at a slower rate. However,
the use of buses and coaches and rail has mostly decreased, however, since 2012,
the use of rail has increased slightly.

Using what you have found out from the graph above. Why is there a need for
sustainable transport in London?

There is a need for sustainable transport in London because the usage of cars is
still increasing, and as of 2017, cars were being used for roughly 700 billion km
worth of journeys. In addition, cars are bad for the environment as they release
carbon dioxide emissions which speed up global warming. Furthermore, it is
estimated that around 9,500 deaths in London are caused by pollution, so it poses a
big risk to the health of the public

Santander Cycles:

How does it work?

You can hire a bike from as little as £2. People can download an app or go to any
docking terminal with your bank card and touch the screen to get started. You pay
£2 per 30 minutes after the first free 30 minutes.

What are the advantages?

It is relatively cheap and easy to use a bike. Bike docks are situated in several
places, and there are many nice places to ride in London.

How does this improve sustainability?

This means that fewer people will use cars, which reduces pollution and carbon
dioxide emissions and means that congestion will decrease.

The Congestion Charge:

What is the congestion charge?

The Congestion Charge is an £11.50 daily charge for driving a vehicle within the
charging zone between 07:00 and 18:00, Monday to Friday.

How does it help encourage sustainability?

It means that fewer people will drive in this zone because it will quickly become
too expensive.

Oyster Cards:

What is an Oyster Card?

An oyster card is a way for paying for public transport.

How does this encourage more people to use public transport?

It makes paying easier and simple, so there is no hassle or stress about using
public transport.

What are the limitations of the Oyster card in terms of encouraging public
transport use?

Many people are moving towards using Visa, MasterCard or American Express instead.

Assess the extent transport systems are managed sustainably in an urban area that
you have studied (9 marks + 3 SPAG)

In London, which is situated in the south-east of England and stands on the River
Thames, as of 2017, 700 billion km of journeys were done using cars. There is a
need for transport to be used sustainably because pollution is responsible for
9,500 deaths in London. One way that transport is being managed sustainable is
through Santander Cycles. You can hire a bike from as little as £2. People can
download an app or go to any docking terminal with your bank card and touch the
screen to get started. You pay £2 per 30 minutes after the first free 30 minutes.
The advantages of this are: It is relatively cheap and easy to use a bike. Bike
docks are situated in several places, and there are many nice places to ride in
London. This means that fewer people will use cars, which reduces pollution and
carbon dioxide emissions and means that congestion will decrease.

Another way of managing transport systems sustainably is congestion charge. The

Congestion Charge is an £11.50 daily charge for driving a vehicle within the
charging zone between 07:00 and 18:00, Monday to Friday. It means that fewer people
will drive in this zone because it will quickly become too expensive. This means
that pollution in this area will decrease, and fewer people will be using cars, so
there will be less pressure on the transport system. This helps to protect people’s
health, and also the environment, as global warming would damage green areas and
decrease biodiversity. Another way is using oyster cards. The majority of Londoners
currently use an Oyster card routinely to pay for all their public transport needs.
It makes paying easier and simple, so there is no hassle or stress about using
public transport. This means people are more likely to use public transport, so the
usage of cars will decrease, and so will pollution and congestion. However, many
are quickly migrating away from Oyster cards to contactless payment cards,
typically the Visa, MasterCard or American Express cards they use for everyday
expenditure. So this shows that this way of sustainably managing transport systems
is limited as it does not have full support, so people will still continue to use
cars.

In conclusion, I believe that to a large extent, transport systems in London are

managed sustainably, as there are systems in place such as congestion charges which
will help to reduce pollution and pressure on the roads, this means that in the
future, there will be fewer cars on the road, so more roads will not have to be
built. However, I see that these methods of managing transport sustainably are not
fully influential or big enough changes to ensure that car usage and pollution
decrease. More action is needed to ensure bigger change.

Task 5 

Using a case study, explain how traffic can be managed effectively in a HIC. (6
marks) 

In London one way that transport is being managed sustainable is through Santander
Cycles. You can hire a bike from as little as £2. People can download an app or go
to any docking terminal with your bank card and touch the screen to get started.
You pay £2 per 30 minutes after the first free 30 minutes. The advantages of this
are: It is relatively cheap and easy to use a bike. Bike docks are situated in
several places, and there are many nice places to ride in London. This means that
fewer people will use cars, which reduces pollution and carbon dioxide emissions
and means that congestion will decrease.

Another way of managing transport systems sustainably is congestion charge. The

Congestion Charge is an £11.50 daily charge for driving a vehicle within the
charging zone between 07:00 and 18:00, Monday to Friday. It means that fewer people
will drive in this zone because it will quickly become too expensive. This means
that pollution in this area will decrease, and fewer people will be using cars, so
there will be less pressure on the transport system. This helps to protect people’s
health, and also the environment, as global warming would damage green areas and
decrease biodiversity. Another way is using oyster cards. The majority of Londoners
currently use an Oyster card routinely to pay for all their public transport needs.
It makes paying easier and simple, so there is no hassle or stress about using
public transport. This means people are more likely to use public transport, so the
usage of cars will decrease, and so will pollution and congestion. However, many
are quickly migrating away from Oyster cards to contactless payment cards,
typically the Visa, MasterCard or American Express cards they use for everyday
expenditure. So this shows that this way of sustainably managing transport systems
is limited as it does not have full support, so people will still continue to use
cars.