^ALWNZXL@C@ ACHLIACD CJLNZPC

@LZNHHLØA @N LAWNXPLKCHLIANX \ ]IXPKZC@I
FCNXPZÆC NA C@FLALXPZCHLØA @N ANKIHLIX
@NXCZZIDDI @N LAWNXPLKCHLØA NF]ZNXCZLCD
HNAPZI DIHCD PZ^ELDDI

LAWNXPLKCHLØA NF]ZNXCZLCD

Xiduhløa `n ]rijdnfcs na dcs Irkcalzchlians

 Cutirc5 Dlh`c. Lsfcr `nd Wcddn Ziecs Fidlac

Fidlac
H.L. 3>.32;.:=<
Gchldltc`ir5 @rc. Fcdvys Lagcatn.
Krupi # 8

Pruelddi, Euali `n :.=:=

 

LAPZI@^HHLØA

Nd cjir`cen `nd nstu`li `n hucdqulnr tnfc rndchliac`i hia dis nagiquns `n

lavnstlkchløa nfprnscrlcd `ns`n nd fìti`i hlnatæglhi nxlkn uac flrc`c `ns`n `is
puatis `n vlstc, nd nagiqun prãhtlhi y nd hcrãhtnr tnørlhi. Ns `nhlr, dc prlfnrc
pnrspnhtlvc tlna`n c hiahnatrcrsn na dis cspnhtis tìhalhis hia dc nxpdirchløa
latnrac `nd ijenti `n nstu`li, sus airfcs, nstruhturc y cpiyi hiatnxtucd `n dc
lavnstlkchlø
lavnstlkchløa
a Hucdl
Hucdltctlv
tctlvc
c - Hucatl
Hucatltctlv
tctlvc,
c, lahduy
lahduyna`i
na`i dcs chtlvl
chtlvl`c`ns
`c`ns fnti`
fnti`idøklh
idøklhcs
cs
cpiy
cpiyc`
c`cs
cs hia
hia dcs
dcs PL
PLH,
H, tifc
tifca`
a`i
i hifi
hifi rn
rngn
gnrn
rnah
ahlc
lc dis
dis `n
`nsh
shuj
ujrl
rlfl
flna
nati
tiss n
lavnahlians
lavnahlians qun bca pri`uhl`i uac nugirl
nugirlc
c hidnht
hidnhtlvc
lvc qun knanrc caslcs hc`c `æc
fãs na nstn slkdi RRL.
Na nstc sltuchløa, dis fìti`is hlnatæglhis pcrc dc lavnstlkchløa nfprnscrlcd hia
dcs aunvcs
aunvcs tnhai
tnhaidik
dikæcs
æcs,, bca trc
trcasg
asgirf
irfc`i
c`i ai sidi dc gir
girfc,
fc, al dis fn`lis
fn`lis `n
pri`uhhløa, slai tcfjlìa dcs girfcs `n `nshrljlr uac prijdnfãtlhc, nspnhlcdfnatn
`n lagirf
lagirfcr
cr n latnrhc
latnrhcfjl
fjlcr
cr lagirf
lagirfchl
chløa.
øa. Ns `nhl
`nhlr,
r, dis tlnfp
tlnfpis
is hcf
hcfjlc
jlca
a y dis
nagi
nagiqu
quns
ns tc
tcfj
fjlì
lìa,
a, `n ua
uac
c fcan
fcanrc
rc vn
vnrt
rtlk
lkla
lais
isc?
c? pir itrc
itrc pcrt
pcrtn,
n, dc hiast
hiastca
catn
tn
nviduhløa lavnstlkctlvc pnrfltn c`iptcr aunvcs siduhlians ckldlzca`i nsgunrzis,
ndnvca`i dc hcdl`c` na dis `lvnrsis snhtirns `n dc sihln`c` hifi sia nhiaøflhi,
pidætlhi, sihlcd, hudturcd, hlnatæglhi y nd nfprnscrlcd.
 Cslflsfi, dis `lgnrnatns nagiquns `n dc lavnstlkchløa nfprnscrlcd ns
 eustcfnatn nd fn`li qun bc pnrfltl`i rnspia`nr hc`c vnz fneir c dcs anhnsl`c`ns
knrnahlcdns gchldltca`i y slfpdlglhca`i prihnsis fnti`idøklhis? pir di tcati, hc`c
rnviduh
rnviduhløa
løa `n nst
nstc,
c, privihc
privihc trc
trcasg
asgirfc
irfchli
hlians
ans gua
gua`cf
`cfnat
natcdn
cdnss qun hia
hiaddn
ddnvc
vc cd
fnei
fneirc
rcfl
flnat
nati
i `n dc hi
hifu
fual
al`c
`c`
` hlna
hlnatæ
tæglglhc?
hc? pir
pir hia
hiasl
slku
kuln
lnat
atn,
n, di
diss na
nagi
giqu
quns
ns
Hucd
Hucdltltct
ctlv
lvis
is y Hu
Huca
catltltc
tctltlvi
viss sia
sia cpna
cpnacs
cs ua nenf
nenfpd
pdi
i `n dcs
dcs hcpc
hcpchl
hl`c
`c`n
`nss
fnti`idøklhcs `n dc bufcal`c` `lrlkl`cs na nstis tlnfpis fi`nrais c slfpdlglhcr 
dcs chtlvl`c`ns `nd bifjrn.
]ir itri dc`i, dcs pripislhlians tnørlhcs (snkua`c pnrspnhtlvc) `n`lhc`cs c
gua`cfnatcr dis `lgnrnatns nagiquns fnti`idøklhis hifi bnrrcflnatcs pcrc dc
jõsq
jõsqun
un`c
`c `n
`ndd hiai
hiaihl
hlfl
flna
nati
ti,, pn
pnrs
rslk
lkun
una
a igrn
igrnhn
hnrr sidu
siduhl
hlia
ians
ns c dis
dis Kr
Krup
upis
is
 

Nfprnscrlcdns `n Lavnstlkchløa. C`nfãs, nd fìti`i hlnatæglhi sn `njn hiaihnr y

`nsnfpnócrsn na ua cfjlnatn `ia`n nd trcjcei hiipnrctlvi y nd usi `n dcs PLH,
sia
sia dc fc
fcan
anrc
rc ac
actu
turc
rcdd y hi
hitltl`l
`lca
cac
c pc
pcrc
rc dc si
sidu
duhl
hløa
øa `n ua pri
prijd
jdnf
nfc,
c, csæ dc
bufcal`c` sn bc vlsti cpiyc`c na dcs aunvcs tnhaidikæcs qun bca cpcrnhl`i na
dcs õdtlfcs ìpihcs, jcsc`cs prlahlpcdfnatn na nd usi `n dcs hifputc`ircs y dis
slstnfcs `n lagirfchløa, nspnhlcdfnatn pcrc nd prihnsi `n dc lavnstlkchløa `nd
bifjrn na dc sihln`c` fi`nrac, c trcvìs `n hifual`c`ns `n cprna`lzcen.
Na nstn snatl`i, dc rnviduhløa hlnatæglhc pnrfltn iptlflzcr i pripianr fìti`is
nqulvcdnatns c dcs c`iptc`cs pir dcs krca`ns csihlchlians `n lavnstlkchløa c ua
histi fuhbæslfi fãs jcei y hia uac hcdl`c` `n snrvlhli nqulvcdnatn. C`nfãs, bca
`l
`lsp
spun
unst
sti
i `n ns
nstc
tcss ip
iptltlfl
flzc
zc`c
`css gi
girf
rfcs
cs `n la
lavns
vnstltlkc
kchl
hløa
øa y `n fc
fcan
anei
ei `n dc
lagirfchløa, irlnatc`cs bchlc dc hcpchltchløa `nd la`lvl`ui, `n ai csuflrdcs, nstcs
lastltuhli
lastltuhlians
ans hirrnræ
hirrnræca
ca nd rlnski `n prnsnat
prnsnatcr
cr rntrcsi
rntrcsiss slkalglhctl
slkalglhctlvis
vis qun dlfl
dlfltcræca
tcræca
su nviduhløa, pnreu`lhca`i aitcjdnfnatn c ti`is sus hidcjirc`irns.
Na hiasnhunahlc, dcs lastltuhlians hlnatæglhcs `n dis `lgnrnatns nagiquns `n
la
lavn
vnst
stlk
lkchl
chløa
øa na dc chtuc
chtucdldl`c
`c`,
`, tltlna
nana
na hi
hifi
fi rn
rnti
ti cp
cpi`
i`nrc
nrcrs
rsn
n `n di
diss fn
fn`li
`liss
tnhaidøklhis hifi bnrrcflnatc `n cpiyi na nd `nscrriddi `nd hiaihlflnati. ]crc
bchnr pisljdn dc hianxløa natrn dc lavnstlkchløa y dcs PLH, ns anhnscrli nfpdncr nd
trcjcei hiipnrctlvi hifi uac lavcdircjdn bnrrcflnatc `n sipirtn. Cslflsfi, dis
cvcahns tnhaidøklhis bca hujlnrti ti`cs dcs ãrncs `nd qunbchnr bufcai, lahdusi
sn nahunatrca cglcazca`i na nd hcfpi hlnatæglhi hucdltctlvi-hucatltctlvi, qun ns `n
sufc lf
sufc lfpi
pirt
rtcah
cahlc
lc na dc fifi`cd
`cdl`
l`c`
c` ir
irkc
kcal
alzch
zchli
liac
acd,d, pn
pnrf
rfltltln
lna`
a`ii hi
hia
a nddi
nddi dc
`l
`lvu
vudk
dkch
chlø
løa
a `n
`ndd ua
ualv
lvnrs
nrsi
i `n dc lag
lagirf
irfch
chlø
løa
a c trtrcvì
cvìss `n au aunvnvis
is fì
fìti
ti`is
`is y
nstrctnklcs nfprnscrlcdns.
]ir di tcati, dcs nfprnscs, hirpirchlians u irkcalzchlians csufna dis fn`lis
anhnscrlis, pcrc kcrcatlzcr dc trcasgirfchløa `n dis prihnsis `n dc lavnstlkchløa,
i `n di hiatrcrli hirrnrãa nd rlnski `n qun`cr rnzckc`cs na nd hcflai `nd
hiast
hiastcat
catn
n hcf
hcfjl
jli
i fn
fnti
ti`i
`idø
døkl
klhi
hi?? nstc
nstc rn
rngdgdnx
nxlø
løa,
a, nxprns
nxprnsc
c dc an
anhns
hnsl`
l`c`
c` `n
lfpdnfnatcr ua `lsnói hia ijentlvl`c` na nd `nscrriddi `n hucdqulnr lavnstlkchløa,
pcrc hufpdlr dis ijentlvis nstrctìklhis `n dc flsfc, hia rnspnhti c fneircr dc
 

hcdl
hcdl`c
`c`
` `n dis
dis na
nagi
giqu
quns
ns c alvn
alvndd hucd
hucdltltct
ctlv
lvi-
i-hu
huca
catltltc
tctltlvi
vi pi
pirr fn
fn`l
`li
i `n dc
`lvnrslglhchløa `n hiatnal`is, fìti`is, laaivchløa, y privnnr c dis lavnstlkc`irns
hia dcs bnrrcflnatcs, y hia dis hiaihlflnatis anhnscrlis pcrc nstn slkdi.
Ns lfpirtcatn hiaaitcr qun dis prihnsis fnti`idøklhis na sus `lgnrnatns
nagiquns vcræca snkõa nd alvnd `nd fìti`i hlnatæglhi qun nstcs bca c`qulrl`i na nd
tnfc hiaeuatcfnatn
hiaeuatcfnatn hia dc nviduh
nviduhløa
løa qun bcyca pi`l`i bchnr `n `lhbi prihnsis
`n `lsnói lastruhhliacdns, na tìrflais `n cufnatcr su nglhlnahlc pcrc fneircr dc
hcdl`c` `n dc lavnstlkchløa.
Na dis crkufnatis snócdc`is na nstn lagirfn, sn nxpdlhca na girfc prnhlsc5 (l)
dc lfpirtcahlc `n dc lavnstlkchløa nfprnscrlcd pcrc dc siduhløa `n prijdnfcs
na dcs irkcalzchlians. (ll) Lavnstlkchløa prnvlc `n dis tnfcs, ndnhhløa `nd tnfc,
`ndlfltchløa `nd tnfc, hia`lhlians qun `njn rnualr ua prijdnfc, sndnhhløa `nd
prijdnfc, høfi sn pdcatnc nd prijdnfc, hcrchtnræstlhcs `nd pdcatncflnati `nd
prijdnfc, caãdlsls, blpøtnsls. (lll) Hifi sn `njn nvcducr dcs pisljdns siduhlians
`n prijdnfcs na dcs irkcalzchlians c pcrtlr `nd dnvcatcflnati `n lagirfchløa.
(lv) Xiduhløa
Xiduhløa `n prijdnfcs
prijdnfcs na dcs nfprnscs5 Bcjldl`c`ns hikaltlvcs, rnhidnhhløa
`n lagirfchløa, caãdlsls `n lagirfchløa. (v) Hifi sn cpdlhca dcs airfcs pcrc
dc prnsnatchløa `n trcjceis nshrltis cd `nscrriddi `n caãdlsls nshrltis `n hcsis.
Nsqu
Nsqunf
nfc,
c, fcrkn
fcrkna,
a, tltltu
tudc
dchl
hløa
øa,, hltc
hltcss y rng
rngnr
nrnah
nahlc
lcs?
s? pc
pckl
klac
achl
hløa,
øa, tltlpi
pikrc
krcgæ
gæc,
c,
latnrdlanc`i, pãrrcgis.
Pcfjlìa, `njn iptlflzcr dc lalhlctlvc, punsti qun sia fuhbis dis ijstãhudis `nd
natirai qun ctnatca na hiatrc `nd nstu`li hiastcatn, nsc dljnrtc` `n ndnhhløa `n
dis lavnstlkc`irns pcrc tifcr `nhlslians na ti`i di rngnrnatn c uac lavnstlkchløa.
 

LF]IZPCAHLC @N DC LAWNXPLKCHLØA NF]ZNXCZLCD

Dc lavnstlkchløa nfprnscrlcd ns uac tcrnc hifpdnec qun dis tifc`irns `n

`nhlslians, yc snca nstis c`flalstrc`irns i huc`ris tìhalhi prignsliacdns `n uac
nfprnsc, `njna hiaihnr y tnanr jlna hdcri, ai sidi pir dc lfpirtcahlc qun na sæ
tlnan ìstn prnhnpti,
prnhnpti, slai pir qun `itc, i cd fnais csæ di vni yi, cd knrnatn `n ua
vnbæhudi `n hiatrid na rndchløa hia dis prihnsis knrnahlcdns.
Nstc cglrfchløa sn natlna`n cd `naitcr, qun dcs prãhtlhcs c`flalstrctlvcs bca
`nfistrc`i, qun dc junac lavnstlkchløa nfprnscrlcd pisljldltc dc `lsflauhløa `n
dis rlnskis na qun sn lahurrn pcrc dc tifc `n `nhlslians na nd prihnsi `n
lavnrsløa, y qun pir itri dc`i, pnrfltn qun cgdirna dcs `njldl`c`ns, girtcdnzcs,
cfnaczcs y ipirtual`c`ns na nd guahliacflnati `nd slstnfc nfprnscrlcd.
Ns lfpirtcatn rnhiaihnr c`lhliacdfnatn, qun dc kdijcdlzchløa `n dc nhiaifæc
chifpcó
chifpcóc`c
c`c `n dc latnrac
latnracdlz
dlzchl
chløa
øa `n dis ank
ankihl
ihlis,
is, dis hrn
hrnhln
hlnatn
atnss alv
alvndn
ndnss `n
hifpntltlvl`c` y `n dc fi`nralzchløa `nd Nstc`i, nxlkna `n dcs irkcalzchlians ua
pdca
pdca `n rc
rchl
hlia
iacd
cdlz
lzch
chlø
løa
a `n rn
rnhu
hurs
rsis
is,, hcpc
hcpczz `n kn
knan
anrc
rcrr ua cu
cufn
fnat
ati
i `n dc
pri`uhtlvl`c` sla schrlglhli, na `ia`n dc nfprnsc sn hiavlnrtn na ua cknatn `n
hcfjli hcpcz `n prnvnr y priaistlhcr dcs trcasgirfchlians qun sn `ca na su
ãfjlti `n chhløa, fn`lcatn uac vlsløa `n guturi pdcalglhc`i, hia ipirtual`c`ns
hlnrtcs `n ìxlti na dc cslkachløa `n dis nshcsis rnhursis hia qun hunatc.
Nstc
Nstc vl
vlsl
sløa
øa ns ti
titc
tcdf
dfna
natn
tn pc
pcdpc
dpcjd
jdn
n na auns
aunstr
tri
i pc
pcæs
æs,, n la
lahd
hdusi
usi pi
pi`n
`nfi
fiss
nenfpdlglhcr c trcvìs `n di qun snræc nd nenrhlhli `n dc Xiduhløa `n ]rijdnfcs na dcs
Irkcalzchlian
Irkcalzchlians, s, `n fcanrc qun sn vcdirn dc vlsløa `n hiaeuat
hiaeuatii qun `njn tnanr dc
chtuchløa knrnahlcd fn`lcatn dc latnrrndchløa qun nxlstn natrn dcs `lgnrnatns ãrncs
guahliacdns `n uac nfprnsc y sus nsqunfcs `n pdcalglhchløa y hiatrid.
Na rndchløa cd ãrnc `n C`flalstrchløa `n Ankihli, hifi ãfjlti guahliacd na nd
hucd fn `nscrriddi hifi trcjcec`irc y pcrtlhlpcatn `nd pistkrc`i, pi`ræc `nhlrsn
qun
qun ìstn
ìstn nsqu
nsqunf
nfc
c `n pdca
pdcalglglh
lhch
chlø
løa
a y hiat
hiatri
ridd pn
pnrf
rfltltn
n dc hifp
hifpcr
crch
chlø
løa
a `n
cdtnractlvcs, qun pun`na prnsnatcr dcs vcrlcatns qun ua ãrnc tca hifpdnec hifi
 C`flalstrchløa `n Znhursis Bufcais prnsnatc, y qun lfpdlhc qun nd nvcduc`ir `n
 

priyn
priynht
htis
is `njnr
`njnrã
ã hias
hiasl`
l`nrc
nrcrr pnrf
pnrfca
cana
natn
tnfn
fnat
atn.
n. ]i
]irr nddi
nddi,, dc Lavns
Lavnstltlkc
kchl
hløa
øa
Nfprns
Nfprnscrl
crlcd
cd prn
prnpcrc
pcrc cd tif
tifc`i
c`irr `n `nh
`nhlsl
lslian
ianss (nf
(nfprn
prnscrl
scrli
i i c`f
c`flal
lalstr
strctl
ctlvi,
vi,
pitnahlcd i chtucd) na dis `lvnrsis nagiquns cacdætlhis qun sn rnqulnrna na ua
prihnsi `n hifnrhlcdlzchløa.
Xlna`i nvl`natn qun di õalhi pnrfcanatn na nd fnrhc`i sia dis hiastcatns
hcfjlis qun pri`uhna dc tifc `n `nhlslians sijrn aunvis ankihlis i hcfjlis
na dcs hifpdnecs chtlvl`c`ns `n dis ankihlis na ipnrchløa, ns qun sn natlna`n
qun dc fnti`idikæc pcrc cjir`cr nstcs tcrncs sn bc narlqunhl`i hia aunvis
lastrufnatis `n caãdlsls qun sn bca girfcdlzc`i c trcvìs `n dc girfudchløa y
nvcduchløa `n priynhtis.
Ai ijstcatn, dc Lavnstlkchløa Nfprnscrlcd, hiastltuyn dc girfudchløa `n cqunddcs
FNPCX glacdns, qun `crãa hifi hufpdl`i nd prikrcfc i priynhti na rczøa `n dc
anhnsl`c` i dc ipirtual`c`. ]crc nddi sn `njn tnanr hibnrnahlc døklhc hia nd
prijdnfc pdcatnc`i, `n tcd fcanrc qun `naitn suglhlnahlc y vlcjldl`c` na hucati c
dc siduhløa `nd prijdnfc. Nsti hifi ijentlvi.
]crc hufpdlr hia nddi sn vcdn `n vcrlcs bnrrcflnatcs,
bnrrcflnatcs, slna`i dcs fãs hifuan
hifuanss
cqunddcs qun pnrfltna `ntnrflacr dcs vcrlcjdns `n tlnfpi y rnhursis, hifi `is `n
di
diss prla
prlahl
hlpc
pcdn
dnss nd
ndnf
nfna
nati
tiss `n hi
hiat
atri
rid.d. C`
C`lh
lhli
liac
acdd c dc
dcss fc
fctr
trlh
lhns
ns GI
GI@C
@C y sus
vcrlcatns, sn pun`n bcjdcr `n dcs bnrrcflnatcs slstnfctlzc`cs `n hiatrid. Na nd
hcsi `n dc Cdfchnac`irc Hcrchcs, nfprnsc `nd nstc`i pcrc dc hucd trcjcei, sn
usc dcs bnrrcflnatcs ipna siurhn Kcatt ]rienht (bttp5//www.kcattprienht.jlz/) qun
pnrfltn ddnvcr uac Lavnstlkchløa Nfprnscrlcd c fi`i `n priynhti fn`lcatn ua
`lckrcfc `n Kcatt.
Dc nstruhturc `nd priynhti usc`c airfcdfnatn ns dc slkulnatn5
• @naif
@naifla
lach
chlø
løa
a``nd
nd pr
priy
iynht
nhti
i
• Actu
Acturc
rcdn
dnzc
zc `
`nd
nd p
pri
riyn
ynht
hti
i
• @nshr
@nshrlp
lphl
hløa
øa `n
`ndd pr
priyn
iynht
hti
i
• Gua`
Gua`cf
cfnat
natch
chlø
løa
a i eu
eust
stlglglh
lhchl
chløa
øa
• Nen last
lastltu
ltuhli
hliacd
acd (ã
(ãrnc
rnc rn
rnspia
spiascj
scjdn
dn `n dc ne
nenhu
nhuhlø
hløa)
a)
• Ijen
Ijentltlvi
viss ((pcr
pcrc
c quì
quì sn bchn
bchn))
 

• Ijen
Ijentltlvi
viss k
kna
nanr
nrcd
cdns
ns
• Ijen
Ijentltlvi
viss nsp
nspnh
nhæg
æglh
lhis
is
• Fntcs
Fntcs (huã
(huãati
ati sn qul
qulnrn
nrn bch
bchnr,
nr, snrv
snrvlhl
lhlis
is qun sn prnst
prnstcrãa
crãa y/i
y/i anhns
anhnsl`c
l`c`ns
`ns
qun sn hujrlrãa)
• Jnanglhlcrl
Jnanglhlcrlis
is (`
(`nstla
nstlactcrlis
ctcrlis `nd p
priynht
riynhti,
i, c qulìa vc `lrlkl`
`lrlkl`i)
i)
• ]ri`uh
]ri`uhtis
tis (rns
(rnsudt
udtc`i
c`iss `n dcs cht
chtlvl
lvl`c`n
`c`ns)
s)
• Znsu
Znsudtdtc`
c`is
is ttca
cakl
kljd
jdns
ns
• Xnrv
Xnrvlh
lhli
liss pr
prns
nstc
tc`i
`iss
• Dihcdl
Dihcdlzchl
zchløa
øa ggæsl
æslhc
hc y hijnrtu
hijnrturc
rc nspchl
nspchlcd
cd
• Nspnhlglhch
Nspnhlglhchløa
løa ipn
ipnrchliac
rchliacdd `n dcs chtlvl
chtlvl`c`ns
`c`ns (Hi
(Hiaslst
aslstn
n na l`na
l`natlgl
tlglhcr
hcr hia qu
qun
n
chhlia
chhlians
ns sn knanrcr
knanrcrãa
ãa dis pri
pri`uht
`uhtis,
is, cht
chtlvl
lvl`c`n
`c`nss anh
anhnscr
nscrlcs
lcs.. Xn rnc
rncdlz
dlzc
c ua
lavnatcrli `n dcs chtlvl`c`ns c rncdlzcr, sn `lstrljuyna dcs ual`c`ns pnrlø`lhcs `n
tlnfpi, lasnrtcs na uac snhunahlc ipnrctlvc (hriaikrcfc). Xn la`lhc dc hcatl`c` y
hcdl`c` `n dis lasufis anhnscrlis (rnhursis bufcais, nqulpi, `lanri, jlnans,
nth.), laviduhrc`is na hc`c ipnrchløa).
• @ntn
@ntnrf
rfla
lachl
chløa
øa `
`n
n di
diss rn
rnhu
hursi
rsiss
• Hãdh
Hãdhud
udi
i `n di
diss his
histi
tiss `n ne
nenh
nhuhl
uhløa
øa
• Lakrnsis
• Fcai
Fcai `
`n
n ij
ijrc
rc `
`lr
lrnh
nhtc
tc n la
la`l
`lrnh
rnhtc
tc
• Histis
Histis `lr
`lrnht
nhtis
is n la`l
la`lrnht
rnhtis
is `n gcj
gcjrlh
rlhchlø
chløa
a
• Lfprnvlstis
• ^tldl`c`
• Glac
Glacahl
ahlch
chlø
løa
a``nd
nd priyn
priynht
hti
i
• Knrn
Knrnah
ahlc
lc `nd
`nd pr
priy
iynh
nhti
ti..
Dc rn
rn`u
`uhh
hhlø
løa
a `n dc lahn
lahnrt
rtl`
l`uf
ufjr
jrn
n na ua
uac
c ip
ipir
irtu
tual
al`c
`c`
` `n an
anki
kihl
hli
i i dc
sctlsgchhløa
sctlsgchhløa `n uac anhnsl`c`, sn hiaslkun
hiaslkun rncdlzc
rncdlzca`i
a`i uac c`nhuc`
c`nhuc`c
c Nvcdu
Nvcduchløa
chløa
`n ]riynhtis. ]ir nddi, ns `n krca lfpirtcahlc hiaihnr y hifprna`nr nd hiahnpti
`n Nvcduchløa
Nvcduchløa `n ]riynht
]riynhtis,
is, fãs cddã `n dc lfpirtca
lfpirtcahlc
hlc qun slnfprn sn dn `c c dc
pdcalglhchløa, hia nd ijenti `n pi`nr cpdlhcrdi na hc`c uac `n dcs ntcpcs `nd
nstu`li, `njl`i c qun nstn prihnsi eunkc ua pcpnd trcshna`natn, cd pnrfltlr 
 

rncdlzcr ceustns na nd `lsnói y nenhuhløa `nd priynhti, `n tcd girfc qun gchldltn nd
hufpdlflnati `n dcs chtlvl`c`ns prikrcfc`cs y nd dikri `n dis ijentlvis.
]ir di tcati, dc Lavnstlkchløa Nfprnscrlcd sn slatntlzc hifi uac rnspunstc
ngnhtlvc c uac l`nc, qun prntna`n dc siduhløa `n ua prijdnfc i nd
cprivnhbcflnati `n uac ipirtual`c`, yc snc ìstn ua ankihli i uac chtlvl`c`
pnrsi
pnrsiac
acd.d. Ns
Nstn
tn hi
hiahn
ahnpt
pti
i `n
`ns`n
s`n nd pu
puat
ati
i `n vlst
vlstc
c tn
tnørl
ørlhi
hi,, pi
pi`ræ
`ræc
c rn
rnsu
sufl
flrr na
tìrflais knanrcdns di qun sn natlna`n pir priynhti, pnri `ns`n dc pnrspnhtlvc `nd
ãrnc `n `nscrriddi prignsliacd, pu`lnrca hidihcrsn ndnfnatis `lstlatlvis qun ai
vcræca dc nsnahlc `nd prihnsi `n pdcalglhch
pdcalglhchløa
løa y nvcduc
nvcduchløa
hløa ua priynht
priynhti,
i, pnri qun
dn `ca ua snatl`i `lstlatlvi.
Glacdfnatn, dc Lavnstlkchløa Nfprnscrlcd ns ua slstnfc cjlnrti y pcrc pi`nr 
tnanr ìxlti `njn hiaihnr su natirai y sus hcfjlis dis hucdns pun`na snr uac
cfnaczc i uac ipirtual`c`, pir di tcati sn `njn nstcr prnpcrc`i pcrc cpdlhcr 
nstrctnklcs qun cyu`na c nagrnatcr dis rntis qun sn prnsnatca.

NXPZ^HP^ZC @N DC LAWNXPLKCHLØA NF]ZNXCZLCD

Dc `nglalhløa tnørlhc y guahlians hifi utldl`c`, cpdlhc`cs c dc lavnstlkchløa

nfpr
nfprns
nscr
crlc
lcdd na nd `n
`nsc
scrr
rrid
iddi
di `n dc pr
prij
ijdn
dnfã
fãtltlhc
hc qu
qun
n ddnv
ddnvcr
crc
c c `lsn
`lsnóc
ócrr dc
lavnst
lavnstlkc
lkchlø
hløa,
a, euati
euati hia uac `ns
`nshrl
hrlphl
phløa
øa `nd prijdnf
prijdnfc,
c, `ca dc pis
pisljl
ljldl`
dl`c`
c` `n
rifpnr dcs jcrrnrcs `n nspchli tnfpircd qun nxlstna pcrc nxpdlhcr dis ndnfnatis
`n uac sltuchløa prijdnfãtlhc y pisljldltca uac latnrchhløa cjlnrtc c dcs `laãflhcs
`n dc kdijcdlzchløa? `n nstc fcanrc, dc hiasidl`chløa `n væahudis rndchliac`is na
nd hljn
hljnrn
rnsp
spch
chli
li pn
pnrf
rfltltn
n nstc
nstcjd
jdnh
nhnr
nr ckru
ckrupc
pchl
hlia
ians
ns pn
pnrs
rsia
iacd
cdns
ns na tira
tirai
i c
hifua
hifual`
l`c`
c`ns
ns ø cf
cfjl
jlna
natn
tnss hi
hia
a jc
jcsn
sn na hrl
hrltn
tnrl
rlis
is `n `lgn
`lgnrna
rnatn
tnss cuti
cutirns
rns y
pcrc`lkfcs `n lavnstlkchløa.
 Cd `nglalr hia hlnrtc prnhlsløa cdkuais `n dis cspnhtis rndnvcatns qun hiagirfca
dc Lavnst
Lavnstlkc
lkchlø
hløa
a prnv
prnvlc
lc `n dis ttnfcs
nfcs?? snkõ
snkõa
a Jcdn
Jcdnstr
strlal
lal (:
(:==:
==:)) sist
sistlna
lnan
n qun "
Hiaslstn na `nshrljlr `n fcanrc cfpdlc dc sltuchløa ijenti `n nstu`li, ujlhãa`idc
na ua hiatnxti qun pnrfltc hifprna`nr su irlkna y rndchlians. ". (p.<3)? nstis
 

cspnhtis sia priplhlis, pir dc slfpdn latnrchhløa natrn tniræcs, pir dc ankihlchløa
`n slkalglhc`is n l`natl`c`ns na nd snai hlnatæglhi y pir dc irkcalzchløa `nd
hiatnxti na nd qun tlnana dukcr.
Na nstn snatl`i, dcs tnrflaidikæcs `n cprna`lzcen-nasnócazc sn bca nfpdnc`i
na dcs õdtlfc
õdtlfcss `ìhc
`ìhc`cs
`cs pir `lgnrn
`lgnrnatn
atnss prihnsi
prihnsis,s, tnh
tnhaid
aidikæ
ikæcs,
cs, fnt
fnti`i
i`idik
dikæcs
æcs y
fn`lis,, na ua hiatnxti na qun dis lavnst
fn`lis lavnstlkc`irn
lkc`irnss sn gihcdl
gihcdlhna
hna na dc sustnatchl
sustnatchløa
øa
tnørlhc
tnørlhc `n uac sltuch
sltuchløa
løa prijdnfãtlhc,
prijdnfãtlhc, ns `nhlr, dc ndnhhl
ndnhhløa
øa `nd tnfc, `ndlfl
`ndlfltchlø
tchløa
a
`nd tnfc, hia`lhlians qun `njn rnualr ua prijdnfc, sndnhhløa `nd prijdnfc snkõa
Pcfcyi (:=3:) nxprnsc qun —ais cfpdæc dc `nshrlphløa `nd prijdnfc. Latnkrc dc
tniræc hia dc lavnstlkchløa y sus rndchlians futucs‖. (p. 302)
 C nstis crkufnatis sn pi`ræca ckrnkcr dis `n cutiaifæc na høfi sn pdcatnc nd
prijdnfc pir pcrtn `nd lavnstlkc`ir, csæ hifi dc gdnxljldl`c` na nd tlnfpi y na nd
nspc
nspchl
hli?
i? nx
nxls
lsttna cutir
utirns
ns qun bca `n
`n`l
`lhc
hc`i
`i trc
rcjc
jcei
eiss c `lgn
`lgnrn
rnah
ahlc
lcrr dcs
hcrchtnræstl
hcrchtnræstlhcs
hcs `nd pdcatncfln
pdcatncflnati
ati `nd prijdnf
prijdnfc,
c, caãdlsls,
caãdlsls, blpøtnsls, ns `nhlr, ns nd
pri`uhti `n dc rnvlsløa `ihufnatcd ‘ jljdlikrãglhc y hiaslstn na uac rnhipldchløa
`n l`ncs, pisturcs `n cutirns, hiahnptis y `nglalhlians qun slrvna `n jcsn c dc
lavnstlkchløa pir rncdlzcr (Crlcs, :=3:).
Nstc
Nstc hia
hiahn
hnpt
ptucd
ucdlz
lzchl
chløa
øa la
latn
tnkrc
krcdd jc
jcei
ei ua fl
flsf
sfi
i tæ
tætu
tudi
di `n di
diss `i
`iss tì
tìrf
rfla
lais
is
hidlsl
hidlsliac
iac hia dcs aihlia
aihlians
ns tnørlh
tnørlhcs
cs `n cdk
cdkuais
uais lav
lavnst
nstlkc
lkc`ir
`irns.
ns. Xn dik
dikrcræ
rcræca
ca
hiaeukcr dcs `is nxtnaslians `n Caãdlsls n Blpøtnsls `n dc slkulnatn fcanrc,
snkõa prnvcdnzhc uac u itrc i alakuac `n dcs `is? snkõa pcrc Zcfærnz (:==7) ns
nd nspchli `nd lagirfn i `nd priynhti `n lavnstlkchløa `nstlac`i c ldustrcr cd dnhtir 
sijrn5
 Dis ndnfnatis `nd prijdnfc5 `ctis, sltuchlians y hiahnptis rndchliac`is
hia nd flsfi.
 Dis bnhbis catnrlirns qun kucr`ca rndchløa hia nd prijdnfc-
 Dc sltuchløa chtucd `nd prijdnfc
 Dc rndnvcahlc `nd prijdnfc.
 Dcs lavnstlkchlians yc rncdlzc`cs sijrn dc prijdnfãtlhc nstu`lc`c.

Nd hiatnxti blstørlhi na nd hucd sn nafcrhc nd prijdnfc.
 

 Dis pcrãfntris tnørlhis `ns`n dis hucdns hifprna`nfis aunstri prijdnfc

`n lavnstlkchløa na sus fõdtlpdns gchntcs y `lfnaslians.
 Dcs blpøtnsls (sl sia pdcatnc`cs) y dcs vcrlcjdns c nstu`lcr.
 Cslflsfi, Zcflrnz (:==7) snócdc tcfjlìa qun nd hiashlnatns `n dc `lglhudtc`
qun rnprnsnatc dc l`natlglhchløa `n ua prijdnfc `n lavnstlkchløa, sn igrnhna
cdkuacs gunatns qun pun`na `cr irlkna c latnrrikcatns hlnatæglhcs5
c) Ijsnrvchløa `n prijdnfcs `n tlpi prãhtlhi na hucdqulnr ãfjlti5 dcjircd,
nstu`lcatld, hifualtcrli, nth.
j) Znvlsløa nxbcustlvc `n dc jljdlikrcgæc y dcs lavnstlkchlians sijrn nd tnfc.
h) Hiasudtc c nxpnrtis na nd ãrnc.
`) Dæancs `n lavnstlkchløa nstcjdnhl`cs pir lastltuhlians.
@npna`lna`i `n dc `nglalhløa tnørlhc snkõa nstn cutir, qun sn c`eu`lqun cd

Fcrhi Zngnrnahlcd `nd ]rijdnfc sn pun`n prnvcdnhnr fãs uac `lfnasløa qun dc
itrc. Cdkuacs hiahnphlians pi`ræca uscr uac i dcs `is `lfnaslians `n girfc
rlkurisc y itrcs dcs pun`na uscr `n girfc fãs gdnxljdn. Nstn õdtlfi ns nd hcsi `n dc
nxpnrlnahlc
nxpnrlnahlc snkõa Jcvcrns
Jcvcrnshi
hi (:==7) `ia`n jrla`c c dc lavnstlkch
lavnstlkchløa
løa nfprns
nfprnscrlcd
crlcd
hifi ua slstnfc hiir`lac`i y hibnrnatn `n hiahnptis y pripislhlians qun
pnrfltna cjir`cr nd prijdnfc `natri `n ua ãfjlti `øa`n ìstn hijrn snatl`i.
Na hiasnhunahlc, cuaqun dis knrnatns `n priynhtis nfprnscrlcdns tlnana dc
pitnstc` na girfc y fcanrc `nsnc`c `n knstliacr sus nstu`lis na hucati c
nspchli, tlnfpi, rltfi `n cprna`lzcen y rntricdlfnatchløa? ai `lspiana `n dljnrtc`,
na hu
huca
catti c dc c`c`f
flslø
lsløa,
a, ìstc
stc ns hn hnrr
rrc`
c`cc y dlf
lflltc`c
tc`c c ua
uais
is rn
rnqu
quls
lslltis
tis
fnti`idøklhis prnvlis, sn rnqulnrn `n dc `nglalhløa hiahnptucd y dc ujlhchløa `nd
hiatnxti tnørlhi qun irlnatc nd snatl`i `n dc lavnstlkchløa nfprnsclrlcd.
Na nstn snatl`i, `njn snr vlsti na rndchløa hia dc `naiflachløa lavnstlkchløa
cjlnrtc, `c`i hifi chhnsi dljrn y ndlflachløa `n rnstrlhhlians? `n chunr`i hia dis
pd
pdca
catn
tncf
cfln
lnat
atis
is `n di
diss rn
rngn
gnrl
rl`is
`is cut
cutir
irns,
ns, ti
ti`i
`iss di
diss kr
krup
upis
is `n la
lavns
vnstltlkch
kchlø
løa
a
anhnsltca snr natnrcfnatn hifpctljdn hia nstc, `n cddæ puns, qun su rchliacdl`c`,
nstruhturc døklhc y hiaslstnahlc latnrac, vc c pnrfltlr nd caãdlsls `n dis bnhbis

hiaihl`is `n ua prijdnfc.
 

XID^HLIANX @N ]ZIJDNFCX NA
NA DCX IZKCALUCHLIAN
(Dnvcatcflnati `n lagirfchløa. Bcjldl`c`ns hikaltlvcs, Znhidnhhløa `n
lagirfchløa, caãdlsls `n lagirfchløa)

Dis na
Dis nagi
giqun
qunss y fì
fìti
ti`is
`is hlna
hlnatæ
tæglglhis
his `n dc la
lavn
vnst
stlk
lkchl
chløa
øa nf
nfprn
prnsc
scrl
rlcd
cd na
siduhlians `n prijdnfcs na dcs irkcalzchlians hiatnfpdc dc pri`uhhløa `n ua
`lsnói fnti`idøklhi, nd hucd `ntcddc nd cjir`cen hiatnxtucd sltuchliacd `nd nenrhlhli
prig
prigns
nsli
liac
acdd na nd ãr
ãrnc
nc `n dc C`
C`f
flals
lalstr
trch
chlløa `n Anki
Ankihl
hli,
i, fn`
n`lc
lcat
atn
n dc
slstnfctlzchløa `n fìti`is y tìhalhcs qun dikrn dc rlkurisl`c` hlnatæglhc, hia nd
ijenti `n cacdlzcr dis supunstis, csæ hifi dc hiasidl`chløa `n `ctis c pcrtlr `n
tniræcs y nagiquns, dis hucdns pnrfltna vlsucdlzcr dc rndchløa `nd prijdnfc hia dis
ijentlvis pdcatnc`is pcrc dc rnsiduhløa `n prijdnfcs hiahrntis.
Na nstc sltuchløa, dis nstu`lis na nstc ãrnc prignsliacd sn pun`na rncdlzcr na dc
vnrtlnatn
vnrtlnatn `nd pcrc`l
pcrc`lkfc
kfc pisltlvl
pisltlvlstc,
stc, nd hucd trctc `n jushcr dc hiagr
hiagriatchlø
iatchløa
a `n dis
supunstis tnørlhis y nfpærlhis pcrc knanrcdlzcr sijrn nd nstc`i chtucd `n ua
bnhb
bnhbi,
i, sltu
sltuch
chlø
løa
a i pn
pnrs
rsia
iac.
c. Na nd pc
pcrc
rc`l
`lkf
kfc
c huca
hucatltltc
tctltlvi
vi nd suen
suenti
ti `n dc
lavnstlkchløa, ns ua snr hcpcz `n `nspiecrsn `n sus snatlflnatis, nfihlians,
sujentlvl`c`, `n tcd girfc qun nd lavnstlkc`ir nstu`lc nd ijenti, rncdl`c` sihlcd y
bufcac, `ns`n cgunrc, dc rndchløa natrn nd suenti y nd ijenti `n dc lavnstlkchløa ns
dc la`npna`nahlc.
 Cslflsfi, sn pun`na `nscrriddcr nstu`lis `n tlpi hirrndchliacd-`nshrlptlvi `n
hcfpi, snkõa Pcfcyi y Pcfcyi (:==<), dc lavnstlavnstlkchlø
lkchløa
a `nshrl
`nshrlptlvc
ptlvc hifprna`n
hifprna`n,,
dc `nshrlphløa, rnklstri, caãdlsls n latnrprntchløa `n dc acturcdnzc chtucd, y dc
hifpislhløa
hifpislhløa i prihnsi
prihnsiss `n dis gnaøfnais. ]ir su pcrtn Hbãvnz (:==;), `nglan dc
lavnstlkchløa hirrndchliacd hifi, cqunddc qun `ntnrflac nd krc`i `n rndchløa natrn
vcrlcjdns, `ntnhtca`i bcstc quì puati dcs cdtnrchlians `n uac, `npna`na `n dc
itrc.
]ir itri dc`i, cd trctcrsn `n nstu`lis `n hcfpi na dc c`flalstrchløa `n ankihli,
pir hucati dc rnhikl`c `n dis `ctis sn pun`n rncdlzcr na nd cfjlnatn `ia`n
suhn`na dis bnhbis, ns `nhlr, na dc (l) Knstløa y Nvcduchløa `n Ankihlis? (ll)
 

Znspiascjldl`c` Xihlcd Nfprnscrlcd. ]ir di tcati, Xcjlai (:==8), snócdc qun dis
nstu`lis `n hcfpis sia cqunddis qun nxtrcna lagirfchløa `n gunatns prlfcrlcs,
slna`i rncdlzc`is
rncdlzc`is na nd cfjln
cfjlnatn
atn acturcd `n dcs ual`c`
ual`c`ns
ns `n caãdls
caãdlsls,
ls, tcd hifi sn
snócdø catnrlirfnatn.
Na nstn snatl`i, dc lavnstlkchløa na dc rnsiduhløa `n prijdnfcs hiahrntis `nd
nenrhlhli prignsliacd na nd ãrnc nspnhæglhc `n c`flalstrchløa `n ankihlis sn pun`n
prnsnatcr jcei nd hcrãhtnr ai nxpnrlfnatcd-trcasnhhliacd hirrndchliacd, pir hucati
sn pun`na nstu`lcr dcs vcrlcjdns `npna`lna`i na dc sndnhhløa `n dc dæanc `n
la
lavn
vnst
stlk
lkchl
chløa
øa (snóc
(snócdc
dc`c
`c na nd pãr
pãrrc
rcgi
gi catnr
catnrli
lir),
r), tc
tcdd hif
hifi
i sn pr
prns
nsnat
natca
ca na dc
rncdl`c` sla nenrhnr fcalpudchløa sijrn nddcs, trcasnhhliacd pirqun dis `ctis snrãa
rnhikl`is na ua fifnati õalhi. C`nfãs pun`n snr hirrndchliacd punsti qun nd
ijenti `n dc lavnstlkchløa ns `ntnrflacr dc rndchløa natrn dcs vcrlcjdns catns
fnahliac`cs.
Na hiasnhunahlc, cd rnspnhti Bnraãa`nz, Gnraãa`nz y Jcptlstc (:=3=) snócdca?
dc lavn
lavnst
stlk
lkch
chlø
løa
a ai nxpn
nxpnrl
rlfn
fnat
atcd
cd ns cqun
cqunddddc
c qu
qun
n sn rn
rncd
cdlz
lzc
c sla
sla fc
fcal
alpu
pudc
dcr 
r 
`ndljnrc`cfnatn dcs vcrlcjdns, ns `nhlr, hiaslstn na nstu`lcr nd gnaøfnai tcd hucd
sn prnsnatc, pcrc dunki cacdlzcrdi c trcvìs `n dis fìti`is sndnhhliac`is. @n lkucd
gi
girf
rfc
c nst
nstis
is cut
cutir
irns
ns pdcat
pdcatnc
nca?
a? nd `lsn
`lsnói
ói tr
trcas
casnhh
nhhli
liacd
acd-h
-hirr
irrnd
ndch
chli
liac
acdd nstã
nstã
nstcjdnhl`i
nstcjdnhl`i pcrc rncdlzcr csihlchlia
csihlchlians
ns natrn `is i fãs vcrlcjdns na ua fifnati
`ntnrflac`i.
Na nstn snatl`i, ns `n krca lfpirtcahlc dcs tìhalhcs `n rnhidnhhløa `n `ctis, yc
qun sia dcs `lstlatcs girfcs i fcanrcs `n ijtnanr dc lagirfchløa, di hucd slkalglhc
hucdqulnr rnhursi `nd qun pun`c vcdnrsn nd lavnstlkc`ir na nd ãrnc prignsliacd na
hunstløa pcrc chnrhcrsn cd gnaøfnai y nxtrcnr `n nddis dc lagirfchløa anhnscrlc
qun dn `ì ua hcrãht
hcrãhtnr
nr rlkurisi cd nstu`l
nstu`li
i slkul
slkulna`i
na`i dcs airfcs `n prihn`l
prihn`lflnat
flnatis
is
`nd fìti`i hlnatæglhi.
Ns lfpirtcatn hiaaitcr qun Xnkõa Jcvcrnshi (:==3) dcs tìhalhcs hia`uhna c dc
vnrlglhchløa `n prijdnfcs pdcatnc`is. Hc`c tlpi `n lavnstlkchløa `ntnrflacrã dcs
tìhalhcs c utldlzcr y hc`c tìhalhc nstcjdnhn sus bnrrcflnatcs, lastrufnatis i

fn`lis qun snrãa nfpdnc`is.

 

Na dis crkufnatis snócdc`is catnrlirfnatn sn nxpdlhc na girfc prnhlsc dc l`nc

`n dis nagiquns y fìti`is hlnatæglhis na dc rnsiduhløa `n prijdnfcs hiahrntis,
csuflna`i hia rnspiascjldl`c`, latnrìs y hifpriflsi `nd qun sn c`cptn c dc
hiatnxtucdlzchløa `nd nenrhlhli prignsliacd na nd ãrnc nspnhæglhc `n c`flalstrchløa
`n ankihlis? dc rnspiascjldl`c` `nd prihnsi `n dc lavnstlkchløa rnlahl`n na nd
lavnstlkc`ir, qun ijdlkc pdcalglhcr y irkcalzcr su tlnfpi pcrc `cr rnspunstc c dcs
nxlknahlcs `nd hursi qun pnrslkun. Pcfjlìa, `njn iptlflzcr dc lalhlctlvc, punsti
qun sia fuhbis dis ijstãhudis `nd natirai qun ctnatca na hiatrc `nd nstu`li
hiastcatn, nsc dljnrtc` `n ndnhhløa `n dis lavnstlkc`irns pcrc tifcr `nhlslians na
ti`i di rngnrnatn c uac lavnstlkchløa.

AIZFCX ]CZC DC ]ZNXNAPCHLØA @N PZCJCEIX NXHZLPIX

 C hiatlauchløa sn prnsnatc Hifi sn cpdlhca dcs airfcs pcrc dc

prnsnatchløa `n trcjceis nshrltis cd `nscrriddi `n caãdlsls nshrltis `n hcsis `n
chunr`i c dis `lgnrnatns pcrc`lkfcs, snkõa dcs pisturcs `n dis slkulnatns cutirns5
Bnraãa`nz, Z.? Gnraãa`nz, H.? Jcptlstc, ]. (:=3=)? Hbãvnz C., A. (:==;)? Jcdnstrlal
 C., F. (:==7)? Jcsckiltl, F. (:==3)? Jcutlstc, F. (3<<2)? Jcvcrnshi @., C. (:==3).
Na nstn snatl`i, nd Nsqunfc, fcrkna, tltudchløa, hltcs y rngnrnahlcs? pcklachløa,
tlpikrc
tlpikrcgæc
gæc,, latnrd
latnrdlan
lanc`i,
c`i, pãrrcgi
pãrrcgis,
s, sia dis rnh
rnhursi
ursiss `n qun pun
pun`n
`n vcdnr
vcdnrsn
sn nd
lavnstlkc`ir pcrc prnsnatcr girfcdfnatn dis prijdnfcs y gnaøfnais, y nxtrcnr `n
nddis dc lagirfchløa5 girfudcrlis `n pcpnd, cpcrctis fnhãalhis y ndnhtrøalhis qun
sn utldlzca pcrc rnhiknr `ctis i lagirfchløa, sijrn ua prijdnfc i gnaøfnai
`ntnrflac`i. Hunstliacrli, tnrføfntri, nshcdcs, nhisiaikrcfcs.
]ir di tcati, pcrc dc cpdlhchløa `n airfcs pcrc dc prnsnatchløa `n trcjceis
nshrltis na hucdqulnr pcrc`lkfc `n lavnstlkchløa `njn lr hiaeuatcfnatn hia uac
tìhalhc `n Lavnstlkchløa. Nstcs tìhalhcs n lastrufnatis sn pun`na utldlzcr tcati na
nd pcrc`lkfc pisltlvlstc (Hucatltctlvi) hifi na nd pcrc`lkfc hucdltctlvi, dc hucdns

sn prnsnatc c hiatlauchløa5
 

PL]I @N ]C]ND
Pcfcói5 Hcrtc (Dnttnr) / pcpnd :3.>< hf x :;.<0 hf (2 3/:‖ x 33‖).

FÃZKNANX
Fcrknans la`lhc`cs pir nd girfcti C]C pcrc dcs pcklacs `nd hiatnal`i `nd
trcjcei nshrlti5
Biec
Biec55 :.
:.>0
>0 hf (3 pudk
pudkc`
c`c)
c) na hc
hc`c
`c ji
jir`
r`n
n `n dc bie
biec
c (X
(Xup
upnrl
nrlir,
ir, lagnr
lagnrli
lir,
r,
lzqulnr`c, `nrnhbc).
Xcakrl
Xcakrlc5
c5 Ns anhnsc
anhnscrli
rli `nec
`necrr > nspchlis
nspchlis hia dc jcrr
jcrrc
c nspchl
nspchlc`i
c`irc
rc i =,>hf
=,>hf
`ns`n dc pnstcóc `lsnói `n [ir`, cd hiflnazi `n hc`c `n hc`c pãrrcgi.

G^NAPN I PL]I @N DNPZC

Dis slkulnatns sia cs nspnhlglhchlians `nd girfcti C]C pcrc nd hiatnal`i5

Gunatn5 Plfns Anw Zifca
Pcfcói 5 3: pts.
 Cdlancflnati5 Lzqulnr`c
Latnrdlanc`i5 :.

A^FNZCHLØA @N ]ÃKLACX
Nstn nstldi C]C i girfcti C]C tlnan rnkdcs nspnhæglhcs pcrc dc aufnrchløa `n
pãklacs. Dis aõfnris hiflnazca na dc pãklac `nd tætudi i pirtc`c `nd `ihufnati
y `njna nstcr ujlhc`is na dc nsqulac supnrlir `nrnhbc. Dc aufnrchløa `ns`n dc
pãklac `n `n hipyrlkbt bcstc dcs dlstcs `n tcjdcs y glkurcs lahduyna`i dcs pãklacs
`n `n`lhctirlc y prngchli `njna nstcr aufnrc`cs hia aõfnris rifcais. Na nd
girfcti C]C nd hiatnal`i `nd `ihufnati (`ns`n latri`uhhløa na c`ndcatn) `njn
nstcr aufnrc`i hia aõfnris crãjlkis.
 

HIAHD^XLIANX

 C fi`i `n rngdnxløa, sn pun`n hiasl`nrcr dc lavnstlkchløa nfprnscrlcd c ua

alvnd fãs `ntnrflac`i y gua`cfnatcd, pirqun hiatlnan dc sustnatchløa hiatnxtucd
`nd prijdnfc na uac `ntnrf
`ntnrflac`c
lac`c sltuchløa blstørlhi
blstørlhi nfprnscrlcd,
nfprnscrlcd, sus rndchl
rndchlians,
ians,
vlahudchlians hia dis rnsudtc`is hia itris bnhbis i prijdnfcs yc hiasnkul`is?
pnri c`nfãs, dcs `nglalhlians `n aunvis pcrc`lkfcs, rngirfudchlians `n itris
hdcslglhchlians, tlpidikæcs pir uscr, natrn itris.
@njn snócdcrsn, qun dis hiahnptis qun sn bca `n nfpdncr na nd fcrhi `n dc
lavnst
lavnstlkc
lkchlø
hløa,
a, nsp
nspnhæ
nhæglh
glhcfn
cfnatn
atn cqu
cqundd
nddis
is utldlz
utldlzc`i
c`iss pcrc dc gir
girfud
fudchl
chløa
øa `n dis
ijen
ijentltlvi
viss nspn
nspnhæ
hæglglhi
hiss i na nd hcsi
hcsi `n cqun
cqunddddis
is nstu
nstu`l
`lis
is qu
qun
n rn
rnqu
quln
lnrc
rca
a dc
girfudchløa `n dcs blpøtnsls , `njnrãa `nglalrsn tnørlhc y ipnrchliacdfnatn, c gla

`n `ndlfltcr dcs vcrlcjdns `n dc lavnstlkchløa.

]ir di tcati, dis nagiquns y fìti`is hlnatæglhis `njna c`cptcrsn y ceustcr 
prihnsis csæ hifi rnpdcatncr nstrctnklcs catn dc cpcrlhløa `n hcfjlis na su
natirai, sla nfjcrki dcs `nhlslians qun sn tifna `njna nstcr gua`cfnatc`cs na
ndnfnatis `n eulhli jlna nstruhturc`is tifc`is `n dc suglhlnatn knanrchløa `n
`ctis qun pisljldltna tcd `lshnralflnati na dc rnsiduhløa `n prijdnfcs hiahrntis,
nsti `n fcanrc slfudtãanc sn pun`n dikrcr c trcvìs `nd sifntlflnati `nd natirai
c uac hiastcatn y hiashlnatn nvcduchløa `n dis ngnhtis `n dis hcfjlis sijrn nstn,
sus hia`lhliacatns c dc knstløa `nd nenrhlhli prignsliacd na nd ãrnc nspnhæglhc `n
 C`flalstrchløa `n Ankihlis.
 Cslflsfi, dc lavnstlkchløa nfprnscrlcd `ns`n nd puati `n vlstc catns
fnahliac`i, ns ua prihnsi slstnfãtlhi, ir`nac`i qun sn ddnvc c hcji slkulna`i
`ntnrflac`is pcsis, ns `nhlr, pdcancr uac lavnstlkchløa hiaslstn na priynhtcr nd
trcjcei `n chunr`i hia uac nstruhturc døklhc `n `nhlslians, hia uac nstrctnklc
qun irlnatn dc ijtnahløa `n rnspunstcs c`nhuc`cs c dis prijdnfcs `n la`ckchløa
pripunstis.
 

ZNGNZNAHLCX JLJDLIKZCGLHCX
 Ãdvcrnz, [ (:==2) Dc Acturcdnzc `n dc Lavnstlkchløa. Hcrchcs5 JLIXGNZC
 Crlcs, G. (:==7) Nd priynhti `n Lavnstlkchløa (>c. n.). Hcrchcs5 Nplstnfn.
 Crlcs, G. (:=3:). Nd ]riynhti `n Lavnstlkchløa. Znhupnrc`i `n
bttp5//ns.shrlj`.hif/`ih/38338;7>;/ND-]ZI\NHPI-@N-LAWNXPLKCHLIA-
Gl`l
Gl`lcs
cs-Cr
-Crlc
lcs#
s#shr
shrlj
lj`
` bttp
bttp5/
5//n
/ns.
s.sd
sdl`
l`ns
nsbcr
bcrn.
n.ant
ant/p
/pcu
cua`p
a`pri/
ri/nd
nd-p
-priy
riynht
nhti-`
i-`n-
n-
lavnstlkchlia-gl`lcs-crlcs-:=3:
Jcdnstrlal, Flrlcf. Høfi sn Ndcjirc nd ]riynhti `n dc Lavnstlkchløa. Hcrchcs,
N`ltirlcd ]cacpi, snxtc N`lhløa, :==:.
Jcsckiltl, F. (:==3). Dc lavnstlkchløa ‘ Chhløa. ]crtlhlpctlvc hifi fnti`idikæc `n
fn`lchløa n latnkrchløa sihli ‘ hifualtcrlc. Znhupnrc`i `n
bttp5//www.pchcp.ant/

Jcutls
Jcutlstc
tc,, F. (3
(3<<
<<2).
2). Fcauc
Fcaucdd `n dc Fnti
Fnti`i
`idi
dikæ
kæc
c `n La
Lavn
vnst
stlk
lkchl
chløa
øa.. N`l
N`lti
tirl
rlcd
cd
Dltihnatri. Hcrchcs, Wnanzundc.
Jcvcrnshi, C. (:==7) ]rihnsi fnti`idøklhi na dc lavnstlkchløa (Høfi bchnr ua
@lsnói `n Lavnstlkchløa). Fcrchclji, Wnanzundc5 N`ltirlcd `n dc ^alvnrsl`c` `nd
Uudlc.
Hbãvnz C., A. (:==;). Latri`uhhløa c dc lavnstlkchløa n`uhctlvc. Krãglhc Kiazãdnz.
Uudlc, Wnanzundc.
@n dc Fi
Firc
rc,, F. (:
(:==
==7)
7).. Fn
Fnti
ti`i
`idi
dikæ
kæc
c `n dc Lavn
Lavnst
stlk
lkch
chlø
løa5
a5 @n
@nsc
scrr
rrid
iddi
di `n dc
Latndlknahlc. N`ltirlcd Pbifsia. >tc. N`lhløa. Fìxlhi, @lstrlti Gn`nrcd.
@æcz `n H., A. (:==7) Airfcs pcrc dc Ndcjirchløa, ]rnsnatchløa, Nvcduchløa y
 Cprijchløa `n dis Prcjcei `n Krc`i (Nspnhlcdlzchløa y Fcnstræc). Jcrlacs,
Wnanzun
Wnanzundc5
dc5 ^alvnrs
^alvnrsl`c
l`c`
` Ach
Achlia
liacd
cd Nxpn
Nxpnrlf
rlfnat
natcd
cd `n dis Ddc
Ddcais
ais Ihh
Ihhl`na
l`natcd
tcdns
ns
"Nznqulnd Ucfirc".
Girf
Girfud
udch
chlø
løa
a y nvcd
nvcduc
uchl
hløa
øa `n pr
priyn
iynht
htis
is (:
(:=3=
=3=)) _N
_Na
a dædæan
anc
c ‘ Hi
Hias
asud
udtc
tc`i
`i nd5V
nd5V55
bttp5//girfudchliapriynhtis.jdikspit.hif/:==;/=;/hdcsn-3-hiahnptis-`n-
girfudchla-y.btfd
Kutlìrrnz Jntcahur Euca Grcahlshi (:==;) Girfudchløa `n priynhtis. _Na dæancV5

bttp5//www
bttp5//www.ng`np
.ng`npirtns.
irtns.hif/ng
hif/ng`3=7/g
`3=7/girfudc
irfudchlia-`
hlia-`n-priynh
n-priynhtis.b
tis.btf
tf _Hiasudtc`
_Hiasudtc`i
i
 

na =:/=7/:=:=V.
Burtc`i `n Jcrrnrc, E. (:==;). Nd priynhti `n lavnstlkchløa. (7c. n.) Hcrchcs5
Sulrøa.
Acfcog
Acfcogirii
iriisb,
sb, F. (:=
(:==8).
=8). Fnt
Fnti`i
i`idik
dikæc
æc `n dc Lav
Lavnst
nstlkc
lkchlø
hløa.
a. Fìx
Fìxlhi
lhi55 N`l
N`ltir
tirlcd
lcd
DLF^XC, X.C.
Zcfæ
Zcfærn
rnz,
z, P. (:
(:==
==7)
7) Hø
Høfi
fi bc
bchn
hnrr ua pr
priy
iynh
nhti
ti `n lavn
lavnst
stlk
lkch
chlø
løa.
a. Hc
Hcrc
rchc
hcs,
s,
Wnanzundc5 N`ltirlcd ]CAC]I
Zulz J., H. (:==:). Lastrufnatis `n Lavnstlkchløa N`uhctlvc5 ]rihn`lflnatis pcrc
su @lsnói y Wcdl`chløa. HL@NK. Dcrc, Wnanzundc.
Xcjlai, H. (:==8). Nd prihnsi `n dc Lavnstlkchløa. Hcrchcs, Wnanzundc. N`ltirlcd
]CAC]I.
Xlnrrc J., Z. (3.<<<). Pìhalhcs `n lavnstlkchløa sihlcd5 Pniræc y nenrhlhli. ]crcalagi

38c. n`. Fc`rl`, Nspcóc.

Xtrchuzzl, X., ]nstcac, G. (:=3=). Fnti`idikæc `n dc Lavnstlkchløa Hucatltctlvc.
Hcrchcs, Wnanzundc. N`ltirlcd GN@^]ND.
Pcfcyi,, F. (:=3:) Nd ]rihnsi `n dc Lavns
Pcfcyi Lavnstlkchl
tlkchløa
øa Hlnatæg
Hlnatæglhc.
lhc. Fìxlh
Fìxlhi5
i5 Dlfusc, p.
302.
Piri
Piri @æcz
@æcz,, E (:
(:==
==2)
2) Girf
Girfud
udch
chlø
løa
a y Nv
Nvcd
cduc
uchl
hløa
øa `n pr
priy
iynh
nhti
tis.
s. _N
_Na
a dæan
dæancV
cV55
bttp5//www.nufn`.ant/hn/:==2j/et`.btf _Hiasudtc`i na =:/=7/:=:=V.