Evolution in Electrical and Electronic Engineering Vol. 2 No.

2 (2021) 199-205
© Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Publisher’s Office

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e-ISSN : 2756-8458

Arm Rehabilitation Monitoring System using

LabVIEW
Muhammad Fathi Mohd Zain1, Muhammad Mahadi Abdul
Jamil1*
1
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, 86400, MALAYSIA

*Corresponding Author Designation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30880/eeee.2021.02.02.024
Received 05 July 2021; Accepted 14 August 2021; Available online 30 October 2021

Abstract: Paralysis typically involves injury to the central nerve, especially the
brain stem. In physical therapy, the development of an arm rehabilitation monitoring
system with LabVIEW focuses on mobility, which helps to maintain and strengthen
the resilience of a wounded organ. The unique feature of this arm rehabilitation
monitoring system is the patient and practitioner can observe the patient's progress.
LabVIEW can display data of how much the patient is able to hold and lift the arm.
An electromyogram sensor to measure muscle contraction and force sensitive
resistance to the hand was used in this project. Then, the LabVIEW software was
utilized as an interface of the system and to display the output. The project was
tested on two males and two females with different body mass indices (BMI). The
results concluded that the grip strength for males and females is different. Factors
that affect the results are age, gender, nutrition, and BMI. The experimental results
show that a person with a normal BMI puts high pressure on the grip, where the grip
strength indicates a measure of muscle strength. In conclusion, the development of
an arm rehabilitation monitoring system is crucial since it shows the patient's
healing progress and allows the expert to understand how long does it take for the
patient to recover fully.

Keywords: Paralysis, Rehabilitation, LabVIEW, Monitoring System

1. Introduction
To date, many people in hospitals are suffering from arm-related diseases. These diseases may
induce semi-paralysis, prevent their arms from functioning normally, and prevent the movement and
control of the limbs due to muscular or sensory system problems. Paralysis is a loss of strength and
power over a bodily part of a muscle or a muscle group [1].
In order to aid people in rehabilitation, the Arm Rehabilitation Monitoring System using
LabVIEW was designed and developed to monitor the patients’ arms progressively. The unique part
about this arm rehabilitation system is both the patient and physician can observe the progress of the

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

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Muhammad Fathi Mohd Zain et al., Evolution in Electrical and Electronic Engineering Vol. 2 No. 2 (2021) p. 199-205

patient's arm recovery together. LabVIEW is a software engineering programming language for visual
programming. LabVIEW is extensively used in data collection, instrument control, and automation.
This project can track the success of patient’s movements from low arm mobility due to stroke or
partial paralysis. A single handle, comprising two sensors: the Sensitive Sensor Force (FSR) was used
for monitoring the changes in the arm, and an electromyography sensor when a force or pressure
applies to measure the muscle tension produced by the bicep and carpi radialis was also used. These
sensors were then connected to the analogue site by a single processor called Arduino Mega to obtain
the force value on the finger and to compute muscular contraction. The computer was connected to
Arduino, and all measurements were displayed using the LabVIEW software via a graphical interface.
The system's performance is important since it shows the patient's healing progress and allows the
expert to understand how long does it take for a patient to recover fully.
1.1 Previous study
1.1.1 Arm physiology and abnormalities
The upper limb, which includes the area between the shoulder joint and the elbow joint is part of
human anatomy. The arm is made of skeletal muscles, and tendons of the connective tissue that binds
muscles to the bone. Paralysis is an example of arm abnormalities. Rehabilitation of patients with
stroke is performed using arm and hand control regeneration treatment. The rehabilitation devices
stimulated electrical measurements of the arm muscles. Muscle contractions may be described based
on the length and tension of two variables. If the muscular tension changes, but the muscle length
does not change, then the skeletal muscle is classified as isometric. In contrast, if the muscle length
changes, the muscle tension does not change, then the muscular contraction is isotonic. When the
length of the muscle is shortened, the tension is concentrated. The component of the arm involved in
this research is the biceps brachii.
1.1.2 Electromyography probe placement
Integrated motor regeneration of the upper extremities, including wrist and finger expansion,
elbow extension, and shoulder abduction, is facilitated by neuromuscular stimulation paired with
bilateral gestures. Subjects flexed their damaged and deteriorating muscles while simultaneously
shifting their other arm. Microcomputers and surface electrodes attached to the injured muscles
controlled the activation levels. The microprocessor supplies neuromuscular stimulus and motion as
soon as the muscle activity reaches the required strength level. Disabled muscles can make simple
gestures owing to the combination of bilateral motor preparation. EMG is used to activate
neuromuscular stimuli that aided voluntary movement initiation in the upper extremity, as well as to
analyze EMG activation levels during testing to see if these patterns revealed rehabilitative effects of
coupled bilateral movement training on the three joint movements [2].
1.1.3 EMG Pattern Recognition Approach in Post Stroke Robot-aided
The aim of this study was to observe if the EMG pattern recognition algorithm based on
statistical classifiers that could decipher a subject's desire to move in a specific horizontal direction. A
horizontal gesture was made by nine stable right-handed participants and seven right-handed stroke
survivors. The approach performed extremely well when EMG data were recorded and used to
categorize the expected direction of motion of subjects with normal subjects. The approach did not
perform effectively with stroke sufferers. The findings showed the drawbacks of using this technique
in robotic-assisted neurorehabilitation, and suggested that instead of using EMG signals to
discriminate the patient's motivations, it should be used to create an online protocol that provides
guidance on muscle activation patterns errors [3].

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1.1.4 Grip strength

Grip strength is a measure of a patient's strength used in physical and rehabilitation medicine.
Grip strength can be used therapeutically in various ways, including determining how an individual's
injuries compared to those who are healthy or determining whether a person's reading deviates from
the established norms [4]. Many repeated grip strength assessments are commonly used to calculate
grip strength, with the mean score from many trials as the most common method [4]. The Jamar
Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer [5][6] was used to assess the grip strength. The selected dynamometer
provides the most accurate measurement of grip strength, it is widely used in rehabilitations and has a
uniformed test procedures.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.1.1 Arduino Mega
An Arduino Mega is an ATmega2560-based microcontroller board [6]. It has 54 digital
input/output pins, 16 analogue inputs, a 16 MHz quartz glass, a USB connection, a power connector,
an ICSP header, and a Reset Button. Arduino requires a basic user experience and it is easily
accessible. It is also extremely simple for novices to comprehend. In addition, among the benefits of
Arduino are it is easy to use, and it has a lot of useful sample codes, with many Arduino communities
on the internet.
2.1.2 Force Sensitive Resistor (FSR)
The Force Sensitive Resistor can detect physical pressure, squeezing force, and weight. This
sensor is essentially a resistive value (ohm) based on how far the sensor is pushed, and how much it
has no polarity. Besides, the sensors are low-cost and easy to use but seldom precise. FSR is
frequently used when integrated with Arduino. It is achieved by connecting one leg with VCC 5
jumper wires, and connecting the other leg with a 10k resistor in the centre to the A0 output, and
connect to the ground port. A few examples of FSR are a pressure sensitive touch interface, robotic
tactile sensor appendages, and customized glove finger pad.
2.1.3 Electromyography Sensor (EMG) v3.0
EMG Muscle Sensor Module V3.0 measures the filtered and rectified electrical activity of a
muscle, and its output is 0-Vs Volt based on the amount of activity in the chosen muscle, where Vs
denotes the power source voltage. A minimum of +-3.5V Voltage supply is required. The Muscle
Sensor v3 detects, filters, rectifies, and amplifies the electrical activity of a muscle and generates an
analogue output signal that can be read by a microcontroller, allows the creation of new muscle-
controlled interfaces for projects.
2.2 Methods
Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the developed system. Electromyograms (EMG) and force
sensitive resistors (FSR) serve as the input. Arduino is the processor, which reads FSR's analogue
value. LabVIEW is the output. The platform displays the FSR input signal using a graphical approach.
EMG is used to show the muscle activation throughout the rehabilitation process.

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Figure 1: Block diagram of Arm Rehabilitation Monitoring using LabVIEW

Four subjects were selected to conduct this experiment. The subjects wore the rehabilitation
glove, and then it was connected to the LabVIEW. The subjects squeezed a therapy ball for five
seconds, and the data was displayed at LabVIEW. It was then recorded. The experiment was repeated
three times to get the means value.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Results
Figure 2 (a) – (c) below shows a complete prototype of the arm rehabilitation device. The Force
Sensitive Resistors (FSR) were placed on four fingers, namely the Index Finger, Middle Finger, Ring
Finger, and Pinky Finger. They were attached to the special glove using thread. The Arduino Mega
was placed on the top of the prototype.

(a)

(b) (c)

Figure 2: A complete prototype of the Arm Rehabilitation Device with (a) all connection settings during
experiments, (b) FSR attached to the glove using thread, and (c) Arduino Mega connection

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Figure 3 depicts the front panel of LabVIEW. It shows the interface of the system and also the
output graph. The experiment was performed by squeezing fingers onto the force sensitive resistor. A
waveform graph is displayed on the front panel once the force sensitive resistor presses the
rehabilitation ball.

Figure 3: Front panel

Figure 4 shows the FSR result of the third subject. The subject is a male aged between 20
and 25 years. The mean for Index Finger, Middle Finger, Ring Finger, and Pinky Finger is
48.9479 Nm, 52.2345 Nm, 48.3278 Nm, and 54.9010 Nm, respectively. The outcomes
indicate that the graph for all fingers is almost the same when the subject squeezes the ball.
The grip strength for this subject is normal.

Figure 4: FSR result of the third subject

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Figure 5 shows the EMG result of the third subject. It indicates that the subject was squeezing the
ball because of the increasing waveform of muscle formed on the graph. It means the muscle is active.
When the subject squeezes the ball, the FSR graph increases, and the EMG graph also increases. It
indicates that muscle strength affects grip strength. The more strength provided by the muscle, the
stronger the grip.

Figure 5: EMG Result of the third subject

3.2 Discussions
LabVIEW is a program that users can create a customized graphical user interface. It acts similar
to Arduino but is more advanced. However, it works by placing different icons, unlike Arduino. Two
types of connections between Arduino and LabVIEW are the LabVIEW master and Arduino slave,
and the Arduino master and LabVIEW slave. Master-slave means the master is in control, and the
slave is the one that does the work. In this project, LabVIEW is the master, and Arduino works to
collect the data and send it to LabVIEW to be displayed. LabVIEW can be connected to Arduino in
several steps. Before the programming run, the user must select the com port at the serial port. Next,
the user must select the analogue channel in LabVIEW based on the analogue port, where the sensor
is located, from A0 to A4. The analogue channel on LabVIEW was renamed Finger 1. Three icons
from the maker’s hub are required to connect to Arduino. It is called Linx. Linx is an integrated
software to control Arduino. Basically, three icons in Linx are open Linx, analogue read or write, and
close Linx. Open and close Linx serve to open and close the Arduino and LabView connections,
while the analogue read and read function, read the input data from Arduino and display the data on
the front panel. After the coding was completed, the serial port was selected to run. The serial port is
similar to the com port in Arduino. It shows which com port the USB is connected from Arduino to
the computer. Next, the number in the ai channel or analogue channel was selected. The sensor
connected to Arduino analogue read was checked to determine which channel to be used. Once this
step was completed, the run arrow or continuous loop was clicked, to run the program.
Force Sensitive Resistor (FSR) was used to determine the strength of the handgrip. The age range
of the participants of this project is between 20 and 25 years. Four subjects were involved in this
project. It is difficult to find subject candidates due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Thus, family members
were recruited as participants of this study. The project requires participants to squeeze the therapy
ball. The subject had to squeeze the treatment ball for five seconds to measure the pressure. It was
repeated three times to obtain the mean value. The assessment of the grip strength is a crucial
component in hand rehabilitation. The patient's initial limitations were evaluated, and progress
throughout the treatment was quickly assessed. Several studies have identified different conditions
affecting grip strength. The strength of the muscle is a variable in those who formed the capacity. The
synergistic action of bending and extending muscles and the interplay of muscle groups is a key factor
in the overall strength of the resulting grip [8]. Age, hand dominance, diet, body mass index (BMI),
gender, and sensory loss are the variables that affected a man's strength. The mean value for the first

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two subjects is 46,3123Nm, while the third subject’s mean value is 51,1028Nm. The first and fourth
subjects’ BMI is under the underweight category. The mean value for the first subject is 38,3439Nm
and 42,7661Nm for the fourth subject. People with low-calorie intake have less grip strength. There is
a significant difference between male and female grip strength throughout the entire finger. The mean
difference is 7.9684Nm for females and 8.3367Nm for males.
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, the development of this arm rehabilitation monitoring system by using LabVIEW
can be used to help a patient in the healing process by displaying the patient’s arm muscle contraction
performance and force value. The project was also designed to strengthen the arm of the patient. This
project uses two sensors, namely Force Sensitive Resistor (FSR), which was placed at the fingertips,
and the EMG sensor, which was positioned at the brachioradialis or the biceps brachii. Arm
brachioradialis and biceps brachii provide the highest indicator of muscular contractions. The
resistance sensor was used, and it works by producing a unique value that produces voltage data.
Then, the voltage data from these two sensors were collected by the Arduino Mega microcontroller at
the analogue site. Subsequently, the Arduino board was connected to the computer, and with the help
of LabVIEW, the output was displayed in a graphical form that shows the patient’s performance to
recover fully. Furthermore, this project helps doctors or physicians learn the development of muscle
contractions in the patient's arm.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti
Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia for its support.
References

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paralysis.” Muscle & nerve, 57(4), 522-530, 2018
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[3] Cesqui, B., Tropea, P., Micera, S., & Krebs, H. I. “EMG-based pattern recognition
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