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Python For Data Science (Slideshare)

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77 views54 pages

Python For Data Science (Slideshare)

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Priyesh Singh
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Python 4 a popular programming language. It was created by Guido van Aossum, and released an 1991. nis used for web developrent (enrver-side}, software development, mathenatica, syste scripting What can Python do? inte Python can be uzed on a server to create web applications. Fython can be used alongside software to create workflows. Python can connact to database systens. It can also read and modify fil Python can be used to handle big data and perform complex mathematics. Python can be used for rapid prototyping, or fox product Lof-ready softwace developrent. Wy Bytnont Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Fi, etch. Python has a simple syntae similar to the English language. Python has ayntax that allows developers to write programa with fever Lines then sone other progran ming languages. Python runa on an interpreter syaten, meaning that code can be executed ae acon ax it ds written. 7 his means that prototyping can be very quick. Python can be treated in a procedural way, an cbject=orlentated way or a functional way. In 131: DEInt ("Hello Word@: 17 Helle World In Lie Let's Check the Rules in Naming a Variable ‘+ Rule 1: AvVortatlo name must slat witha letter @ Underseare ‘+ Rule 2: A Vertable name cannot start with a number ‘+ Rule 3: A\Vartabie name can only contain alphanumeric characters and underscores ‘+ Rule 4: Variable names are Case Sensitive print (Sting? peint (stein Creating Variables ‘+ Variables ore containass solely used for storing data values. '* Python has no command for declaring a variable, le, there is no dectaration of variables. ‘+ Avariable is created the moment you fst assign a valve fo it Let's Print the Variables print () print (y) peat (2) Let's Check the Datatype of the Variables print (type print (type a Let's Assion Multinia Values to Multiola Variables at one time In (0) Yr == 10, 186, ‘String! peint (type (xh) Drint (type ty) print (type (z)) sclass tint!» Let's Check how to Output the Variables In 118) ¥ for Integer and Float we can use comma Fo output the variable: y- 89 Brint ("The Value of x is", 32 BEint(*The Value of y int“. y Tho Value of x ia: 1056.88 The Value of y is: 89 In (20) @ for strings we can use both "+" end *,* to output the variables vom "Seeing print(*The value of «is: "+ 9) Print ("The Value of x le 2", ™) The Value of 4 fs + sting The Value of x fe + String Concatenation of Variables in Python In (251 (let's Fizse eheck the 3b > teytnon* Arey = *Love! a= iyte print (a) b= xin tayet te Print (b) Pythonistove Python is Love In B1t W how, let*s check the integer and float concatenation x= 10 yous a-Kty printia) # heze, ihe ‘++ symbol will act as an ari je operation for additioa and not coacatena 25 juces an extor beck cannot concatenate a string and aa Integer ate then xo thy Age Li print (x.format My Age is @ and copa is 6 Global Variables '* Global Variables are Variables which are created Outside ofthe Function, Bul, They can accessed from anywhere, in (3815 def functions print (x) function() # here, we are able to access variable from outside of the variable 29.63 In 1381: m= 8956454.23 deg function: printtx) function() # here, we 8 The Global Keyword ‘+ Normally, when you create a variable inside a function, that variable is local, and can onty be used inside that function, ‘+ To-create a global variable inside a function, you can use the global keyword, In tat] = "fantastic™ print) function) fantastic Built in Data Types Pyttven has tha following data types BulltAn by default, in these eatagories: Text Type: str Numeric Types: int, fost, complex. Sequence Type: Hit, tuple, rang Mapping Type: ict Sel Typos: sa, frozonsat Boolean Type: boot Binary Types: bytes, bytearray, memoryview Getting the Data Type of the Variable print (type t print (type (a)) b= (‘appie", *ball', ‘eat print (type (o)) (Cappie’, “ball)) ype tb) print (type (ch) in 16 d= (mama's tenn print (type (dh) "Age's 56, ‘Salary’: 78896.8) In 181 e = (*dogt, acaes, (Parrot!) print (type (0) mane f= frozenset ((*bog™, “cat™ peint (typetey) jarrot™)) In [ayy g = rue print (type (a) In 3s b= Benelis® print (type (hh) eelasa ‘bytests in tM 1 = bytearray (85) BEint (type (4)) tn 16] 4 = nenoryviewtbytes (5)) Brint (type ty) Setting the Data Types Specifically In [aa] x= inte) Brint (type (0) in (2515 w= 1stt(7, 8% 9) BEint (type (xh) colazs ‘list*> In [26]: x = tuple (( Eine (type (3) 5, 6, 8) In [6]: x= range (5, 20) Out teh: range (5, 20, 2) In 131} x = dict (name="Jonn*, age=36y pEAnt (type (x) an {33} x= aat( ("Apple") "Ball™,"cat™)) Brint (type Oo) sclass "set!> An (341: x ~ Erozenset (("Red*,"Bluc™, "Green™)) print (type tx) an 1361: x = bool (4) peint (type Gh) in Te x = bytes (5) BEAnt (type (x) Typecasting x = w.astypa(" float’) our(zilt 40 In (381 x= Float (x) print (type (or) selass ‘float's in (2315 w= Ane (8.56) out (23] 8 Random Numbers In [ao] Amport random # printing a zandom number from 4 specified range print (randem.randrange(l, 101) saat @ printing a random number in default range 1.e., 0 t0 1 pEint (random. candor ()) 0,9128538599745194 In (aye W printing a random integer number print (random.xandine (2, 10)) In 156) @ printing specific number of random nuumbers print (random. randn ()) Ateesbuteceror Traceback (ost acent call last) ‘eapythen-Lnput-S6-971 8429800385 bn 0 1 0 pEAnting spacitia nunber of random nuusbere 2 so--> 3 print trandom.candn(}) AeeributeError! module ‘randont has no attribute ‘randn* Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values. Python Operators are divided into the following groups Aritumetic operators Assignment operators Comparison oparators Logical operators entity eperators Membership operators + Bitwise operators Arithmetic Operators ‘+ Mor floor divison 5 -Wfor modulus '¢ "for exponents Brine te) P= ly 2 ¥ aoety se Assignment Operators + “= for assignmont 4 “+= for active assignment + fr subtractive assignment + "fer mutipeatve assignment + "fr dvsiva assignment 41 forfooraivsive assgneont '¢ "=" for modulus assignment 4+ "T=! for exponentiation assignment ‘+ ">=! for tt shit assignment 1+ “<< foro shit assignment «= 50 kre Sf similar to x = x05 print (x) 35 an (ae # subtractive essigneént x= 50 eons peint (x) 45 In (231 multiplicative assignnent = 50 no S ‘peint (x) 250 An (351: ¥ divisive assignement 50 xin print (x) 10.0 an (28): ¥ flor division assignnont x= 50 xhln 9 print (x) an (191 ‘podulus assignment print (x) In 190) # bitwise and assignsent ees ein print (x) 50 print (2) fy print (=) 2 print (x) Comparison Operators for aval commpariaon ‘+ efor not equal comparison ‘+ ">for Greater than comparison “€ for lasser than eomparison “>=! for Geeater than equal to comparison for Lesnar than equal to comparison print (e == 9) y print (x!*y) print (¥) True pee int (xy) sale True y= 9 print (xy) eve Logical Operators ‘+ "AND Retuons true, I both the statements aro True '¢ OR’ retums tue, One of the Statements aro True 1+ "NOT retums true, wil Reverse the Resall, # AN Operat ee xo yand x>5 Identity Operators ‘+ fa, Returns true, if both the objects are same ‘© Is not, Rotums tru if bath the objects are not the same print ( mis mot n) Membership Operators ‘+ In Retums True if sequence with the specified value is present in the object “+ notin, Rotums True if a sequence with the specified value is net prosent in tho abject print (y da x) print (z in x) print (a dm x) Bitwise Operator ‘+ & AND Operation ‘+ |, OR Operation '*§.XOR Operation ‘+ =, NOT Operation '« >>, Right Shin Operation '+ << Left Shit Operation Inu W Printing Strings into Fyehon print ("Hallo") print ("Welle") Helle Helle In tthe = “chocolate xi-3-2) ueiil: toa! in [21 V assigning Uaiuas to the String a= *Helle® print (a) Hetie 3n 1313 W steinga as arzaye a= tHello, World!= print (a{i}) an (4) 4 Slicing b= “Hello, ortd!* print (b{2:51) Ao In 151: VW Neyative Indexing tn (61: 4 Steing Length a= “Hello, World! \ kninial™ bm 1 eka fokjnkj kjk} print (len(a)) a a=" Hello, Horld! * print (a.strip() Hello, Worlat in [8]: # converting inte lowercase a= *Hello, World!* pEint (a-lower()) hetie, worl In [911 vertitig dnto uppercase a= *Hello, World!* print (a.uppert)} HELLO, WORLE te 109] # using replace function a ~ Melle, World!™ peint (a.replace (i, *I")) Jolie, Worlat In Qs # splitting a string a “He: peint (a oy Bort} phicts)) IHietio', * Wort! "] In 10515 # String Formatting age ~ 36 txt = “My name ia Johny Fam (9 Print (txt. format (age) ) My name is Johns am 36 Other Important Functions ‘+ capitalize() Converts the fst charaeter lo upper ease. casefolit) Converts sting into lower case camter(} Returns 3 centered sting count) Returns the number of times 9 spectied value occurs ina string encode) Returns an encoded version of the string endswth() Returns true ithe sting ends withthe spaced vatua expandtabs() Sais the tab size ofthe string fine} Searches the string fora specified value and returns the postion of where it was found format(} Formats specified values ina string format_mapt) Formats specifies values in sting index() Searches the string for specified volue and rotums the position of where lt was found isalnum() Retums True i allcharscters in the sting are alphanumetic: isaiphat) Retums Troe ital charactors in the sting ara in the alphabat isdacimall) Retums Tivo fall characters inthe string are decimals isdipit) Retums True if all characters in the sting are cigs iskentior() Returns Teve ithe string isan idenifier istowort) Rebus True ial characters inthe sting are lower case isnumere() Returns Trve ital characters inthe sting are numeric isprintable() Rotums True if allcharactes in the string are printable isspace() Returns True if al characters inthe string are whitespaces isto) Ratums True ifthe string follows the rules of tite isuppar() Returns True ital charactors inthe sing are uppercase {nt} Joins th olarnonts of an Rorable Yo tho and f the ering Hust) Returns let justified version of the string lower!) Converts. a sting ito lower case Istip() Returns a let tim version ofthe sting makeirans() Reluns a translation table to be used in translations parition() Retuns a tuple where the sting ks parted into three parts replace() Returns a sting where a specified valu is replaced with a specified value ffindl) Searches the sting fora speciiod value and retums the last positon of whore twas found ‘index(} Searches the string for a specified value and returns the last postion of whero it was found Aust) Retuins-a Fight jusiied version of tho string ‘Parition() Returs.a tuple where the string s parted into tree parts repli) Splits the sting al the spectied separator, and etuine a Hit ‘sirip() Retums aright tim version ofthe string sol) Splis the sting atthe specified separator, and retums a list, splitines() Spits tho string a ina breaks and rotums a ist stariswith() Retums iruaif the string starts with the specified value strip() Returns timed vorsian ofthe string swrapcase() Swaps cases. lower case becomes upper case and vice versa ‘Wet) Converts the fest charbcter of ech word lo Upper cabs transiate() Returns a translated string upper) Converts a sting into upper ease Zi) Fits the string with a specified numberof 0-values atthe beginning If Else Conditional Statements + Equals: a=b + Not Equats: 3 f= © Less than: a ‘+ Greater than or equal bo: a>= b b= 33 afb >a: Print (™b is greater than a") aes — be: print("a and b are equel™) a and b are equal b= 3: Afb >a: print(*b ia greater than a) enie a == b: print(a and B are equal") else: print(*a 4s greater than bY) at or than b Ae a> br printita ts greater chan b*) a ts greater than b In [81t er Brint ("A") 4£ a> b else print("s") In (6) a= 330 b= 330 Print ("A") ££ a> belee print(te") Af a == b alee print ("8") fea>t print At least one of the conditions ds Tr a) tements as long as a condition is true. 2 3 5 With the break statement we can: 1op the loop even if the while condition Is true: white ae ‘With tho continue statement we cin atop the eusrant iteration, and continue withthe next: mnie i <6: 4s With the sige statement we ean run a block of cade once whan the eenditian ne Jonger is true: waste For ‘A for loop Is used for iterating over a eequence (that is elthor a list, a tuplo, a dietionary, a sat, or a string). The is lees tka the for keyword in other programming languages, and works more like an iterator method as. found in other abject- orientated programming languages. With the for loop we can execute a set of atatements, once for each item in alist, tuple, sot otc apele bana ¥ looping through @ string for x in “banana”: eine ts), e2e500 In 91s ‘using the Break stateaent fruits ~ (Tapple for x in fruite: Beinets) Af x == "banana": ‘break banana”, cherry") apple banana In (201: W using the continue statement fruits = (Tappie for xin fruits: 4f x == “banana”! continua print te) banana”, “cherry"] apple cheeey an 12a} using eh range) function for x in range(?) print), ° a 2 3 4 5 In 1221 “VW uaing the start parameter for x in range (2, 63 prints) In (2a) factemencing the sequence foe x An rango(2, 30, 3)1 printie) 2 5 8 a aa a 20 23 26 29 in (2415 4 fer ond olan for x in range (6): print in) alse: Print ("Finally finished !™) nally €inished! In [aye adj = (red, “big fruits ~ (*appio™, “tasty” “banana®, “chorry"] for x in odj: for y im fruits: print bc red apple red banana, zed cherry big apple big banana big cherry tasty apple tasty banana tasty cherry In fel taking 2 Lise List = [Tapple", “banana” print (Lise) wonerry"1 [eppie', ‘banana’, ‘cherry"! an 1621 accessing the List Liot = {*apple", “banana”, cherry") print (ist) banana an (631: # negative indexing print (list (11) cherey na: accessing a range of Lisi I'cherry", ‘orange’, ‘kind In 16515 print (1istt-5:-2) Ueherry", Torange', "eiwitt In 166]: “, “orange“, “kini*, ‘melon, “mango*) @ reassigning the items in the 1ist Lise [1] = ‘iesezean! print (List) [tappie', ‘icecream’, ‘cherry’, ‘orange", *kiwi', ‘melon’, ‘mango*] tn 161: 4 reversing the List peint (atten) [tsanget, tmelen', "kisi", torange!, ‘cherry', ‘icecrean!, ‘applet] An {68}: @ concatinating tvo Tista List2 = [*patate*,, ‘tomato') Aist3 = dat + diotz [rappie', ‘icecream', ‘cherry’, ‘orange", in [69] # appending dtens to the Liat List -append(*caulifiower*) pEint (list) Lroppie', ‘icecream, ‘cherry’ Is (701+ WV dnserting deena to the List List insert (0, “brinjal) print (Lise) ['brinjal', ‘apple’, ‘icecrer ne @ renoving teens from the List .romove(*brinjal*) print (List) Lrappie', ‘icecr In (51: @ extending itens to the list List extend ( ("Covert tappt}) print (Lise) Ltappie', ‘banan te (73) @ sorting the List Lider sore (y print (List) [tepple!, teaulifievert, teherry', green ty In (7415 1 applying pop operation List -pop() print (List) Lopple!, ‘cauliflower’, ‘cherry', In (7312 Waiy ig a Se EEE List. remove(*1") List -renove(*r") + ‘eherry"s ‘orange’, ym", ‘cherry', ‘orange", y teharey", ‘orange’, tkiwi', ‘malont, ‘manga', ‘mango", "potato", ‘tomato"] “cavlifiewer*] ton", ‘nango", "cauliflower" ‘mango*, ‘caulifiower*] ttlower', ‘appt] ‘14, tungs!, tmolon', tet, toran "1%, tnango', ‘melon', ‘ot, ‘oran Line anova (tot) print (List) [tapple', ‘caulifiover!, teherry', ‘o', Miceeream', "ivi", ‘mango!, ‘malen', ‘orange’, 'r!] In (7815 copying the list Adsteopy = List. copy () print (Listeopy) Ltappie', tcaulitiever', ‘cherey', ‘et, ‘icecream’, "kivi', tmango!, tmalon', ‘orange', 'r*] worms @ feversing the list using reverse function List reversed) print (list) Let, ‘orange’, ‘melon’, taango’, 'ELML', “Sescceam, "at, ‘eheeey', “cauliflower, ‘epple'] In [7815 ¥ counting the elemento in x = List count (*orange") print (x) In 17815 using Maes az stack (#10) stack = (2) 3) 4 Sy 61 stack-appendt7) stack.appendis) sek. appendi(o} In [Bo]: print (stack) 12, 3, 4s Sy be Te 8 91 in 1811 print (stack) 13 5 6 in (82) using Liate as queue (lize) from collections import de: queus = deque({ "Ram! ‘Shyam Print (quae) oeque | ‘nam!, ‘anyam’, ‘satay “etea' yy ppand(*Rohan') queue. appand(*Gopal") pEint (queue) doque((*Ram', *Shyam', 'Sita', ‘Gita’, *Rohan', ‘Gopal*}) In [EAs queue poplefe () Reine (queue), deque((*Shyan*, ‘Sita’, "Gita", ‘Rohan’, *Gopal"]) In 139] Wclearing the iiar Lise .cleart print (List) u mi @ printing the items of a List List - [*apple", "bananas, cherry") for xin Liar: printen, apple banana cherry in rt “V checking if the item oxiata or not List = (topple, banana®, “cherry"] Af “apple? in List: Prine("¥os, ‘applet is in the fruies Lise) Yes, ‘apple’ is in the fruits List ie ahs x= a4 y= ih 5, 6 outta: 134 G5, 6) A dictionary is a collection which is unordered, changeable and indexed, In Python dictionaries are written with curly brackets, and they have keys and values. + Mustang’, "year": 1964) 2 ‘Mustang’, ‘year*: 2018) accessing ‘the keys fee x 4n thisdicts print tx) brand model year in 9}: ¥ accessing the valves for x in thisdict: print (thisdict (x}) Ford Mustang 2018 In ae @ unig the values) co access the values in a dict for x in thisdict.values() print tx), Ford Mustang 20n8 an (121: V accessing both the key and values for x, y in thisdict items(): Printoy yb brand Pord model Mustang year 2018 in at W checking if that particular string extats or aot thisdict = ( Sbrandts Ford", nodel": "Mustang", Myeart: 1964 ' Af “podel™ in thisdic print("¥en, ‘model’ is ene of the keys in the thisdiet dictionary") Yes, ‘model’ is one of the keys in the thisdict dictionary mn 31t ‘adding icons to the tat thisaiet = ( thiadict("color™) = "red" thisdict{“color™) = blue’ ehindict(teslors™) = "red™ ‘BELnt (thLadice) (Mbeand': ‘Ford*, ‘model's ‘Mustang’, ‘year In 3815 £1964, "color: thluet, teolers!: "red" 4 renoving the Lame from the dict thiadiet "brand": "Ford", model": "Mustang", cywar": 1364 ' thindict. popttye print (thiadict) ‘ (brand's ‘Ford", ‘model's "Mustang" An (381+ @ renoving the ast item from the dict thisdice = | ehisdiet.popieem() print (thiaaicey (trand’: ‘Ford", ‘modal's "Mustang" ) feos ¥ using dei Keyword to renove the elenents ehiedict = | “brands "PoEd", model": "Mustang", vyeart: 1968 , del ehisdice model") peint (thiaascr) (tbrand': *Ford", "year's 1964) In [40] @ deleting the dictionary. ehiedice = wyear": 1968 ’ det thisdice endadict = ( “brand": "Ford", Swodel": "Mustang", Syear*: 1964 ' thisdict.clear() print (thiadice) ie 4315 W nested dictionary ehsdat = hase”; MERLIN, yeas" 2004 ’ eniid? = myear™ ' child} ~ name": “Linus”, year + 2011 ’ chide = name” + “Linus, year"; 2011 ' myfaniiy = ( senilai” 2 chsidt, wchildz" : chiid2, wehilda* 3 chiidd ' myfamiiy2 = nenLldgmeniias, ’ family = ( ‘smytantly” :myfanily, tmytamily2" :myfamily2, ' family ue ta} (nyfamily': (chiddi': (fname: ‘Emil, "year's 20041, sehild2": (*name’: ‘Tobias*, ‘year’: 2007), tehild3': (tname’: ‘hinus*, *year': 20110). ymyfamily2': [*ehild4*: (*name': *Linus*, ‘year's 2011))) Tn (2315 one dictionary containing multiple dictionaries myfaniiy = ( child.” syear” a meniiaz" 1 ventas" nyear® ) ' myfanily Oubt231¢ (enitd' (thane? Nebiid2'? (fname! tehild3"; [tnane? temilt, "year": 2008), trobias*, tyear': 2007), ‘Linas', tyeor': 20011 thisdict = dict ibradde"rord™) sodeleMustang™, year 4) year": 1960) Dictionary Methods ‘+ cear(} Removes all the elements trom the dictionary ony) Raturns a copy of the dictionary fromkoys() Returns a dictionary with tho spocied Koys and values ge) Returns the value of the specifies key items() Returns a st containing the a tuple for each key value pair heyst) Retums ast conisining the dlctonay’s keys pop() Romoves tha element withthe spocitiod key popitem() Removes the last inserted key-value pair ‘otdofaul(} Ratums the value of the spaced Koy, Its key does: not exist: insort the kay, with the spacifnd value Update) Updates the dietonary with the spectied key-value pairs values() Returns a Kat of al the values inthe dictonary 1A (0): def primenuaer (3 Af x for 4 in range(2,«//2) A (ibe): BELAE DACRE 48 ane BEIKEA) break aise: print (Coumber is prise nom) umber 1s peime ne ¥ erogran to display the Fibonacci sequence up to term nears = int (input ("How many tora? *)) ese then Af terns print ("Please enter a positive 1 edd terms ~ print (*ribonace! sequence upto*,n princ (aly els: print (*Pkbonaec! sequence:") while count = nse princénn) nth =n + nd 0 urd a= na 2 = neh How y terme? § Fibonace! sequence: an Tl ‘tring = = 50M > string.oplit() ne tx(2)) our ga71 50 an (191 ‘atring = 7% 50% ‘otring.splitt* *) Our (a91 153, 150", mia Python is an object oriented programming language. Almost everything in Python is an object, with its properties and methods. A Class is like an object constructor, or a “blueprint” for creating objects. The Init Function ‘Tho examples abave ara classes and objects in their simplest form, and are not really useful in ral ie applications. To.understand the meaning of lacses we have fo understand! the buitin init) funetion. Allclasses have a function callod init), which is always executed whon the class is bong initiated. Use the init function to assign values to object properties, or ether operations thatare necessary to do when the object is being cova: piaaytunct) Helle my name 1 John ‘+ The:solf parameters a reference to tye curren instance ofthe class, and ks used to aecess variables that belongs tothe elass. ‘+ ltdoes net have to be named self, you can callit whatever you Bike, but ithas to be the fet parameter of any function in the ‘dase: In 16) class Perasn: def _init_(mysillyobject, name, agels Bystllyebject.nane - name nysillyobject.age = age def mytuno (abe) t print ("allo ay name 48 * + abe.nama) pi ~ Person (Miche, pl.myfunce) 0 Helle my name is John In 161: V madityling the ebject properties pl.age ~ 40 peint (plage 40 ‘Fdeleciag the object propert dei plage peint (pl-ageh AtbesbuteError Traceback (ost acent call last) ss0-> 5 print (plage) Ateeibutezeror: "Person! object has no atteibute ‘aget class cal: dae init (eeif, ®, y, 2, PEint ("addition :*, self x-self.y) def subtocks): print ("subtraction :7, dae ul (o0! print (*muitipiication ¢*, aelf.« def divisolt); Print (*Bivison s", self.x/selt.y) def floor(seif): PELHE(TEIeor Divison 2", selt-a//melty) ase oxpteeity: pEinG(*Emponentiation 3%, aeif.a**selt.y) a= can(3, 5 3, % a) ‘aacd () a.eub |) acael () endiv() a.fleor () ep () Addition + 8 Subtraction : -2 Multiplication 2 12 Divison : 0.6 Fleer Divison + 0 Exponentiation in (0315 import pandas asp in (2a1e help (p.read_eav Help on function read cay in module pandas.ie.parsers: ead_eay(FLLepath or burfartUnion (ste, pach1ib.Path, JO(-ARYSte]], gope',", delimiearsdione, headers'infect, sames~None, index col-Wone, usecola-None, squeeze-Palse, prefix-Hone, mangle_dupe_cola~Trve, dtype-None, engine-None, converters-None, true_values-Nont foise_values-Hone, skipinitialspace-False, skiprowa-None, skipfooter-0, nrows-Wone, na_valvessiione, keep_dafault_naeTrve, na_filter=Tmue, vethase=false, skip blank_lines=True, parse_datessFaiee, Lifer datetime format=False, keep date_col=Faice, date pareer=None, Gayfist=False, cache daves«True, iteratorsFalse, chinksizestone, compres’ion='inter', thousandamitono, decinil=b*.*, Lnsterminator=tione, quotechar='*", quoting=0, doublequote=True, eacapechar-Norie, comment=Noriey encoding-Hone, dislect-Hone, orrer_bod_Lines-True, xorn_bed_lines~frue, delim whitespace-False, low_menory~fiue, memory fop~false, float _precisionstone) Road 2 comma-separated values (cav) file into DataFrane. ‘Algo supports optionally iterating or breaking of the file Ante chunko. Additional Help can be found in the ontine docs for ‘10 Tools "_. Paranaters flepath_or buffer i stry path object or filevlike object Any valid string path 43 acceptable, The string could be a URE. valid URL echomes include http, ftp, 63. and file. For filo URLs, a host is expected. A local file could ber E1le1//locathoat/path/toftable.cay. Hf you want to pass dn a path object, pandas accopts any “‘on-Pathbdke’'. Sy fEle-Like object, we feter to a rile handler (e.g- via builtin + ate, default ', DeLiniter to use. If sap 18 Rone, the © engine cannot automatically detect the separates, but the Python parsing engine can, meaning the latter will be used and automatically detect the separator by Pythoi"s builtin onifter tool, “eav.Sniffer”’, In addition, separators longer than I character and Gicforent from -*\o4'”’ will be intexpreted ae reguiar aupressions and WiLL ala foves the use of the Bython parsing engine. Mota that regex Geliniters are prone to ignoring quotes data. Ragex example: ~~ "\z\t" sLiniter : ats, defavit *"Rone'’ Alias for sep, header : int, list of int, default *infer' Row number(s) to uso as the column nanes, ‘and the start of the Gata. Default behavior is to infer the column mamas: if no names are passed the behavior is identical to '“header=0'* and column hasan ave 1nfecrat Prim sha Plrae Wie ne the le, 4¢ nélisin jects with a “‘readt)"* method, such as ‘open"* function) or ‘°stringio aren ore passed explicitly then the behavior iz identical to “vneader=one’”, Explicitly pags “"header#0~ to be able to replace existing nanos. Tha header can be a list of integors that spocity roy locations for # malti-index on the columns eva. [Oe4)J}. Entervening rows chat aze not specified will be skipped (e.g. 2 in this exanple is skipped). Note that this Parameter ighores conmented Lines and empty Lines if ‘skip blonk_lines=True’’, 40 “"headersd"* denotes the first Line of data rather than the first line of the file. famed ; MEEBY-1ike,, gptiboel Liat of column names to ude, TE file contalda no header cows then you shoutd explicitly poss “‘header-None'', Duplicates in this List are not allowed. index_col : int, ste, soquance of int / ste, oF False, default ““None’* Colimnts} to ise aa thé vow labels of tha” ‘UstaFrane’", either given ae string nane or column indes. Tf a sequence of int / str is glven, a Multitnder ia used. Note: “index colsFalse’” can be used to force pandas to ‘not™ use the first columa a5 the index, 0.9. when you have a malformed file with doliniters at the ond of each Line. usecola : List-like or callable, optional Retucn a subset of the columns. EF list-like, all elements must either be positional (i.e. integer indices into the docusent columns) or strings that correspond to column names provided either by the user in ‘names* or inferred from the doeuant hesder rew (2). For example, a valid ligt=llke usacols’ parameter would be °°[0, 1, 217° oF "7 [Mfoo', Dae’, "baz" Element order ta ignored, zo “‘ueecols~[0, 1)"* is the game as °'[1, 0] To instantiate a DataFrane from ““data’’ with elenent order preserved us “pdatead_csvidata, usecois={‘fos', ‘bart]) ({*fo0", ‘bar"]}** for colums in "foo", ‘har*]"* order or pa-road_esy(data, usocols«|"foo, tart) [{tbaet, 'foa"}1” for “"['bae", *foo')” oder, If callable, the cablable function will be evaluated against the colvan names, returning names whore the callable function evaluates to True. Ar example of a valld callable argusent would be *“lanbda x= x.uppex() in [YAWR', 1RBB', 'DOD']". Using this parameter results in much faster parsing tino and lover mensry usage. squeeze : bool, dafwult False Lf the pazsed data only coitdins one célumn then zétura a Seties. prefix © str, optional Prefix to add to column nunbers when no header, eg. 'X" for XO, x1, mangle dupaeols : beol, default True Duplicate coluans ill Be specified ag 1K?, "M.1', ,. THY, eather than 'R'...9K", Passing In False will cause data to be overwritten if there are duplicate nanes in the columns. type : Type name or dict of column => type, optional Data type for data or columns. Bug. (‘a's np.floatés, ‘bt: np.ine32, tote trated?) Uso “str” or ‘object’ rogather with suitable “na x to preserve and not intexpret dtype. If converters ace specidied, they will be applied INSTEAD Of dtype conversion. engine 2 (*c", ‘python*), optional Parser engine to uae, The C engine dn faster while the python ongine is Gueeantly adve Feetilre—complece. converters 2 dict, optional Dict of functions for converting values in certain columns. Keys can either be integers or column labels. trpe_values : list, optional Values te consider as True, false values + Liat, optional Valueo to consider as Falae. oxipinitialepace + bool, defavit raise Skip spaces after deliniter. skiprows + List-like, int or callable, optional Line numbers to skip (Q-indexed) or number of Lines to okip (int) at the start of the file, salues” soteings Tf callable, the callable fuacticn will be evaluated againar the cow indices, returning True if the row should be akippod and False otherwise: An example of a valid callable argunent would be "lambda xz xin (0, 2]°°. ekipfocter = int, default 0 Wiser of Hiss at batten of C116 te akip (Unoupposted with engine-tet). nova : int, optional najvalues : scalar, ste, listelixe, ox dict, options Additional strings to recognize ag NA/MAN. TE diet passed, specitic pee-colunn NA veluos. By defSUIt thé folloeing values acs interpreted 45 Malis", 'WB/A', "AN/A AJAY, AMA's "91. HIND, SLAINO?, SLACQNAN', HVA, OMA", NULL", "Hat", saul. heop_dafault_na + hoot, default Tews Whether Sr not to inelude the default NaN values when parsing the data. Depending on whether ‘na values" 4s passed in, the Behavior 1s as follavst + if *keep_default_na’ 4s True, and ‘na_values" axe speciticd, ‘na_values| Ls appended to the default Ma values used for parsing. + Tf “keop_dofault_na’ is True, and “na_values” are not specified, only the default aN Uslues are uned for parsing. + TE *keep_default_na’ ie False, and ‘ne_valuos’ are specified, only the Holl values specific ues’ are used for parsing. + If “keep defautt_na’ 19 False, and ‘na_values’ are not specified, no atrings will be parsed as Nal. Mote that 4f ‘na filter’ is paged in as Fai ‘nA values” pAZARSters Will be ignored. ne_filter : bool, default True Detect missing value markers (empty strings and the value of na_values). In data without any NAs, passing na f1ltersFalse can improve the performance of reading a large file verbose + bool, default False Indicate number of WA values placed in non-nunerie column: skip_blank ines + bool, default True Tf true, skip over blank lines rather than interpreting as tiaN values. parse_dates : bool or list of int or nanes or list of lists or dict, default False The behavior is as follows: the “keep_dafauitna® and + boolean. If True -> tey parsing the inden. + List of int or nanes. e.g. If [, 2, 3] -> tey parsing colums 1, 2, 3 each as a separate date column. + List of Lists. e.g. If [{1, 311 => combine colunns 1 and 3 and pars te column. + ("fee + (1, 3]] > parse columns 2, 3 4 date and eal) pesult "£36? Tf a colunn or index cannot be represented as an array of datetines, aay because of an unparseable value or a mixture of tiezones, the column oF index will be returned unaltered as an object data type. For nan-atani Jrotina parsing, uso “"pd.to datetime’ after “‘pdexgad_cov'*, To parse an index or column with a minture of timezenas, spocity “‘date_parser’” x0 be a partially-applied *pandas.to_datetine’ vith ““utcsTrue’". See 10.csv.mixed_Cimozones’ for more. Motor A fast-path oxints for eeG601-formatted dat infer_datetine format + bool, defwult False TF True and ‘parse dates’ is enabled, pandas will attenpt to infer the format of the datetine strings in the columns, and if it can be inferred, awitch to a faster method of parsing then. In sone cases this can increase the parsing speed by S=10x. kesp_datecol + bool, default Palos Te True and ‘parse dates’ specifies combining multiple coluans then keep the original colunna. date_parser : function, optional Function to use for converting a sequence of string columns to an array of Gatetine instances. The default uses ‘“dateutil.parser.parsor™ to do tho conversion. Pandas will try ta call ‘date paraar’ in threo different ways; advancing te the next if an exception occure: 1] Pass one or more arreys (aa defined by ‘parse _dates’) as arguments: 2) concatenate {row-wise) the string values from the colunns defined by ‘parse dates’ into a single array and pass that and 3) call ‘date parser’ once for each row using one or nore strings (corresponding to the columns defined by ‘pares dates’) arpingnta. daytirat 7 bool, default False DD/MH format dates, international and European format. cache dates : boolean, default True If True, use a cache of unique, converted dates to apply the datetine conversion. May produce signifieant speedeup unen parsing duplicate date strings, sapacially ones with tinerone offsets, Return TeatPileReader object for iteration or getting chunks with get_ehunk () chunkslze”s dnt, opthonal Return TextFileReader object for iteration. See the “10 Tools docs chvtp!//pandas. pydata .org/pandas-docs/stablefio-ntmi #lo-chunking>"__ for more information on iterator’ ’ and \ chunkeize compression + ('infert, ‘gzip’, ‘be2', ‘zip’, ‘xst, Hone), default tint For on-the-fly decompression of on-disk data. If ‘infer’ and ‘filepath or buffer” da path-Likes then detect compression fron the Following extensions: *.gz", ‘.br2*, ‘.rip', or *.xz" (otherwise no decoapression). If using ‘zip', the Z1P file must contain only one data file te ba read in. Set to lone for no decompression. se wersionadded: : 0. 2 aupport for ‘rip’ and ‘xz’ compression. thousands ste, optional Thousands separator. ‘ate, default *.* Character to recognize aa decimal point (e Lineterminater + str Uength 1), optional Character to break file into lines. Only valid with ¢ parser. quotechar : str (length 1}, optional The character used to denote the start and end of a quoted item. Quoted items can include the delimiter and it will be ignored. quoting + int or cev-QUOTE * instance, default 0 Control field quoting behavior per ‘‘cav.QUOHE_**' constants. Use one of QUOTE MIRLIMAL (0), QUOTE ALL (1), QUOTE_NONWUMERIC (2) oF QUOTE NONE (3). Goublequote 1 bool, default ~ "True nen quotechar Ls specified and quoting 1s not "QUOTE NONE"-, Indicate Whether oF nat to interpret two consseutive quoteehar Glenanta INSIDE field as a aingla ‘“quetschar’’ elesent. eacapechar z etr (Length 1}, optional One-character string used to escope other characters. comment : ate, optional Indicates remainder of line should not be parsed. If found at the beginning of a line, the line will be ignored altogether. This parameter must be a aingke character. Like empty Lines (az long as "'kip blank lines~True’ "hy fully comented Lines are ignored by the parameter “header” but not by “skiprows". For exasple, if “‘conment='1!'", porsing fespty\na,b,c\nl.2,3°* with ““headers0"* will result in tasbsc* being treated az the heador. encoding t atz, optional Encoding to use for UTP when reading/welting (ox, "utf-O"}. “List of Python standard encodings shttpst //docs. python.org/3/Library/codecs.htaldstandard-encodings>'_ dialect : #tr or cev.Dialect, optional Tf provided, this paranater will everride values (default or not) for the following parameters: “delimiter”, “doublequote’, ‘eseapechar’, skipinitialapace’, “quotachar™, And ‘quoting’. If it is nacasaary te override values, a ParserHarning will be issued, See cav.Dialect docunentation for more details, error_bad lines : bool, default True tines with too many fields (e.g. a csv line with too many conmas} vill by default cause an exception to bs raised, and no DataFrama will be returned. Tf False, then those "bad Lines" will dropped from the DataFrone that is returned, warn_bad_lines + bool, default Tru use ',* for European data). ) is True, @ warning for each ‘WILL be output. ee: beol, default False Specitie vhethec ot nok whitespace (0g. "°F 877 98 18 8p WiLL aed an the sep. Equivalent to setting *'sop-‘\o+*"", TE this option is set to True, nothing should be pasged in for the ‘delimiter parameter. + Worakonadéed: © 0. 1 support for the Python parser. low _menory : bool, default true internally process the file in chunks, resulting in lower menory use while parsing, but possibly mixed type inference. To ensure no mixed types oither set False, of specify the type with the “dtype” parameter Note that the entire file is read inte a single DataPrane regardless, se the “chuoksise” or ‘iterstor” parameter to retwrn the data in chinks. (only valid with ¢ pazser). menory_nap : bool, default False Ak Lemp as poUvsUe Lok LLLep oh URN my nt aaa MyeeL Girectly onto mansey and access the data directly from there. Using this option can inprove pestormance because there iv ne longer any 1/0 overhead. float_precision : str, optional ‘Spocifies which converter the C engine should use for floating-point values. ‘The options are ‘None’ for the ordinary converter, igh” for the high-precision converter, and “round trip” for the round-teip converter. Returna DataFrane or TextParser A commasseparated values (esv) file is returned as tvondimensional data structure with labeled axes. see Also Eo_csv t Write DataFramo to a comarsoparated valuos (csv) file. read_cav 1 Read a comma-separated values (csv) file into OataFrano. esd fuf ¢ Road a table of fixed-width formatted lines into DataFrame. Exasples >>> pd.read_csv(‘data.cev') # doctest: +3KIP In he det funk, ¥) In (261+ welt, x yA def add (net): print ("addition 2", self.x + self.yb deg subteets) + PEAnt(*Gibtraction 2", self. Ley a= cai(3, 4) a.add() ‘alaub() Addition : 7 Subtraction A date in Python is not a data type of its own, but we can import a module named datetime to work with dates as date abjects, Peane (x) 2020-02+25 19205:00.483050 import datetime print (e.moath print (e.¢ay) print Ue 12 (MRAP) ) Print (x ateftime ("8d") } 2020 2 uesday Other Date Formats 1+ Sa Wookay, short version Wed {%A Weekday. fall version Wednesday ‘iw Weekday as a number 0-6, O%s Sunday 3 %4 Day of month 04-31 31 ‘kb Month name, short version Bec 568 Month name, full version December Sim Month 98.0 number 01-12 12 ‘uy Year, short version, withaut contury 18 S6Y Yoor, fll version 2018 SH Hove 00-23 17 ‘et Hour 00-12 05 Sp AMPA PM eM Minute 00-59 41 4S Second 00-50 08 Sf Nicrosecond 000000-980909 548513 ‘kz UTC offsat +0100 2 Timezone CST ‘+ SU Week nuriber of year, Sunday as the fist day of weak, 00-59 62 '*SiW Weok number of year, Monday as the fit day of week, 00-53 52 ‘+ Sic Local version of date and time Mon Dec 31 17:41:00 2018 ‘+ Sx Local ersion of dato 1231/18. ‘+ %X Local version of time 47:41:00 + 896 A % character 9 A RegEx, or Regular Expression, is a sequence of characters that forms a search pattern. RegEx can be used to check if a string contains the specified search pattern. pyects Meta Characters ‘+ [A set of characters te-m|* \ Signals a special soquonce (ean also be used to escape special charactors) "a Any character (except newiine character) Starts with “*helleT “dollar sign” Ends: with ‘sar sign’ Zoro or more occurrences “ai” ‘One or more occurrences “aie” (Exactly the specified number of eccurrences *alf2)" Ether or “as{tays™ + (Capture and group Built-in Function Fecal Retums. a ist containing all matches search Retums a Match object theres 2 match anyahere inthe string spit Retums a lst where the string has been spit at each match sub Replaces one or many matches witha string Special Characters ‘+ WRotums 2 match if the specified characters are atthe baginning of the string "The 15 Wh Returns a maten where the specified charactors are at the boginning eal tho end of a word Main"rainly” \B Rotums.a match where the specified characters are present, bul NOT at the beginning (or at the end) of a word -\Bain* rans" \d Returns @ match where the string contains digits (numbers rom 0-9) "a" \O Returns a raich where the string DOES NOT contain digits “OD” \S Retums a match where the string contains a whilo space character "s" 1S Rotuing a match whore the sting DOES NOT contain a white space charactor "S* \w Returns a match where the string contains any word characters (characters from a to Z. digs from 0-9, and the underscore __ chacacter) "wr" |W Retums a mateh whore tne string DOES NOT cantain any word charactors "Wr" '* 2 Returns a match i the specified characters are at the end ofthe sting “Spalin\2" sets [orn] Returns a match where one of the specified characters (a. r. orn) are present [ern] Returns a maten for ary Inver ease character, alphabetely between 2 and [Pam] Returns a match for any character EXCEPT a, ¢, and n [0123] Retums a match where any of the specified digits (0, 1,2, oF3) are present [0-9] Roturns a match for any digit betwoen 0 and 9 [0-S][0-9] Returns. match for any two-digit rurnbers from 00-00 69 [aeziz} Ret a match for any character alphabetically between a and z,iower case OR upper case [+] Insets, +,*.. J (8.0 has no special meaning, s0 [+] means: retum a match for any + character in the str str = "the rain in Spain Iali("ai", atz) str = “The cain in Spa X= re.search("\s", str) ce character 4s print ("The feat white: ed In position:™, x.atare ()) The first waite-space character is located in position: 3 Amport re x= reeplitt print (x) U'fhet) feainty “n'y 'Speint) import re ote = “The rain x= ee aub(m\e" print (*) Thesealnoingspain amport re ate ~ "The rain in Spain" X= re-searoh(c"\bS\wt", str) print (x-spanQ) az, 17) an ait Y printing the group where Amport re ate = “the rain dn spain w= resgearch(c"\bS\wi", ete) pEint (x.graup0)) Spain in [Mls xx = *quru99, education Ls fun" sh = re, Eindall (e"*\¥*, 2) print (rl) ren) An 130 sx = Tgurui9, education Ls fun" 1 = re. findall (e"*\we", ee) print (rl) [*gueu99") feds rogex = * dag chock (email) AM, 3) 98" (pass the sequalar expsession f and the string in search() method Af (research (regex, email): peine(*Valid Email") alas: print ("Invalid Baal") functional Programming def function tnd: ec dat functions return 3 dat function@iay be alt z= function? (y) a = functions (2) B= funetiond (a) setaes b in 011 alli) ue (22) 36.0 In (3215 a1 195) our12) Q1. Write a Python program which accepts the radius of a circle from the user and compute the area 2. Write a Python program which accepts a sequence of comma-separated numbers from user and generate a list and a tuple with those numbers Q3. Write a Python program to display the first and last colors from the following list. Q4. Write a Python program that accepts an integer (n) and computes the value of nénnénnn Q5. Write a Python program to get the valume of a sphere with radius 6. is within 100 of 1000 or 2000, Q6. Write a Python program to test whether a numb Q7. Write a Python program to count the number 4 in a given list. Q8.Write a Python program to test whether a passed letter is a vowel or not. Q3. Write a Python program to concatenate all elements in a t into a string and return it, Q10. Write a Python program to print out a set containing all the colors from color_list_1 which are not present in color_list_2 color ist_1 = selWhite, Black", "Red colorist ‘SallfRed", "Green"]) Q11. Write a Python program that will accept the base and height of a triangle and compute the area, Q12. Write a Python program to compute the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two positive integers. Q13. Write a Python program to get the least common multiple (LCM) of two positive integers Q14, Write a Python program to solve (x+y) * (x+y). hg Write a Python program to compute the distance between the points (x1, y1) and (x2, 16. Write a python program to find the sum of the first n positive integers. Q17. Reverse a String Q18, Swap two Numbers Q19, Write a command to get the documentation of numpy module. Q20. Write a Python program to find the available built-in modules. Q1. Take a User Input and Print the Fibonacci Series until that number Hint: inpet> 2 Output> 0.1 2 Q2. Take a User Input and find the Cumulative sum until that number Hint: inputios Oupuetezeaeaes = 15 Q3. Take a User Input and find the factorial of that number Hin opus Outputs 12945 = 120 Q4. Take a User Input and rerurn the Inverse of that number Hint input Output Q5. Take User's Name as input and Greet that User Hint Input > Roshan Quiput-> Hi Rochan!, Hope your Day ie good. Q6. Clean the String: $ 50 M to 50 Hint: ipod» String: '§ 0 MF Output.» Numba 60 Q7. Take First Name, Middle Name and Last Name from the User and Return the Full Name Hink Input > Amar lnguta-> Singh Input3> Chauhan Ouiput- Amar Sirah Shovhan Q8. Take a List and Compute the Sum, Average, Standard deviation, median, maximum and minimum values Hin: Inout (2.8.8, 8, 8.7.4] Quiput> Sum 43 Avorage: 487 Standard Deviation: 7 Median: 7 Max: 8 Min: 2 Q9. Take a Number and check whether a number is Prime or not Hist Input'>9 Output-> Not Prime Input.>1 1 OutputPrie Q10. Take a Number and Return the Table of that Number Hint: Input->2 Outpt 2,4, 8,8, 10, 12.14, 18, 18,20 Lists Write a Python program to sum all the items in a list. Write a Python program to multiplies all the items in a list. Write a Python program to remove duplicates from a list Write a Python program to generate all permutations of a list in Python import itertools Dictionary Write a Python script to sort (ascending and descending) a di Input: (a: 96, b 89, c: 78) Output a, b,c Write a Python script to add a key toa dictionary. Sample Dicionary : (0:10, 1:20} Expected esuit : (0:10, 4:20, 2:30) Write a Python script to concatenate following dictionaries to create a new one. Sample Dictionary ;dict={1:10, 2:20) dicd=(8:30, 440} dic¥-(5:50,6:60} Expected Resull (1; 10, 2:20, 9:90, 4:40, 6: 60,6: 60) Write a Python script to check whether a given key already exists in a dictionary. Input: (89, b:00,c:88} check fore Write a Python program to iterate over dictionaries using for laops and add the values Input: (8:20, 8:70, 90) Output: 180 Write a Python script to generate and print a dictionary that contains a number (between 1 and 1h) in the form (x, x") ‘Sample Dictionary ( n= §) : Expected Output : (11, 2:4, 4:18, 5:28)

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