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Lecture Ch4 ProcessingHW

The document describes the key components inside the system unit of a computer, including the motherboard, processor, memory, and buses that connect components. It explains how the processor functions through a control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and machine cycle. Binary digits are used to represent data in computers, with bytes made up of 8 bits allowing 256 combinations to represent characters.

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gladstone sekley
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15 views

Lecture Ch4 ProcessingHW

The document describes the key components inside the system unit of a computer, including the motherboard, processor, memory, and buses that connect components. It explains how the processor functions through a control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and machine cycle. Binary digits are used to represent data in computers, with bytes made up of 8 bits allowing 256 combinations to represent characters.

Uploaded by

gladstone sekley
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

The Components of
the System Unit
Today
• The System Unit
• Motherboard
• CPU
• Control Unit
• ALU
• Machine Cycle
• System Clock
• Data Representation
• Memory
The System Unit
What is the system unit?
 Case that contains electronic components of the
computer used to process data

p. 134 Fig. 4-1 Next


The System Unit
What are common components inside the system unit?
power supply drive bays

 Processor
 Memory processor
 Adapter cards
 Sound card
ports memory
 Video card
 Ports
 Power supply

video card sound card

p. 135 Fig. 4-2 Next


The System Unit
What is the motherboard?
 Main circuit
board in system
unit
 Contains adapter
cards, processor
chips, and
memory modules

p. 136 Fig. 4-3 Next


The System Unit
What is a chip?
 Small piece of semi-conducting
material on which integrated
circuits are etched
 Integrated circuits contain
many microscopic
pathways capable of
carrying electrical current

Intel’s first processor


 Chips are packaged so
they can be attached to a
circuit board

p. 136 Next
Processor

What is the central processing unit (CPU)?


 Interprets and carries Processor
out basic instructions Control Arithmetic
that operate a computer Unit Logic Unit (ALU)

 Control unit directs and


coordinates operations in
computer
 Arithmetic logic unit
(ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison,
and logical operations
 Also called the processor or
the ―brains of the computer‖

p. 137 Fig. 4-4


Processor
What is a machine cycle?
 Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine cycle
Step 1. Fetch
Obtain program instruction
or data item from memory

Memory
Step 2.
Step 4. Store Decode
Write result to memory Translate
instruction into
Processor commands
ALU Control Unit
Step 3. Execute
Carry out command

p. 138 Fig. 4-5 Next


Processor
What is the system clock?
 Controls timing of all computer operations
 Generates regular electronic pulses, or ticks, that set
operating pace of components of system unit

Pace of system
clock is clock speed
Most clock speeds are
in the gigahertz (GHz)
range (1 GHz = one
billion ticks of system
clock per second)

p. 138 Next
Processor
Which processor should you select?
 It is a tough decision – there are many to choose from

Intel AMD
Celeron D Budget variety – Sempron Budget variety
single core Athlon 64 true 64-bit
Pentium 4 Single core Athlon 64 FX better
Pentium D Dual core performance
Pentium M Mobile, single Athlon 64 X2 Dual core
core Turion Mobile
Core 2
Core 2 Duo Dual core
Core
p. 139 2 Quad 4 core
Morse code

A .- N -. 0 -----
B -... O --- 1 .----
C -.-. P .--. 2 ..---
D -.. Q --.- 3 ...--
E . R .-. 4 ....-
F ..-. S ... 5 .....
G --. T - 6 -....
H .... U ..- 7 --...
I .. V ...- 8 ---..
J .--- W .-- 9 ----.
K -.- X -..-
L .-.. Y -.-- Comma --..--
M -- Z --..
Data Representation
How do computers represent data? Binary Decimal
 Computers are digital 0 0
1 1
 Recognize only two discrete states: 10 2
on or off 11 3
 Similar to dots and dashes used in 100 4
Morse code 101 5
110 6
 Use Number system with two 111 7
unique digits: 0 and 1. Use a 1000 8
binary system to recognize two 1001 9

states 1010 10

 A bit is short for binary digits


p. 140 Fig. 4-6
Data Representation

What is a byte?

 Eight bits

 Provides enough different


combinations of 0s and 1s to
represent 256 individual
characters

p. 140 Fig. 4-7 Next


Data Representation

What are two popular coding systems to represent data?

 ASCII—American Standard Code


for Information Interchange

 EBCDIC—Extended Binary Coded Decimal


Interchange Code

p. 140 Fig. 4-8 Next


ASCII code Binary Decimal Hex
Binary Decimal Hex 0100 1110 78 4E N
0100 1111 79 4F O
0100 0001 65 41 A
0101 0000 80 50 P
0100 0010 66 42 B
0101 0001 81 51 Q
0100 0011 67 43 C
0101 0010 82 52 R
0100 0100 68 44 D
0101 0011 83 53 S
0100 0101 69 45 E
0101 0100 84 54 T
0100 0110 70 46 F
0101 0101 85 55 U
0100 0111 71 47 G
0101 0110 86 56 V
0100 1000 72 48 H
0101 0111 87 57 W
0100 1001 73 49 I
0101 1000 88 58 X
0100 1010 74 4A J
0101 1001 89 59 Y
0100 1011 75 4B K
0101 1010 90 5A Z
0100 1100 76 4C L
0100 1101 77 4D M
Memory
What is memory?
 Electronic components that
store instructions, data, and
results

 Each byte stored


in unique location
called an address,
similar to seats
in a concert hall

p. 142 Fig. 4-10 Next


Memory
How is memory measured?
 By number of bytes available for storage

Term Abbreviation Approximate Size


Kilobyte KB or K 1 thousand bytes
Megabyte MB 1 million bytes
Gigabyte GB 1 billion bytes
Terabyte TB 1 trillion bytes

p. 142 Fig. 4-11 Next


Buses
What is a bus?
 Channel that allows devices
inside and attached to the
computer to communicate
with each other
 System bus connects processor
and RAM
 Bus width determines number
of bits transmitted at one time

 32-bit or 64-bit

p. 151 Fig. 4-24 Next


Processor comparison
Computer 1 Computer 2 Computer 3
Company making
computer
Company making
CPU
CPU type

Memory
capacity
32- or 64-bit?
Single- or
Dual-core?
Processor comparison (con’t)
Computer 4 Computer 5 Computer 6
Company making
computer
Company making
CPU
CPU type
Memory
capacity
32- or 64-bit?
Single- or
Dual-core?

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