MINOR PROJECT

ON
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN LED INDUSTRY
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
DR. APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY
SESSION 2021 -2022

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF SUBMITTED BY

MR. YOGENDRA MANI TRIPATHI SWETA TIWARI
ROLL NO. PREERN210015826
MBA IST SEMESTER

FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

HCPG COLLEGE, BAWAN BEEGHA
 MINOR PROJECT
ON
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN LED INDUSTRY

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

DR. APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY
SESSION 2021 -2022

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF SUBMITTED BY

MR. YOGENDRA MANI TRIPATHI SWETA TIWARI
ROLL NO. PREERN210015826
MBA IST SEMESTER

FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

HCPG COLLEGE, BAWAN BEEGHA
 CERTIFICATE

I Student of MBA I ST

Semester at FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY, HARISH

CHANDRA PG COLLEGE. VARANASI, Hear by certify that Report entitled

Has been prepared by me and is based on my own work.

( )
SIGNATURE

NAME:

ROLL NO. :

COUNTER SIGNED

DIRECTOR
 DECLARATION

SWETA TIWARI, STUDENT OF FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT &

TECHNOLOGY HCPG COLLEGE VARANASI , 2021-2022 Batch declare that every
part of project report STUDY OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN LED
INDUSTRY that I have submitted is original and prepared by me . This report has not
been submitted anywhere else.

NAME: SWETA TIWARI

ROLL NO. : PREERN210015826
M.B.A IST SEMESTER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am sincerely thankful to all those people who have been giving me any kind of assistance in
the making of this project report. I express my gratitude to Mr. Yogendra Mani Tripathi, who
has through her vast experience andknowledge has been able to guide me, both ably and
successfully towards the completion of the project.

I express my gratitude, Faculty of management and Technology HCPG College Varanasi.

I would hereby, make most of the opportunity by expressing my sincerest thanks to all my
faculties whose teachings gave me conceptual understanding and clarity of comprehension,
which ultimately made my job easier.

Credit also goes to all my friends whose encouragement kept me in good stead. Their
continuous support has given me the strength and confidence to complete the project without
any difficulty.

Last of all but not the least I would like to acknowledge my gratitude to the respondents
without whom this survey would have been incomplete.

NAME : SWETA TIWARI

ROLL NO. : PREERN210015826
M.B.A IST SEMESTER
 PREFACE

Master of business administration (MBA) is one of the most reputed professional courses in
fields of management. This course includes both theory and application part in form of the
two months training required undergoing in an organization Summer training report is an
outcome of the exercise by means of which student learn a lot of things which can't be taught
in the class of room. During the summer training, students come to know about the principal
& practices of management and their application in real working condition in an organization.

In this project we also apply research methodology, the interpretation & analysis of the
questionnaire gives the final result & conclusion.
 HISTORY OF THE LIGHT BULB

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE LIGHT BULB

The electric light, one of the everyday conveniences that most affects our lives, was not
“invented” in the traditional sense in 1879 by Thomas Alva Edison, although he could be said
to have created the first commercially practical incandescent light. He was neither the first
nor the only person trying to invent an incandescent light bulb. In fact, some historians claim
there were over 20 inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Edison’s version. However,
Edison is often credited with the invention because his version was able to outstrip the earlier
versions because of a combination of three factors: an effective incandescent material, a
higher vacuum than others were able to achieve and a high resistance that made power
distribution from a centralized source economically viable.

EARLY LIGHT BULBS

In 1802, Humphry Davy invented the first electric light. He experimented with electricity and
invented an electric battery. When he connected wires to his battery and a piece of carbon,
the carbon glowed, producing light. His invention was known as the Electric Arc lamp. And
while it produced light, it didn’t produce it for long and was much too bright for practical use.

Over the next seven decades, other inventors also created “light bulbs” but no designs
emerged for commerical application. More notably, in 1840, British scientist Warren de la
Rue enclosed a coiled platinum filament in a vacuum tube and passed an electric current
through it. The design was based on the concept that the high melting point of platinum
would allow it to operate at high temperatures and that the evacuated chamber would contain
fewer gas molecules to react with the platinum, improving its longevity. Although an
efficient design, the cost of the platinum made it impractical for commercial production.
In 1850 an English physicist named Joseph Wilson Swan created a “light bulb” by enclosing
carbonized paper filaments in an evacuated glass bulb. And by 1860 he had a working
prototype, but the lack of a good vacuum and an adequate supply of electricity resulted in a
bulb whose lifetime was much too short to be considered an effective prodcer of light.
However, in the 1870’s better vacuum pumps became available and Swan continued
experiments on light bulbs. In 1878, Swan developed a longer lasting light bulb using a
treated cotton thread that also removed the problem of early bulb blackening.

On July 24, 1874 a Canadian patent was filed by a Toronto medical electrician named Henry

Woodward and a colleague Mathew Evans. They built their lamps with different sizes and
shapes of carbon rods held between electrodes in glass cylinders filled with nitrogen.
Woodward and Evans attempted to commercialize their lamp, but were unsuccessful. They
eventually sold their patent to Edison in 1879.

THOMAS EDISON AND THE “FIRST” LIGHT BULB

In 1878, Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent
lamp and on October 14, 1878, Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement In
Electric Lights". However, he continued to test several types of material for metal filaments
to improve upon his original design and by Nov 4, 1879, he filed another U.S. patent for an
electric lamp using "a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected ... to platina contact
wires."
Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including using
"cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways," it was not until several
months after the patent was granted that Edison and his team discovered that a carbonized
bamboo filament could last over 1200 hours.

This discovery marked the beginning of commerically manufactured light bulbs and in 1880,
Thomas Edison’s company, Edison Electric Light Company begain marketing its new
product.

Original carbon-filament bulb from Thomas Edison.

Other Notable Dates

 1906 - The General Electric Company were the first to patent a method of making
tungsten filaments for use in incandescent lightbulbs. Edison himself had known
tungsten would eventually prove to be the best choice for filaments in incandescent
light bulbs, but in his day, the machinery needed to produce the wire in such a fine
form was not available.

 1910 - William David Coolidge of General Electric improved the process of

manufacture to make the longest lasting tungsten filaments

 1920s - The first frosted lightbulb is produced and adjustable power beam bulbs for
car headlamps, and neon lighting.

 1930s - The thirties saw the invention of little one-time flashbulbs for photography,
and the fluorescent tanning lamp.

 1940s - The first ’soft light’ incandescent bulbs.

 1950s - Quartz glass and halogen light bulb are produced.

  1980s – New low wattage metal halides are created

 1990s – Long life bulbs and Compact Fluorescent bulbs make their debut.

The Future of the “First” Light Bulb?

Modern incandescent bulbs are not energy efficient – less than 10% of electrical power
supplied to the bulb is converted into visible light. The remaining energy is lost as heat.
However these inefficient light bulbs are still widely used today due to many advantages such
as:

 wide, low-cost availability

 easy incorporation into electrical systems
 adaptable for small systems
 low voltage operation, such as in battery powered devices
 wide shape and size availability

More than 150 years ago, inventors began working on a bright idea that would have a
dramatic impact on how we use energy in our homes and offices. This invention changed the
way we design buildings, increased the length of the average workday and jumpstarted new
businesses. It also led to new energy breakthroughs -- from power plants and electric
transmission lines to home appliances and electric motors.

Like all great inventions, the light bulb can’t be credited to one inventor. It was a series of
small improvements on the ideas of previous inventors that have led to the light bulbs we use
in our homes today.

INCANDESCENT BULBS LIGHT THE WAY

Long before Thomas Edison patented -- first in 1879 and then a year later in 1880 -- and
began commercializing his incandescent light bulb, British inventors were demonstrating that
electric light was possible with the arc lamp. In 1835, the first constant electric light was
demonstrated, and for the next 40 years, scientists around the world worked on the
incandescent lamp, tinkering with the filament (the part of the bulb that produces light when
heated by an electrical current) and the bulb’s atmosphere (whether air is vacuumed out of
the bulb or it is filled with an inert gas to prevent the filament from oxidizing and burning
out). These early bulbs had extremely short lifespans, were too expensive to produce or used
too much energy.

When Edison and his researchers at Menlo Park came onto the lighting scene, they focused
on improving the filament -- first testing carbon, then platinum, before finally returning to a
carbon filament. By October 1879, Edison’s team had produced a light bulb with a
carbonized filament of uncoated cotton thread that could last for 14.5 hours. They continued
to experiment with the filament until settling on one made from bamboo that gave
Edison’s lamps a lifetime of up to 1,200 hours -- this filament became the standard for the
Edison bulb for the next 10 years. Edison also made other improvements to the light bulb,
including creating a better vacuum pump to fully remove the air from the bulb and
developing the Edison screw (what is now the standard socket fittings for light bulbs).

(Historical footnote: One can’t talk about the history of the light bulb without mentioning
William Sawyer and Albon Man, who received a U.S. patent for the incandescent lamp, and
Joseph Swan, who patented his light bulb in England. There was debate on whether Edison’s
light bulb patents infringed on these other inventors’ patents. Eventually Edison’s U.S.
lighting company merged with the Thomson-Houston Electric Company -- the company
making incandescent bulbs under the Sawyer-Man patent -- to form General Electric, and
Edison’s English lighting company merged with Joseph Swan’s company to form Ediswan in
England.)

What makes Edison’s contribution to electric lighting so extraordinary is that he didn’t stop

with improving the bulb -- he developed a whole suite of inventions that made the use of light
bulbs practical. Edison modeled his lighting technology on the existing gas lighting system.
In 1882 with the Holborn Viaduct in London, he demonstrated that electricity could be
distributed from a centrally located generator through a series of wires and tubes (also called
conduits). Simultaneously, he focused on improving the generation of electricity, developing
the first commercial power utility called the Pearl Street Station in lower Manhattan. And to
track how much electricity each customer was using; Edison developed the first electric
meter.

While Edison was working on the whole lighting system, other inventors were continuing to
make small advances, improving the filament manufacturing process and the efficiency of the
bulb. The next big change in the incandescent bulb came with the invention of the tungsten
filament by European inventors in 1904. These new tungsten filament bulbs lasted longer and
had a brighter light compared to the carbon filament bulbs. In 1913, Irving Langmuir figured
out that placing an inert gas like nitrogen inside the bulb doubled its efficiency. Scientists
continued to make improvements over the next 40 years that reduced the cost and increased
the efficiency of the incandescent bulb. But by the 1950s, researchers still had only figured
out how to convert about 10 percent of the energy the incandescent bulb used into light and
began to focus their energy on other lighting solutions.
 ENERGY SHORTAGES LEAD TO FLUORESCENT
BREAKTHROUGHS

In the 19th century, two Germans -- glassblower Heinrich Geissler and physician Julius
Plücker -- discovered that they could produce light by removing almost all of the air from a
long glass tube and passing an electrical current through it, an invention that became known
as the Geissler tube. A type of discharge lamp, these lights didn’t gain popularity until the
early 20th century when researchers began looking for a way to improve lighting efficiency.
Discharge lamps became the basis of many lighting technologies, including neon lights, low-
pressure sodium lamps (the type used in outdoor lighting such as streetlamps) and fluorescent
lights.

Both Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla experimented with fluorescent lamps in the 1890s, but
neither ever commercially produced them. Instead, it was Peter Cooper Hewitt’s
breakthrough in the early 1900s that became one of the precursors to the fluorescent lamp.
Hewitt created a blue-green light by passing an electric current through mercury vapor and
incorporating a ballast (a device connected to the light bulb that regulates the flow of current
through the tube). While the Cooper Hewitt lamps were more efficient than incandescent
bulbs, they had few suitable uses because of the color of the light.

By the late 1920s and early 1930s, European researchers were doing experiments with neon
tubes coated with phosphors (a material that absorbs ultraviolet light and converts the
invisible light into useful white light). These findings sparked fluorescent lamp research
programs in the U.S., and by the mid and late 1930s, American lighting companies were
demonstrating fluorescent lights to the U.S. Navy and at the 1939 New York World’s Fair.
These lights lasted longer and were about three times more efficient than incandescent bulbs.
The need for energy-efficient lighting American war plants led to the rapid adoption of
fluorescents, and by 1951, more light in the U.S. was being produced by linear fluorescent
lamps.

It was another energy shortage -- the 1973 oil crisis -- that caused lighting engineers to
develop a fluorescent bulb that could be used in residential applications. In 1974, researchers
at Sylvania started investigating how they could miniaturize the ballast and tuck it into the
lamp. While they developed a patent for their bulb, they couldn’t find a way to produce it
feasibly. Two years later in 1976, Edward Hammer at General Electric figured out how to
bend the fluorescent tube into a spiral shape, creating the first compact fluorescent light
(CFL). Like Sylvania, General Electric shelved this design because the new machinery
needed to mass-produce these lights was too expensive.

Early CFLs hit the market in the mid-1980s at retail prices of $25-35, but prices could vary
widely by region because of the different promotions carried out by utility companies.
Consumers pointed to the high price as their number one obstacle in purchasing CFLs. There
were other problems -- many CFLs of 1990 were big and bulky, they didn’t fit well into
fixtures, and they had low light output and inconsistent performance. Since the 1990s,
improvements in CFL performance, price, efficiency (they use about 75 percent less energy
than incandescent) and lifetime (they last about 10 times longer) have made them a viable
option for both renters and homeowners. Nearly 30 years after CFLs were first introduced on
the market, an ENERGY STAR® CFL costs as little as $1.74 per bulb when purchased in a
four-pack.

LEDS: THE FUTURE IS HERE

One of the fastest developing lighting technologies today is the light-emitting diode (or

LED). A type of solid-state lighting, LEDs use a semiconductor to convert electricity into
light, are often small in area (less than 1 square millimetre) and emit light in a specific
direction, reducing the need for reflectors and diffusers that can trap light.

They are also the most efficient lights on the market. Also called luminous efficacy, a light
bulb’s efficiency is a measure of emitted light (lumens) divided by power it draws (watts). A
bulb that is 100 percent efficient at converting energy into light would have an efficacy of
683 lm/W. To put this in context, a 60- to 100-watt incandescent bulb has an efficacy of 15
lm/W, an equivalent CFL has an efficacy of 73 lm/W, and current LED-based replacement
bulbs on the market range from 70-120 lm/W with an average efficacy of 85 lm/W.

In 1962 while working for General Electric, Nick Holonyak, Jr., invented the first visible-
spectrum LED in the form of red diodes. Pale yellow and green diodes were invented next.
As companies continued to improve red diodes and their manufacturing, they began
appearing.

WHAT ARE THE KEY FACTS?

Like all great inventions, the light bulb can’t be credited to one inventor.

It was a series of small improvements on the ideas of previous inventors that have led to the
light bulbs we use in our homes today.
 LED LAMP

LED light bulb

A 230-volt LED light

bulb with an E27 base

(10 watts, 806 lumens,

3000 Kelvins)

Type LED, Light bulb

A 230-volt LED filament light bulb, with an E27 base. The filaments are visible as the eight
yellow vertical lines.
 An assortment of LED lamps commercially available in 2010: floodlight fixtures (left),
reading light (center), household lamps (center right and bottom), and low-power accent light
(right) applications

An 80W Chips on board (COB) LED module from an industrial light luminaire, thermally

bonded to the heat sink

An LED lamp or LED light bulb is an electric light that produces light using light-emitting

diodes (LEDs). LED lamps are significantly more energy-efficient than
equivalent incandescent lamps and can be significantly more efficient than most fluorescent
lamps.[1][2][3] The most efficient commercially available LED lamps have efficiencies of 200
lumens per watt (Lm/W). Commercial LED lamps have a lifespan many times longer than
incandescent lamps.

LED lamps require an electronic LED driver circuit to operate from mains power lines, and
losses from this circuit means that the efficiency of the lamp is lower than the efficiency of
the LED chips it uses. The driver circuit may require special features to be compatible with
lamp dimmers intended for use on incandescent lamps. Generally, the current waveform
contains some amount of distortion, depending on the luminaires’ technology.

The LED lamp market is projected to grow from $75.8 billion in 2020 and increasing to $160
billion in 2026.

LEDs come to full brightness immediately with no warm-up delay. Frequent switching on
and off does not reduce life expectancy as with fluorescent lighting. Light output decreases
gradually over the lifetime of the LED (see Efficiency droop section).
Some LED lamps are drop-in replacements for incandescent or fluorescent lamps. LED
lamps may use multiple LED packages for improved light dispersal, heat dissipation, and
overall cost. The text on retail LED lamp packaging may show the light output in lumens,
the power consumption in watts, the color temperature in Kelvin or a color description such
as "warm white", "cool white" or "daylight", the operating temperature range, and sometimes
the equivalent wattage of an incandescent lamp delivering the same output in lumens.
 HISTORY

Illustration of Haitz's law, showing improvement in light output per LED over time, with a
logarithmic scale on the vertical axis

Before the introduction of LED lamps, three types of lamps were used for the bulk of general
(white) lighting:

 Incandescent lights, which produce light with a glowing filament heated by

electric current. These are very inefficient, having a luminous efficacy of 10–17
lumens/W, and also have a short lifetime of 1000 hours. They are being phased
out of general lighting applications. Incandescent lamps produce a
continuous black body spectrum of light similar to sunlight, and so produce
high Color rendering index (CRI).

 Fluorescent lamps, which produce ultraviolet light by a glow discharge between

two electrodes in a low pressure tube of mercury vapor, which is converted to
visible light by a fluorescent coating on the inside of the tube. These are more
efficient than incandescent lights, having a luminous efficacy of around 60
lumens/W, and have a longer lifetime 6,000–15,000 hours, and are widely used
for residential and office lighting. However, their mercury content makes them a
hazard to the environment, and they have to be disposed of as hazardous waste.
  Metal-halide lamps, which produce light by an arc between two electrodes in an
atmosphere of argon, mercury and other metals, and iodine or bromine. These
were the most efficient white electric lights before LEDs, having a luminous
efficacy of 75–100 lumens/W and have a relatively long bulb lifetime of 6,000–
15,000 hours, but because they require a 5–7-minute warmup period before
turning on, are not used for residential lighting, but for commercial and industrial
wide area lighting, and outdoor security lights and streetlights. Like fluorescents,
they also contain hazardous mercury.

Considered as electric energy converters, all these existing lamps are inefficient, emitting
more of their input energy as waste heat than as visible light. Global electric lighting in 1997
consumed 2016 terawatthours of energy. Lighting consumes roughly 12% of electrical energy
produced by industrialized countries. The increasing scarcity of energy resources, and the
environmental costs of producing energy, particularly the discovery of global warming due to
carbon dioxide emitted by the burning of fossil fuels, which are the largest source of energy
for electric power generation, created an increased incentive to develop more energy-efficient
electric lights.

The first low-powered LEDs were developed in the early 1960s, and only produced light in
the low, red frequencies of the spectrum. In 1968, the first commercial LED lamps were
introduced: Hewlett-Packard's LED display, which was developed under Howard C. Borden
and Gerald P. Pighini, and Monsanto Company's LED indicator lamp. However, early LED
lamps were inefficient and could only display deep red colors, making them unsuitable for
general lighting and restricting their usage to numeric displays and indicator lights.
The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia
Corporation in 1994. The existence of blue LEDs and high-efficiency LEDs led to the
development of the first 'white LED', which employed a phosphor coating to partially convert
the emitted blue light to red and green frequencies, creating a light that appears
white. Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Nakamura were later awarded the 2014 Nobel
Prize in Physics for the invention of the blue LED.

China further boosted LED research and development in 1995 and demonstrated its first LED
Christmas tree in 1998. The new LED technology application then became prevalent at the
start of the 21st century by US (Cree) and Japan (Nichia, Panasonic, and Toshiba) and then
starting 2004 by Korea and China (Samsung, Kinson, Solstice, Hoyol, and others.)

In the US, the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 authorized
the Department of Energy (DOE) to establish the Bright Tomorrow Lighting
Prize competition, known as the "L Prize", the first government-sponsored technology
competition designed to challenge industry to develop replacements for 60 W incandescent
lamps and PAR 38 halogen lamps. The EISA legislation established basic requirements and
prize amounts for each of the two competition categories, and authorized up to $20 million in
cash prizes. The competition also included the possibility for winners to obtain federal
purchasing agreements, utility programs, and other incentives. In May 2008, they announced
details of the competition and technical requirements for each category. Lighting products
meeting the competition requirements could use just 17% of the energy used by most
incandescent lamps in use today. That same year the DOE also launched the Energy Star
program for solid-state lighting products. The EISA legislation also authorized an additional
L Prize program for developing a new "21st Century Lamp".

Philips Lighting ceased research on compact fluorescents in 2008 and began devoting the
bulk of its research and development budget to solid-state lighting. On 24 September
2009, Philips Lighting North America became the first to submit lamps in the category to
replace the standard 60 W A-19 "Edison screw fixture" light bulb, with a design based on
their earlier "Ambient LED" consumer product. On 3 August 2011, DOE awarded the prize
in the 60 W replacement category to a Philips LED lamp after 18 months of extensive testing.

Early LED lamps varied greatly in chromaticity from the incandescent lamps they were
replacing. A standard was developed, ANSI C78.377-2008, that specified the recommended
color ranges for solid-state lighting products using cool to warm white LEDs with various
correlated color temperatures. In June 2008, NIST announced the first two standards for
solid-state lighting in the United States. These standards detail performance specifications for
LED light sources and prescribe test methods for solid-state lighting products.

Also, in 2008 in the United States and Canada, the Energy Star program began to label lamps
that meet a set of standards for starting time, life expectancy, color, and consistency of
performance. The intent of the program is to reduce consumer concerns due to variable
quality of products, by providing transparency and standards for the labeling and usability of
products available in the market. Energy Star Certified Light Bulbs is a resource for finding
and comparing Energy Star qualified lamps. A similar program in the United Kingdom (run
by the Energy Saving Trust) was launched to identify lighting products that meet energy
conservation and performance guidelines. Ushio released the first LED filament lamp in
2008. Philips released its first LED lamp in 2009, followed by the world's first 60w
equivalent LED lamp in 2010, and a 75-watt equivalent version in 2011. 

The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) in 2008 published a

documentary standard LM-79, which describes the methods for testing solid-state lighting
products for their light output (lumens), efficacy (lumens per watt) and chromaticity.

As of 2016, in the opinion of Noah Horowitz of the Natural Resources Defense Council, new
standards proposed by the United States Department of Energy would likely mean most light
bulbs used in the future would be LED.

By 2019 electricity usage in the United States had decreased for at least five straight years,
due in part to U.S. electricity consumers replacing incandescent light bulbs with LEDs due to
their energy efficiency and high performance.

EXAMPLES OF EARLY ADOPTION

 LEDs as Christmas illumination in Viborg, Denmark

In 2008 Sentry Equipment Corporation in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, US, was able to light its
new factory interior and exterior almost solely with LEDs. Initial cost was three times that of
a traditional mix of incandescent and fluorescent lamps, but the extra cost was recovered
within two years via electricity savings, and the lamps should not need replacing for 20
years. In 2009 the Manapakkam, Chennai office of the Indian IT company, iGate,
spent ₹3,700,000 (US$80,000) to light 57,000 sq ft (5,300 m2) of office space with LEDs.
The firm expected the new lighting to pay for itself within 5 years.

In 2009 the exceptionally large Christmas tree standing in front of the Turku

Cathedral in Finland was hung with 710 LED lamps, each using 2 watts. It has been
calculated that these LED lamps paid for themselves in three and a half years, even though
the lights run for only 48 days per year.

In 2009 a new highway (A29) was inaugurated in Aveiro, Portugal; it included the first
European public LED-based lighting highway.
By 2010 mass installations of LED lighting for commercial and public uses were becoming
common. LED lamps were used for a number of demonstration projects for outdoor lighting
and LED street lights. The United States Department of Energy made several reports
available on the results of many pilot projects for municipal outdoor lighting, and many
additional streetlight and municipal outdoor lighting projects soon followed.

TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
LED lamps are often made with arrays of surface mount LED modules that replace
incandescent or compact fluorescent lamps, mostly replacing incandescent lamps rated from
5 to 200 watts.

A significant difference from other light sources is that the light is more directional, i.e.,
emitted as a narrower beam.

WHITE LIGHT LEDS

LED lamp used in photography

General-purpose lighting requires a white light, emulating a black body at a specified

temperature, from "warm white" (like an incandescent bulb) at 2700K, to "daylight" at
around 6000K. The first LEDs emitted light in a very narrow band of wavelengths, of a color
characteristic of the energy band gap of the semiconductor material used to make the LED.
LEDs that emit white light are made using two principal methods: either mixing light from
multiple LEDs of various colors, or using a phosphor to convert some of the light to other
colors. The light is not the same as a true black body, giving a different appearance to colors
than an incandescent bulb. Color rendering quality is specified by the CRI, and as of 2019 is
about 80 for many LED bulbs, and over 95 for more expensive high-CRI LED lighting (100
is the ideal value).

RGB or trichromatic white LEDs use multiple LED chips emitting red, green, and blue
wavelengths. These three colors combine to produce white light. The color rendering
index (CRI) is poor, typically 25 – 65, due to the narrow range of wavelengths
emitted. Higher CRI values can be obtained using more than three LED colors to cover a
greater range of wavelengths.
The second basic method uses LEDs in conjunction with a phosphor to
produce complementary colors from a single LED. Some of the light from the LED is
absorbed by the molecules of the phosphor, causing them to fluoresce, emitting light of
another color via the Stokes shift. The most common method is to combine a blue LED with
a yellow phosphor, producing a narrow range of blue wavelengths and a broad band of
"yellow" wavelengths actually covering the spectrum from green to red. The CRI value can
range from less than 70 to over 90, although a wide range of commercial LEDs of this type
have a color rendering index around 82. Following successive increases in efficacy, which
has reached 150 lm/W on a production basis as of 2017, this type has surpassed the
performance of trichromatic LEDs.

The phosphors used in white light LEDs can give correlated color temperatures in the range
of 2,200 K (dimmed incandescent) up to 7,000 K or more.

COLOR CHANGING LED LIGHTING

Tunable lighting systems employ banks of colored LEDs that can be individually controlled,
either using separate banks of each color, or multi-chip LEDs with the colors combined and
controlled at the chip level. For example, white LEDs of different color temperatures can be
combined to construct an LED bulb that decreases its color temperature when dimmed.

LED DRIVERS

Main article: LED driver

 Household LED lamp with its internal LED elements and LED driver circuitry exposed.

LED chips require controlled direct current (DC) electrical power and an appropriate circuit
as an LED driver is required to convert the alternating current from the power supply to the
regulated voltage direct current used by the LEDs.

LED drivers are essential components of LED lamps to ensure acceptable lifetime and
performance of the lamp. A driver can provide features such as dimming and remote control.
LED drivers may be in the same lamp enclosure as the diode array, or remotely mounted
from the light-emitting diodes. LED drivers may require additional components to meet
regulations for acceptable AC line harmonic current.

THERMAL MANAGEMENT

High temperature of LEDs can cause premature failure and reduced light output. LED lamps
tend to run cooler than their predecessors since there is no electric arc or tungsten filament,
but they can still cause burns. Thermal management of high-power LEDs is required to keep
the junction temperature of the LED device close to ambient temperature, since increased
temperature will cause increased current, more heating, more current, and so on until failure.
LEDs use much less power for a given light output, but they do produce some heat, and it is
concentrated in a very small semiconductor die, which must be cooled. LED lamps typically
include heat sinks and cooling fins.  Very high power lamps for industrial uses are frequently
equipped with cooling fans.  Some place the LEDs and all circuitry in a glass bulb just like
conventional incandescent bulbs, but with a helium gas filling to conduct heat and thus cool
the LEDs.  Others place the LEDs on a circuit board with an aluminum backing; the
aluminum back is connected thermally to the aluminum base of the lamp using thermal paste,
and the base is embedded in a melamine plastic shell.
 EFFICIENCY DROP

The term "efficiency droop" refers to the decrease in luminous efficacy of LEDs as
the electric current increases above tens of milliamps (mA). Instead of increasing current
levels, luminance is usually increased by combining multiple LEDs in one lamp. Solving the
problem of efficiency droop would mean that household LED lamps would require fewer
LEDs, which would significantly reduce costs.

In addition to being less efficient, operating LEDs at higher electric currents produces high
temperatures which compromise the lifetime of the LED. Because of this increased heating at
higher currents, high-brightness LEDs have an industry standard of operating at only
350 mA, giving a good compromise between light output, efficiency, and longevity.

Early suspicions were that the LED droop was caused by elevated temperatures. Scientists
proved the opposite to be true – that, although the life of the LED would be shortened,
elevated temperatures actually improved the efficiency of the LED. The mechanism causing
efficiency droop was identified in 2007 as Auger recombination, which was taken with mixed
reaction. A 2013 study conclusively identified Auger recombination as the cause of
efficiency droop.

APPLICATION

LED lamps are used for both general and special-purpose lighting. Where colored light is
needed, LEDs that inherently emit light of a single color require no energy-absorbing filters.
LED lamps are commonly available as drop-in replacements for either bulbs or fixtures,
replacing either an entire fixture (such as LED light panels replacing fluorescent troffers or
LED spotlight fixtures replacing similar halogen fixtures) or bulbs (such as LED tubes
replacing fluorescent tubes inside troffers or LED HID replacement lamps replacing HID
bulbs inside HID fixtures) The differences between replacing a fixture and replacing a bulb
are that, when a fixture (like a troffer) is replaced with something like an LED panel, the
panel must be replaced in its entirety if the LEDs or the driver it contains fail since it is
impossible to replace them individually in a practical fashion (although the driver is often
separate and so it may be replaced), where as, if only the bulb is replaced with an LED
replacement lamp, the lamp can be replaced independently of the fixture should the lamp fail.
Some LED replacement lamps require the fixture to be modified such as by electrically
removing the fixture's ballast, thus connecting the LED lamp directly to the mains supply;
others can work without any modifications to the fixture.
 BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Atlanta Illumination with color mixing LED fixtures

Computer-led LED lighting allows enhancement of unique qualities of paintings in

the National Museum in Warsaw.

White-light LED lamps have longer life expectancy and higher efficiency (more light for the
same electricity) than most other lighting when used at the proper temperature. LED sources
are compact, which gives flexibility in designing lighting fixtures and good control over the
distribution of light with small reflectors or lenses. Because of the small size of LEDs,
control of the spatial distribution of illumination is extremely flexible, and the light output
and spatial distribution of an LED array can be controlled with no efficiency loss.

LEDs using the color-mixing principle can emit a wide range of colors by changing the
proportions of light generated in each primary color. This allows full color mixing in lamps
with LEDs of different colors. Unlike other lighting technologies, LED emission tends to be
directional (or at least Lambertian), which can be either advantageous or disadvantageous,
depending on requirements. For applications where non-directional light is required, either a
diffuser is used, or multiple individual LED emitters are used to emit in different directions.

HOUSEHOLD LED LAMP

 Disassembled LED-light bulb with driver circuit board and Edison screw

LAMP SIZES AND BASES

LED lamps are made with standard lamp connections and shapes, such as an Edison
screw base, an MR16 shape with a bi-pin base, or a GU5.3 (bi-pin cap) or GU10 (bayonet
fitting) and are made compatible with the voltage supplied to the sockets. They include driver
circuitry to rectify the AC power and convert the voltage to an appropriate value, usually
a switched-mode power supply.

As of 2010 some LED lamps replaced higher wattage bulbs; for example, one manufacturer
claimed a 16-watt LED lamp was as bright as a 150 W halogen lamp.[53] A standard general-
purpose incandescent bulb emits light at an efficiency of about 14 to 17 lumens/W depending
on its size and voltage. According to the European Union standard, an energy-efficient lamp
that claims to be the equivalent of a 60 W tungsten lamp must have a minimum light output
of 806 lumens.
 A selection of consumer LED bulbs available in 2012 as drop-in replacements for
incandescent bulbs in screw-type sockets

Some models of LED lamps are compatible with dimmers as used for incandescent
lamps. (although dimmers for incandescent lighting are not suitable for LEDs). LED lamps
often have directional light characteristics. These lamps are more power-efficient than
compact fluorescent lamps and offer lifespans of 30,000 or more hours, reduced if operated at
a higher temperature than specified. Incandescent lamps have a typical life of 1,000
hours, and compact fluorescents about 8,000 hours. The lamps maintain output light intensity
well over their lifetimes. Energy Star specifications require the lamps to typically drop less
than 10% after 6,000 or more hours of operation, and in the worst case not more than
15%. LED lamps are available with a variety of color properties. The purchase price is higher
than most other lamps – although dropping – but the higher efficiency usually makes total
cost of ownership (purchase price plus cost of electricity and changing bulbs) lower.

High-power LED "corn cob" light bulb

Several companies offer LED lamps for general lighting purposes. The technology is
improving rapidly and new energy-efficient consumer LED lamps are available.
As of 2016, in the United States, LED lamps are close to being adopted as the mainstream
light source because of the falling prices and because incandescent lamps are being phased
out. In the U.S. the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 effectively bans the
manufacturing and importing of most current incandescent lamps. LED lamps have decreased
substantially in price, and many varieties are sold with subsidized prices from local utilities.
However, in September 2019 the Trump administration rolled back requirements for new,
energy-efficient light bulbs.
 A 17 W tube of LEDs which has the same intensity as a 45 W fluorescent tube

LED TUBE LAMPS

LED tube lights are designed to physically fit in fixtures intended for fluorescent tubes. Some
LED tubular lamps are intended to be a drop-in replacement into existing fixtures if
appropriate ballast is used. Others require rewiring of the fixtures to remove the ballast. An
LED tube lamp generally uses many individual Surface-Mounted LEDs which are directional
and require proper orientation during installation as opposed to Fluorescent tube lamps which
emit light in all directions around the tube. Most LED tube lights available can be used in
place of T5, T8, T10, or T12 tube designations, T8 is D26mm, T10 is D30mm, in lengths of
590 mm (23 in), 1,200 mm (47 in) and 1,500 mm (59 in).

LIGHTING DESIGNED FOR LEDS

 LED-wall lamp

Newer light fittings with long-lived LEDs built-in, or designed for LED lamps, have been
coming into use as the need for compatibility with existing fittings diminishes. Such lighting
does not require each bulb to contain circuitry to operate from mains voltage.

PLANTS

Experiments revealed surprising performance and production of vegetables and ornamental

plants under LED light sources. Many plant species have been assessed in greenhouse trials
to make sure that the quality of biomass and biochemical ingredients of such plants is at least
comparable with those grown in field conditions. Plant performance of mint, basil, lentil,
lettuce, cabbage, parsley and carrot was measured by assessing both the health and vigor of
the plants and the success of the LEDs in promoting growth. Also noticed was profuse
flowering of select ornamentals including primula, marigold and stock.
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) offer efficient electric lighting in desired wavelengths (red +
blue) which support greenhouse production in minimum time and with high quality and
quantity. As LEDs are cool, plants can be placed very close to light sources without
overheating or scorching, requiring much less space for intense cultivation than with hot-
running lighting.

SPECIALTY
 LED Flashlight replacement bulb (left), with tungsten equivalent (right)

Variable color temperature LED array in a floodlight

White LED lamps have achieved market dominance in applications where high efficiency is
important at low power levels. Some of these applications include flashlights, solar-powered
garden or walkway lights, and bicycle lights. Colored LED lamps are now commercially used
for traffic signal lamps, where the ability to emit bright light of the required color is essential,
and in strings of holiday lights. LED automotive lamps are widely used for their long life and
small size. Multiple LEDs are used in applications where more light output than available
from a single LED is required.

OUTDOOR LED LIGHTING

 LED floodlights

By about 2010 LED technology came to dominate the outdoor lighting industry; earlier LEDs
were not bright enough for outdoor lighting. A study completed in 2014 concluded that color
temperature and accuracy of LED lights was easily recognized by consumers, with preference
towards LEDs at natural color temperatures. LEDs are now able to match the brightness and
warmer color temperature that consumers desire from their outdoor lighting system.

LEDs are increasingly used for street lighting in place of mercury and sodium lamps due to

their lower running and lamp replacement costs. However, there have been concerns that the
use of LED street lighting with predominantly blue light can cause eye damage, and that
some LEDs switch on and off at twice mains frequency, causing malaise in some people, and
possibly being misleading with rotating machinery due to stroboscopic effects. These
concerns can be addressed by use of appropriate lighting, rather than simple concern with
cost.

In keeping with the long life claimed for LED lamps, long warranties are offered. However,
currently there are no standardized testing procedures set by the Department of Energy in the
United States to prove these assertions by each manufacturer. A typical domestic LED lamp
is stated to have an "average life" of 15,000 hours (15 years at 3 hours/day), and to support
50,000 switch cycles.

Incandescent and halogen lamps naturally have a power factor of 1, but Compact fluorescent
and LED lamps use input rectifiers and this causes lower power factors. Low power factors
can result in surcharges for commercial energy users; CFL and LED lamps are available with
driver circuits to provide any desired power factor, or site-wide power factor correction can
be performed. EU standards requires a power factor better than 0.4 for lamp powers between
2 and 5 watts, better than 0.5 for lamp powers between 5 and 25 watts and above 0.9 for
higher power lamps.
 ENERGY STAR QUALIFICATION

Energy Star is an international standard for energy efficient consumer products. Devices

carrying the Energy Star service mark generally use 20–30% less energy than required by US
standards.

Energy Star LED qualifications:

 Reduces energy costs – uses at least 75% less energy than incandescent lighting,

saving on operating expenses.
 Reduces maintenance costs – lasts 35 to 50 times longer than incandescent
lighting and about 2 to 5 times longer than fluorescent lighting. No lamp-
replacements, no ladders, no ongoing disposal program.
 Reduces cooling costs – LEDs produce very little heat.
 Is guaranteed – comes with a minimum three-year warranty – far beyond the
industry standard.
 Offers convenient features – available with dimming on some indoor models and
automatic daylight shut-off and motion sensors on some outdoor models.
 Is durable – won't break like a glass bulb.

To qualify for Energy Star certification, LED lighting products must pass a variety of tests to
prove that the products will display the following characteristics:

 Brightness is equal to or greater than existing lighting technologies (incandescent

or fluorescent) and light is well distributed over the area lit by the fixture.
 Light output remains constant over time, only decreasing towards the end of the
rated lifetime (at least 35,000 hours or 12 annums based on use of 8 hours per
day).
 Excellent color quality. The shade of white light appears clear and consistent over
time.
 Efficiency is as good as or better than fluorescent lighting.
 Light comes on instantly when turned on.
 No flicker when dimmed.
 No off-state power draw. The fixture does not use power when it is turned off,
with the exception of external controls, whose power should not exceed 0.5 watts
in the off state.
  Power factor of at least 0.7 for all lamps of 5W or greater.

LIMITATIONS

Many will not work with existing dimmer switches designed for higher power incandescent
lamps. The LED lights must be explicitly dimmable and compatible with the brand of
dimmer switch. Otherwise it will cause a flicker or glow within the lights.

Color rendering is not identical to incandescent lamps which emit close to perfect black-body
radiation as that from the sun and for what eyes have evolved. A measurement unit
called CRI is used to express how the light source's ability to render the eight color sample
chips compare to a reference on a scale from 0 to 100. LEDs with CRI below 75 are not
recommended for use in indoor lighting.

LED lamps may flicker. The effect can be seen on a slow motion video of such a lamp. The
extent of flicker is based on the quality of the DC power supply built into the lamp structure,
usually located in the lamp base. Longer exposures to flickering light contribute to headaches
and eye strain.

LED life span as a function of lumen maintenance drops at higher temperatures, which limits
the power that can be used in lamps that physically replace existing filament and compact
fluorescent types. Thermal management of high-power LEDs is a significant factor in design
of solid state lighting equipment. LED lamps are sensitive to excessive heat, like most solid
state electronic components. Also, the presence of incompatible volatile organic compounds
can impair the performance and reduce lifetime.

The long life of LEDs, expected to be about 50 times that of the most common incandescent
lamps and significantly longer than fluorescent types, is advantageous for users but will affect
manufacturers as it reduces the market for replacements in the distant future.

The human circadian rhythm can be affected by light sources. The effective color

temperature of daylight is ~5,700K (bluish white) while tungsten lamps are ~2,700K
(yellow). People who have circadian rhythm sleep disorders are sometimes treated with light
therapy (exposure to intense bluish white light during the day) and dark therapy (wearing
amber-tinted goggles at night to reduce bluish light).

Some organizations recommend that people should not use bluish white lamps at night. The
American Medical Association argues against using bluish white LEDs for municipal street
lighting.
Research suggests that the shift to LED street lighting attracts 48% more flying insects
than HPS lamps, which could cause direct ecological impacts as well as indirect impacts such
as attracting more gypsy moths to port areas.

20 YEARS OF LED INNOVATION

Philips has always been and still is at the forefront of LED lighting development. For over 20
years we have made significant investments in research and development of LED lighting
technology, building up one of the most comprehensive portfolios of LED lighting system
and control IP.

Since the mid-nineties the market for LED based lighting products has grown and matured.
What was a breakthrough innovation ten or more years ago may seem obvious now. But at
the time all these innovations were developed to address specific, difficult challenges.

For example, take the dual optics technique, which was developed to enable the use of LEDs
for illuminating roadways. The technique (using high lumen, efficient LEDs and multiple
lenses to focus the light) was patented in 1997. At this time, the average conventional LED
had an output of just 0.1 to 0.2 lumens. For reference, a candle has an output of
approximately 12 lumens, so getting sufficient light from LEDs and directing it where needed
for road lighting application was a major challenge. While today’s LEDs are much more
powerful, the dual optics technique is still widely used in applications including spotlights,
downlights, wall washing, and floodlights as well as the road lighting for which it was
initially developed.

 
As an another example, in 1997, Philips Color Kinetics introduced a color-changing LED
entertainment light that used multiple red, green, and blue LEDs to enable a luminaire to
produce precise, color-coordinated effects. This was especially useful because it allowed the
luminaire to be networked and digitally controlled, for example, by a theatre lighting director
or event DJ. The prevailing technology for creating multi-color effects before LED lighting
was to apply a colored “gels” to a high-power light source or to use a color filter to change
the appearance of the light from a traditional light source. With multi-color LED lights, in
principle, a luminaire can generate up to 16.7 million different hues of light.
 
And these are just two examples of the impact that 20 years of Philips R&D has had on LED
lighting technology. Indeed, our portfolio of LED lighting system and control IP has enabled
the development of many LED-based lighting products from retrofit bulbs to smart city
lighting solutions. The best part? With an Enable LED license, you gain access to over 200
Philips Lighting inventions from basic LED controls to system-level technologies to build
into your products under a single license.

ENERGY FOCUS LED LIGHTING INNOVATIONS

Energy Focus works hard every day to provide premier LED retrofit technologies to the
world. To create the most innovative lighting products, we use a variety of resources from
grants to suggestions, patents and more.

The Military M1 Intellitube

In 2011, Energy Focus was awarded four successful DARPA projects that resulted in four
military tough and energy efficient LED luminaires being installed in the U.S. Navy fleet.
Energy Focus recognized the need for a sailor-proof retrofit LED lamp to replace the
ubiquitous 2’ T12 fluorescent lamps that were the mainstay light source since the 1960’s.

The M1 Intellitube serviced this need perfectly.  Its advanced integrated driver is able to
install into any compatible fixture and operate on an existing fluorescent ballast. The upgrade
was literally as easy as changing a light bulb.  The M1 was one of the first “dual-mode”
products as it was also able to run directly from line voltage, in a direct wire installation.  In
this case, fluorescent ballasts and starters are completely removed and power routed directly
to the socket. This type of installation improves performance, reduces the number of failure-
components installed, the number of inventory spares necessary to replace them, and removes
the deadweight that both represented.

The M1 produces over 120lm/W when the LED field was struggling to make 80lm/W cost-
effective.  At this level, it cut energy consumption in half and made the return on investment
time to less than one year.  More importantly, the M1 dramatically reduced necessary
maintenance.  The high vibration shipboard environment limited the failure of a fluorescent
tube down to just to 90 days.  The expectation of the M1 was to extend this to three years.

Currently, there are over 500,000 M1’s installed. The M1 has far surpassed this expectation,
with less than half of 1% reported returns. This innovative LED tube saves the Navy $19
million dollars in fuel, every year.

FLICKER-FREE LED LIGHTING INNOVATION

The Navy recognized the negative impact of light flicker on the quality of life of the sailors,
and at their request, the M1 reduced the >80% flicker present on the magnetically ballasted
fluorescent systems to 15%. We’ve taken this further on our commercial product line,
reducing the flicker output and having it be verified by UL to produce less than 1% flicker.

Flicker in LED lighting occurs as a result of modulating the current to electric light sources.
Flicker can induce seizures in people with photosensitive epilepsy, contributes to headaches,
eye strain, and fatigue, and can negatively impact those on the autism spectrum.
 SINGLE-END DIRECT WIRE

In 2013, Energy Focus began recognizing the commercial potential of the internal driver
technology. The revolutionary internal driver is able to deliver high performance and
reliability with a simple retrofit of fluorescent fixtures. Energy Focus introduced the first of
its direct wire lamps at 100lm/W performance. Direct wire still represents the simplest, safest,
and most sustainable method of retrofit in the market.

The 300D and 500D series lamps represent the third and fourth generations of this technology
and continue to provide best-in-class energy efficiency and lowest total cost of ownership.

THE INTELLITUBE

To help bridge the adoption of tubular LED retrofit in 2015, Energy Focus brought its
dual-mode technology from the Navy M1 product into the commercial mainstream.
The commercial Intellitube® is compatible with a wide range of fluorescent ballasts,
while also supporting internal driver for direct wire installation. This gives customers
the option for a ballast-free, low maintenance future should their ballasts fail. The
Intellitube® has patented technology to avert the risk of installation hazards that can
encounter while offering outstanding performance in both modes. This new
technology won the Intellitube® the 2015 Illuminating Engineering Society Innovation
Award.
 Network Ready and UL Verification

In 2016, the Network Ready prototype combined standards-compliant dimming

controls with our internal driver technology, offering energy savings and advanced
controls capability with the simplicity of tubular retrofit. These products won Energy
Focus the 2016 FEMP Jump Award and 2nd place for the 2017 PennWell Sapphire
Award.

TOP 12 COMPANIES IN THE GLOBAL GENERAL LIGHTING

MARKET
17 Jun 201

In spite of being highly fragmented and complex, the global lighting market is experiencing
a number of technological advancements in response to population growth, scarcity of
resources, and concerns regarding climate change.

The three categories of the lighting market include 

automotive lighting,

general lighting and

backlighting.

The general lighting segment generates the most revenue, followed by automotive

lighting and backlighting, respectively.

The general lighting market is comprised primarily of lighting applications for residential,
commercial, industrial, outdoor and architectural purposes. Along with traditional lighting
like incandescent bulbs, halogens, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and linear fluorescent
lamps (LFLs), the market also includes light-emitting diodes (LED). According to analysts
at Technavio, the global general lighting market will grow by almost $29 billion by 2022, and
is expected to have a CAGR of 6%.

Top 12 Companies in the Global General Lighting

Market

GE LIGHTING

One of the best global providers of LED products, GE Lighting was founded in the year 2000
and is a division of General Electric. The company offers LED lamps, fixtures, sign lighting
systems, rail signal lighting, architectural lighting etc. Consumer and professional lighting
solutions are GE Lighting’s most sought after products.

KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS N.V.

Headquartered in Amsterdam, Philips products focus on the home, office, retail, hospitality,

outdoor, entertainment, healthcare and automotive segments. The company has adopted the
market segment approach to serve its customers and its wholly owned subsidiary Philips
Lumileds Lighting is one of the leading vendors in the global general lighting market.

PANASONIC
Japanese multinational company Panasonic is among the largest Japanese electronics
producers. Founded in 1918, the company provides residential as well as commercial lighting
solutions. The official worldwide Olympics partner in the video and audio equipment
category, Panasonic has recently renewed its partnership with the International Olympic
Committee for the 2016 Summer Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.

OSRAM

Based in Munich, Germany, OSRAM provides innovative and sustainable global lighting

solutions. Having applications in the retail, medical, residential as well as commercial
segments, OSRAM products include lamps, indoor LED luminaries as well as outdoor LED
luminaries, along with light engines, light management systems and indoor electronic control
gear for LED modules and dimmers.

SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC

A French multinational corporation, Schneider Electric (SE) is one of the leading electricity

distribution, energy and automation management companies in the world. The four segments
in which it operates are Buildings and Partner, Infrastructure, IT and Industry. The integrated
energy management solutions provided by SE are used by residential & non-residential
buildings, industry and machine manufacturers, as well as data center and network markets
throughout the world.

ADVANCED LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY

Formed in 1995, Advanced Lighting Technology (ADLT) is a US based company.

Manufacturers and innovators of energy efficient lighting materials and finished products,
ADLT holds a low-cost producer status in the Lighting Group which helps it to come up with
competitive pricing. The company provides energy efficient commercial lighting products,
components and systems for customers across the globe.

CITIZENS ELECTRONICS
Citizens Electronics is a Japan-based company which was established in 1970. The company
is involved in development, manufacture and sales of electronic devices and applied products.
It is a pioneer of COB type high voltage LED and some of its most sought after products are
lighting LED, compact chip LED, high sensitivity optical sensor and tactile switch.

ENERGY FOCUS

US based company Energy Focus focuses on the development of energy efficient

lighting technology and is the leading provider of energy efficient LED lighting
products. The company’s products include LED luminaries, LED tubes & retro fit kits,
LED housing and military plus maritime LED.

COOPER LIGHTING

A division of Cooper Industries, Cooper Lighting is a UK based company that

manufactures a comprehensive range of mains and emergency lighting solutions for
commercial and industrial applications. Mains lighting, emergency lighting, and central
battery units are some of its major products.

LG INNOTEK

The main focus of LG Innotek is to manufacture superior performance LEDs with the help of
innovation and R&D. The company is well-known for its product differentiation and brand
management capabilities. Recently LG Innotek entered into an agreement with MIC
Electronics to jointly develop energy-efficient LED lighting products by using the
components manufactured by the company.

NICHIA

Japan’s leading LED manufacturer, Nichia was founded in 1956. Some of the most sought
after products of the company are LCD backlighting, LEDs for display, automotive lighting,
general lighting and specialty lighting. As Nichia focuses on R&D and makes investments in
advanced products, most of its products are available at highly competitive prices.

TOSHIBA

Japanese multinational conglomerate, Toshiba, is headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. The

company focuses on power systems, electronic components and materials, communications
equipment and systems, medical equipment, lighting, logistics and industrial and social
infrastructure systems.

TOP 10 POPULAR LED BULB BRANDS IN

INDIA
Friday, December 19, 2014: India’s LED market is forecast to reach $1457.8 million by
2019, at a CAGR of 35.9 per cent, during the period 2014-2019. Government initiatives to
replace incandescent bulbs with LED bulbs, the increasing energy demand-supply gap, and
declining prices are the factors driving the growth of LED lighting in India. Street lighting
applications account for most of the market revenues in the Indian LED lighting market.

Energy conservation drives, the need for more power efficient products and the electrification
of rural areas are some of the other factors that are driving the Indian LED lighting market.
Unlike in developed countries, LED lighting constitutes only a negligible part of India’s
overall lighting market.

Among the various verticals, the LED industrial lighting segment is gradually opening up
with a wide range of opportunities for players in India, who are witnessing immense growth.
However, for the consumer market, LED is still an expensive technology. LEDs are
penetrating the consumer market but lag behind CFL technology, especially in the lamps,
tube lights and bulbs sections.
A survey done by Electronics Bazaar found that consumers prefer the bigger brands over the
SME brands available in India. The SME brands are yet to make their mark in the lighting
segment. The survey lists out the popular names in the consumer market. It is also
disappointing that none of the companies could be ranked on the basis of their revenues as
most of them have not filed their latest revenues for 2013-14 with the Ministry of Corporate
Affairs. Another challenge faced here was that since these companies are into multiple
businesses, it was difficult to access their divisional revenue, particularly for the total LED
bulbs sold. Hence, we have listed out the companies in alphabetical order.

TOP 10 LED BULB BRANDS IN INDIA

(IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER)

  Brands Companies
 1 Bajaj Bajaj Electricals Ltd

2 Fiem Fiem Industries Ltd

3 GE General Electric

4 Havells Havells India Ltd

5 HPL HPL Electric & Power Pvt Ltd

6 Osram Osram Opto Semiconductors

7 Pharox NTL Lemnis India Pvt Ltd

8 Philips Philips India Ltd

9 Surya Surya Roshini Ltd

10 Syska SSK Group (Syska LED)

Rank 1
1. BAJAJ ELECTRICALS LTD (BRAND NAME: BAJAJ)

SHEKHAR BAJAJ, CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR

Bajaj Electricals Ltd is one of the oldest business conglomerates in India focusing on lighting
solutions and domestic appliances. It manufactures LED lights for home decoration under the
brand name Bajaj LEDZ and iLED. It is a strong player in the lighting sector including solar
lighting. Bajaj Electricals is part of a group of 25 companies that has over 36,000 employees.

 Year of establishment: 1938

 Year operations began in India: 1938
 Headquarters located in: Mumbai, Maharashtra
 Manufacturing facility located in: Ranjangaon, Pune
 Products manufactured: Lighting solutions, appliances, fans, etc
 Sectors it caters to: Lighting, domestic and consumer industries

Rank 2

2. FIEM INDUSTRIES LTD (BRAND NAME: FIEM)

J K JAIN, CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR

Fiem Industries Ltd is a reputed name in the automotive lighting industry with eight state of
the art manufacturing units located across India. The company subsequently added additional
facilities for the production of automotive lighting and signalling equipment. It currently has
a workforce of around 5500 employees in India. It sells its LED lights under the brand name,
Fiem.

 Year of establishment: 1989

 Year operations began in India: 1989
 Headquarters located in: Haryana
 Manufacturing facilities located in: Two in Haryana, three in
 Tamil Nadu and one each in Mysore, Nalagarh (HP) and Rajasthan
 Products manufactured: Automotive lights, solar lighting products, LED lights,
solar panels, PV models, street lights
 Sectors it caters to: Automotive lighting, solar, LED

Rank 3

3. GENERAL ELECTRIC (BRAND NAME: GE)

JEFF IMMELT, CEO

General Electric evolved from the merger between Edison General Electric Company and
Thomson-Houston Company, both prominent manufacturers of electric lights. GE offers a
variety of LED lamps ranging from decorative lamps and downlights to LED strip lights. Its
Maple series of lights is for commercial applications and the Palm series is for street light
applications. The company now has a presence in over 170 countries with an employee
strength of 504,000 worldwide and 15,000 in India. GE has set up many research centres
across India with over 6000 engineers in Bengaluru, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Chennai.

 Year of establishment: 1892

 Year operations began in India: 1902
 Headquarters located in: Connecticut, US
 Manufacturing facilities located in: R&D facilities in Bengaluru, Mumbai,
Hyderabad and Chennai
 Products manufactured: Consumer, lighting and industrial
 Sectors it caters to: Aviation, power, oil and gas, lighting, energy management

Rank 4

4. HAVELLS INDIA LTD (BRAND NAME: HAVELLS)

SUNIL SIKKA, PRESIDENT

Havells India Ltd is a billion dollar electrical equipment company with its own global LED
brands like Sylvania, Concord, Crabtree, Luminance, Endura, Joy, White Wall, Adore, Astral
and Matrix. It has 94 branches and registered offices in more than 50 countries. In the year
2014, Havells was ranked 25th among 1200 of India’s most trusted brands, as per Brand
Trust Report 2014.

 Year of establishment: 1958

 Year operations began in India: 1958
 Headquarters located in: Noida, Uttar Pradesh
 Manufacturing facilities located in: Haridwar, Baddi, Noida, Sahibabad,
Faridabad, Alwar, Neemrana
 Products manufactured: Switchgear, cables and wires, motors, fans, power
capacitors, compact fluorescent lamps, LED lights,
 Sectors it caters to: Lighting and consumer

Rank 5

5. HPL ELECTRIC & POWER PVT LTD (BRAND NAME: HPL)

LALIT SETH, CHAIRMAN AND MANAGING DIRECTOR

HPL Electric & Power Pvt Ltd is a première company that manufactures an array of electrical
equipment and lighting solutions. It offers LED lights under the brand names LED Glo, Aries
LED, Castle LED, Glitz LED table lamps, etc. The company has a large workforce of 5400
people, comprising highly skilled engineers and technicians. It has two high tech R&D
facilities in Gurgaon and Kundli with more than 100 engineers. The company is present in
more than 20 countries across the globe.

 Year of establishment: 1956

  Year operations began in India: 1956
 Headquarters located in: Delhi
 Manufacturing facilities located in: Five units in Haryana and two each in
Himachal Pradesh and Noida
 Products manufactured: Switchgear and protection devices, metering and energy
management systems, CFL luminaires, wires and cables, LED lights
 Sectors it caters to: Industrial and consumer electronics, lighting, etc

Rank 6

6. OSRAM OPTO SEMICONDUCTORS (BRAND NAME: OSRAM)

ALDO KAMPER, CEO

Osram Opto Semiconductors is a wholly owned subsidiary of Osram GmbH. The company is
a joint venture between Osram and Infineon Technologies. Solerio, Oslon, Duris, Displix, etc
are some of the LED lights from Osram. It is one of the leading players in the global
optoelectronic semiconductor market. The company has no manufacturing facility in India
but its products are present through a network of distributors, some of the prominent ones are
Rabyte Electronics, Avnet Asia, etc. The company is the world’s second largest manufacturer
of optoelectronic semiconductors and employs over 6000 people worldwide.

 Year of establishment: 1999

 Year operations began in India: 1999
 Headquarters located in: Germany
 Products manufactured: LED lights, displays, laser diodes, LED bulbs, infrared
emitters, optoelectronic semiconductors, etc
 Sectors it caters to: Automotive industry, domestic lighting, architectural lighting
Rank 7

7. NTL LEMNIS INDIA PVT LTD (BRAND NAME: PHAROX)

ARUN GUPTA, MANAGING DIRECTOR

The parent companies of NTL Lemnis India Pvt Ltd are NTL Electronics, India and Lemnis
Lighting, the Netherlands. Helio, Blaze, Nicole White, Quad, Vega and Pharox are the major
lighting offerings from the company. It exclusively focuses on the manufacture of LED
lighting technologies, apart from innovations in the field of LED. The company primarily
concentrates on the European, African and Indian markets. NTL-Lemnis’ lighting brand
Pharox is one of the best buys in the market, saving up to 85 per cent of energy and has a
lifetime of around 15 years.

 Year of establishment: 1993

 Year operations began in India: 2012
 Headquarters located in: The Netherlands
 Manufacturing facility located in: Noida, Uttar Pradesh
 Products manufactured: LED lights, retrofit lamps, street lights, flood lights, spot
lights, flexible LED strips, etc
 Sectors it caters to: Lighting and industrial electronics
Rank 8

8. PHILIPS INDIA LTD (BRAND NAME: PHILIPS)

KRISHNA KUMAR ANANTHASUBRAMANIAN, CEO

Philips India Ltd is a subsidiary of Royal Philips, which is based in the Netherlands. With
over 120 years of experience, Philips is among the leaders in the lighting industry. Endura
LED, GreenLED and Master LED lamps are among the major LED products from Philips.
The company manufactures an array of LED lights including accent/effect lights, flood
lighting, general lighting and more. Philips offers complete lighting solutions for homes,
shops, hotels, factories and hospitals. Philips Lighting employs approximately 47,900 people
worldwide.

 Year of establishment: 1891

 Year operations began in India: 1930
 Headquarters located in: Amsterdam, The Netherlands
 Manufacturing facility located in: Chakan (Pune)
 Products manufactured: Accent/effect lights, flood lights, LED lamps, contour
lights, solar LED street lights, etc
 Sectors it caters to: Lighting, automotive lighting and consumer luminaires,
industrial and consumer electronics
Rank 9

9. Surya Roshni Ltd (Brand Name: Surya)

Jai Prakash Agarwal, chairman

Surya Roshni Ltd is one of the largest Indian multinational companies. It has a share of
around 25 per cent of the Indian market, in terms of lighting. The company exports its
products to over 44 countries and its turnover is close to Rs 40 billion. It is the only company
with 100 per cent backward integration, which means that all its products are made in India
itself.

 Year of establishment: 1973

 Year operations began in India: 1973
 Headquarters located in: New Delhi
 Manufacturing facilities located in: Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh
 Products manufactured: LED lights, PVC fans, LED downlighters, LED lamps,
energy savers, etc.
 Sectors it caters to: Consumer, industrial electronics and lighting, etc
Rank 10

10. SSK GROUP (SYSKA LED) (BRAND NAME: SYSKA)

SUNIL GAIKWAD, VICE PRESIDENT

SSK Group’s Syska LED is another leading name in the LED lighting market. Syska LED
globe lamps, LED candle lights, and LED par lamps are among the prominent offerings of
the company. Syska LED lights are manufactured keeping in mind all global standards. The
company offers a vast range of lighting solutions, applicable to almost every segment.

 Year of establishment: 1989

 Year operations began in India: 1989
 Headquarters located in: Maharashtra
 Products manufactured: LED strip lights, tube lights, bulbs, panel lights, flood
lights, street lights, etc.
 Sectors it caters to: Industrial and commercial lighting

LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM

 Las Vegas Convention Center Loop showing effects of lighting control system

A lighting control system is an intelligent network based lighting control solution that
incorporates communication between various system inputs and outputs related to lighting
control with the use of one or more central computing devices. Lighting control systems are
widely used on both indoor and outdoor lighting of commercial, industrial, and residential
spaces. Lighting control systems are sometimes referred to under the term smart lighting.
Lighting control systems serve to provide the right amount of light where and when it is
needed.

Lighting control systems are employed to maximize the energy savings from the lighting
system, satisfy building codes, or comply with green building and energy
conservation programs. Lighting control systems may include a lighting technology designed
for energy efficiency, convenience and security. This may include high efficiency fixtures
and automated controls that make adjustments based on conditions such as occupancy or
daylight availability. Lighting is the deliberate application of light to achieve some aesthetic
or practical effect (e.g. illumination of a security breach). It includes task lighting, accent
lighting, and general lighting.

LIGHTING CONTROLS

The term lighting controls is typically used to indicate stand-alone control of the lighting
within a space. This may include occupancy sensors, timeclocks, and photocells that are hard-
wired to control fixed groups of lights independently. Adjustment occurs manually at each
devices location. The efficiency of and market for residential lighting controls has been
characterized by the Consortium for Energy Efficiency.
The term lighting control system refers to an intelligent networked system of devices related
to lighting control. These devices may include relays, occupancy sensors, photocells, light
control switches or touchscreens, and signals from other building systems (such as fire
alarm or HVAC). Adjustment of the system occurs both at device locations and at central
computer locations via software programs or other interface devices.

ADVANTAGES

The major advantage of a lighting control system over stand-alone lighting controls or
conventional manual switching is the ability to control individual lights or groups of lights
from a single user interface device. This ability to control multiple light sources from a user
device allows complex lighting scenes to be created. A room may have multiple scenes pre-
set, each one created for different activities in the room. A major benefit of lighting control
systems is reduced energy consumption. Longer lamp life is also gained when dimming and
switching off lights when not in use. Wireless lighting control systems provide additional
benefits including reduced installation costs and increased flexibility over where switches and
sensors may be placed.

MINIMIZING ENERGY USAGE

Lighting applications represents 19% of the world's energy use and 6% of all greenhouse
emissions. In the United States, 65 percent of energy consumption is used by commercial and
industrial sectors, and 22 percent of this is used for lighting.

Smart lighting enables households and users to remotely control cooling, heating, lighting
and appliances, minimizing unnecessary light and energy use. This ability saves energy and
provides a level of comfort and convenience. From outside the traditional lighting industry,
the future success of lighting will require involvement of a number of stakeholders and
stakeholder communities. The concept of smart lighting also involves utilizing natural light
from the sun to reduce the use of man-made lighting, and the simple concept of people
turning off lighting when they leave a room.

CONVENIENCE

A smart lighting system can ensure that dark areas are illuminated when in use. The lights
actively respond to the activities of the occupants based on sensors and intelligence (logic)
that anticipates the lighting needs of an occupant.

SECURITY
Lights can be used to dissuade those from areas they should not be. A security breach, for
example, is an event that could trigger floodlights at the breach point. Preventative measures
include illuminating key access points (such as walkways) at night and automatically
adjusting the lighting when a household is away to make it appear as though there are
occupants.

AUTOMATED CONTROL

Lighting control systems typically provide the ability to automatically adjust a lighting
device's output based on:

 Chronological time (time of day)

 Solar time (sunrise/sunset)
 Occupancy using occupancy sensors
 Daylight availability using photocells
 Alarm conditions
 Program logic (combination of events)

CHRONOLOGICAL TIME

Chronological time schedules incorporate specific times of the day, week, month or year.

SOLAR TIME

Solar time schedules incorporate sunrise and sunset times, often used to switch outdoor

lighting. Solar time scheduling requires that the location of the building be set. This is
accomplished using the building's geographic location via either latitude and longitude or by
picking the nearest city in a given database giving the approximate location and
corresponding solar times.

OCCUPANCY

Space occupancy is primarily determined with occupancy sensors. Smart lighting that utilizes
occupancy sensors can work in unison with other lighting connected to the same network to
adjust lighting per various conditions. The table below shows potential electricity savings
from using occupancy sensors to control lighting in various types of spaces.

Ultrasonic
The advantages of ultrasonic devices are that they are sensitive to all types of motion and
generally there are zero coverage gaps, since they can detect movements not within the line
of sight.

DAYLIGHT AVAILABILITY

Electric lighting energy use can be adjusted by automatically dimming and/or switching
electric lights in response to the level of available daylight. Reducing the amount of electric
lighting used when daylight is available is known as daylight harvesting.

DAYLIGHT SENSING

In response to daylighting technology, daylight-linked automated response systems have been

developed to further reduce energy consumption.[9][10] These technologies are helpful, but they
do have their downfalls. Many times, rapid and frequent switching of the lights on and off
can occur, particularly during unstable weather conditions or when daylight levels are
changing around the switching illuminance. Not only does this disturb occupants, it can also
reduce lamp life. A variation of this technology is the 'differential switching' or 'dead-band'
photoelectric control which has multiple illuminances it switches from to reduce occupants
being disturbed.

ALARM CONDITIONS

Alarm conditions typically include inputs from other building systems such as the fire
alarm or HVAC system, which may trigger an emergency 'all lights on' or ' all lights flashing'
command for example.

PROGRAM LOGIC

Program logic can tie all of the above elements together using constructs such as if-then-
else statements and logical operators. Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) is
specified in the IEC 62386 standard.

AUTOMATIC DIMMING

The use of automatic light dimming is an aspect of smart lighting that serves to reduce energy
consumption. Manual light dimming also has the same effect of reducing energy use.
USE OF SENSORS

In the paper "Energy savings due to occupancy sensors and personal controls: a pilot field
study", Galasiu, A.D. and Newsham, G.R have confirmed that automatic lighting systems
including occupancy sensors and individual (personal) controls are suitable for open-plan
office environments and can save a significant amount of energy (about 32%) when
compared to a conventional lighting system, even when the installed lighting power density
of the automatic lighting system is ~50% higher than that of the conventional system.

COMPONENTS

A complete sensor consists of a motion detector, an electronic control unit, and a controllable
switch/relay. The detector senses motion and determines whether there are occupants in the
space. It also has a timer that signals the electronic control unit after a set period of inactivity.
The control unit uses this signal to activate the switch/relay to turn equipment on or off. For
lighting applications, there are three main sensor types: passive infrared, ultrasonic, and
hybrid.

OTHERS

Motion-detecting (microwave), heating-sensing (infrared), and sound-sensing; optical

cameras, infrared motion, optical trip wires, door contact sensors, thermal cameras, micro
radars, daylight sensors.

STANDARDS AND PROTOCOLS

In the 1980s there was a strong requirement to make commercial lighting more controllable
so that it could become more energy efficient. Initially this was done with analog control,
allowing fluorescent ballasts and dimmers to be controlled from a central source. This was a
step in the right direction, but cabling was complicated and therefore not cost effective.

Tridonic was an early company to go digital with their broadcast protocols, DSI, in

1991. DSI was a basic protocol as it transmitted one control value to change the brightness of
all the fixtures attached to the line. What made this protocol more attractive, and able to
compete with the established analog option, was the simple wiring.

There are two types of lighting control systems which are:

 Analog lighting control
  Digital lighting control

Examples for analog lighting control systems are:

 0-10V based system.
 AMX192 based systems (often referred to as AMX) (USA standard).
 D54 based systems (European standard).

In production lighting 0-10V system was replaced by analog multiplexed systems such as
D54 and AMX192, which themselves have been almost completely replaced by DMX512.
For dimmable fluorescent lamps (where it operates instead at 1-10 V, where 1 V is minimum
and 0 V is off) the system is being replaced by DSI, which itself is in the process of being
replaced by DALI.

Examples for digital lighting control systems are:

 DALI based system.
 DSI based system
 KNX based systems

Those are all wired lighting control systems.

There are also wireless lighting control systems that are based on some standard protocols
like MIDI, ZigBee, Bluetooth Mesh, and others. The standard for digital addressable lighting
interface, mostly in professional and commercial deployments, is IEC 62386-104. This
standard specifies the underlying technologies, which in wireless are VEmesh, which
operates in the industrial Sub-1 GHz frequency band and Bluetooth Mesh, which operates in
the 2.4 GHz frequency band.

Other notable protocols, standards and systems include:

 Architecture for Control Networks

 Art-Net
 Bluetooth mesh Lighting model
 C-Bus
 Dynalite
 INSTEON
 Lonworks
 MIDI
 Modbus
 RDM
 VSCP
  X10
 Z-Wave

BLUETOOTH LIGHTING CONTROL

The new type of control for lighting system is using Bluetooth connection directly to the
lighting system. It is recently introduced by Philips HUE and company new name
as Signify formerly known as Philips Lighting. This system will need a smartphone or tablet
where the user can install a special Philips Hue Bluetooth app. The Bluetooth bulbs don't
need a Philips Hue bridge to function. There is no need to have a Wi-Fi or data connection
for controlling the lights with that system.

SMART LIGHTING ECOSYSTEM

Smart lighting systems can be controlled using the internet to adjust lighting brightness and
schedules. One technology involves a smart lighting network that assigns IP addresses to
light bulbs.

INFORMATION TRANSMITTING WITH SMART LIGHT

Schubert predicts that revolutionary lighting systems will provide an entirely new means of
sensing and broadcasting information. By blinking far too rapidly for any human to notice,
the light will pick up data from sensors and carry it from room to room, reporting such
information as the location of every person within a high-security building. A major focus of
the Future Chips Constellation is smart lighting, a revolutionary new field in photonics based
on efficient light sources that are fully tunable in terms of such factors as spectral content,
emission pattern, polarization, color temperature, and intensity. Schubert, who leads the
group, says smart lighting will not only offer better, more efficient illumination; it will
provide “totally new functionalities.”

THEATRICAL LIGHTING CONTROL

Architectural lighting control systems can integrate with a theater's on-off

and dimmer controls, and are often used for house lights and stage lighting, and can
include worklights, rehearsal lighting, and lobby lighting. Control stations can be placed in
several locations in the building and range in complexity from single buttons that bring up
preset options-looks, to in-wall or desktop LCD touchscreen consoles. Much of
the technology is related to residential and commercial lighting control systems.

The benefit of architectural lighting control systems in the theater is the ability for theater
staff to turn worklights and house lights on and off without having to use a lighting control
console. Alternately, the light designer can control these same lights with light cues from the
lighting control console so that, for instance, the transition from houselights being up before a
show starts and the first light cue of the show is controlled by one system.

LED LIGHTS CONTROLLED BY WI

RELESS TECHNOLOGIES

1. INTERNET OF THINGS

Internet of Things is a technology which will not only connect your smartphone and
computer with the internet but no it will also connect your gadgets with your fridge, coffee
makers, lighting fixtures and much more.
It is a technology which has enabled us to remotely regulate our lighting fixtures using our
smart gadgets This means now you can switch on and off lights from anywhere with the help
of inbuilt sensors which establish a connection with your smartphone or computer

2. WIRELESS LIGHTING

Today, everything is going wireless and compact so the lighting industry is also

adopting the wireless trends, especially in retrofit projects

As well as radio-frequency-based systems, there are technologies such as power line
communication, which uses mains power lines to carry data to and from your fittings
Even the traditional wired lighting systems are using the wireless lighting technology where
everything is controlled without any cabled connectivity

3. LEDS FOR ALL

LED light bulbs are the new technology trends in the lighting industry which can't be avoided
today LED lighting fixtures have numerous benefits from environmental health to your own
health
These lights are energy efficient and they consume less electricity which eventually results in
the reduction of energy bills Moreover, they impart less heat that helps in reducing the carbon
dioxide produced by the lights

4. CONNECTIVITY

With the comprehensive use of the LED lighting technology in the mainstream the control or
we can say connectivity has improved a lot
The dimmers and sensors are part of the lighting industry for ages now, but with the
advanced digital connectivity, this trend of controlling has become an utterly important part
of the lighting industry

5. BUILT-IN LIGHTS

The new lighting trend that has been surged by LED technology is built in lighting sources
That's because LED lights don't require frequent replacements
Today, manufacturers are fittings lights inside the walls and ceiling to make them look as
much as possible seamless. The builders are creating the designs which are integrated with
the lighting fixtures

6. LIFI

Light is just not anymore the source to brighten up your home, it has become data technology
such as LiFi. It is like a Wi-Fi technology where indoor LED luminaires are used to create a
light communication system.
It is set to transform our shops, museums and indoor spaces into efficient places where data
can be transformed using the available lighting sources.
These are just a few new technology trends in the lighting industry which are completely
changing the old method of lighting. Apart from these trends, there are plenty of numerous
lighting trends available and many more are coming so overall lighting industry is a gold
mine for new changes
CONCLUSION

Though LEDs have been around and in practical use for decades, they continue to be a
source of innovation and important technological development.   These new developments
may soon lead to new and improved products in nearly every sector where we find LEDs.
We're especially excited about big breakthroughs in color tuning, both in terms of
technique and application.