ChapterThree

Introduction to
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• AI is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence.
 Artificial - means "man-made"

 Intelligence - means "thinking power", or “the ability to learn

and solve problems”

• Hence, Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made

thinking power"
• Artificial intelligence (AI), the ability of a digital computer
or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly
associated with intelligent beings.

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What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)

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 Cont..

▪ Generally AI can be defined as, the branch of CS by which we

can create intelligent machines which can:
 behave like a human,
 think like humans, and
 able to make decisions.

▪ Intelligence is ability to acquire and apply knowledge.

 Knowledge is information acquired through experience.
 Experience is knowledge gained through exposure (training).

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 Cont..

Class Discussion
 Cont..
• In AI you do not need to preprogram a machine to do some
work, despite that you can create a machine with
programmed algorithms which can work with own
intelligence.

• Artificial Intelligence have human-based skills such as

learning, reasoning, and solving problems.

• Intelligence is composed of:

 Reasoning
 Learning
 Problem Solving
 Perception
 Linguistic Intelligence
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 AI System
• An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment.
 An agent (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can perceive
its environment through sensors and acts upon that
environment through effectors.
 Intelligent systems must be able to set goals and achieve
them.
 AI Machines evaluate its predictions and adapt based on its
assessment.
• AI Machines use input data from sensors (such as cameras,
microphones, sensors, etc.) to deduce aspects of the world.
e.g., Computer Vision.
• High-profile examples of AI include:
 Autonomous vehicles,
 Medical diagnosis,
 Creating art (such as poetry),
 Proving mathematical theorems,
 Prediction of judicial decisions and targeting online
advertisements
 Image recognition in photographs,
 Spam filtering,
 Online assistants (such as Siri),
 Playing games (such as Chess),
 Search engines
 AI, Big Data and GPU
• AI is the development of machines able to perform tasks
normally requiring human intelligence such as: visual
perception, speech recognition, decision-making and
translation between languages.

• The advent of big data combined with cheaper and more

powerful hardware such as GPUs has enabled AI to evolve
into more complex architectures.

• GPU (Graphical Processing Units): able to process tasks in

parallel fashion.

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AI, Machine Learning and Deep Learning

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 Machine learning
• Machine learning was introduced by Arthur Samuel in
1959.
• Machine Learning is an advanced form of AI where the
machine can learn as it goes rather than having every
action programmed by humans.

• ML, fundamental concept of AI research since the field’s

inception, is the study of computer algorithms that
improve automatically through experience.

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 Deep Learning
▪ Deep Learning is a type of machine learning in which
multiple layers of processing are used to extract
progressively higher level features from data.
▪ Neural networks are biologically inspired networks that
extract features from the data in a hierarchical fashion.
▪ The field of neural networks with several hidden layers
is called deep learning.

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 Why we need AI at this time?
• To create expert systems that show intelligent behavior
with the capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and
advice its users.
• Helping machines find solutions to complex problems
like humans do and applying them as algorithms in a
computer-friendly manner.

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 Goals ofArtificialIntelligence
▪ Replicate human intelligence
▪ Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
▪ An intelligent connection of perception and action
▪ Building a machine which can perform tasks that
requires human intelligence such as:
o Proving a theorem
o Playing chess
o Plan some surgical operation
o Driving a car in traffic
▪ Creating some system which can show intelligent
behavior, learn new things by itself, demonstrate,
explain, and can advise to its user.
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 Disciplines which AI requires
• Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a
combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving,
perception, language understanding.
• To achieve those factors for a machine or software,
Artificial Intelligence requires the following disciplines

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 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Artificial Intelligence

Advantage Disadvantage
High Accuracy with Fewer High cost
errors
High speed Can’t think our of the box
High reliability No feeling and emotions
Useful for risky areas Increase dependence on
machines
Digital assistant No original creativity
Useful as a public utility 17
History ofAI

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 Levels of AI
• Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems: a system designed to achieve
Artificial Intelligence, via a model solely based on
predetermined rules.

• Stage 2 – Context Awareness and Retention: the machines

are trained on the best human knowledge and experience
with knowledge based on specific domains. The existing
knowledge base can be updated once new queries and
solutions arise.

• Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise: systems build up

expertise in a specific context taking in massive volumes
of information which they can use for decision making.
 Cont..
• Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines: This machine algorithms have
some ability to attribute mental states to themselves and
others – they have a sense of beliefs, intentions, knowledge,
and how their own logic works.
o This means they could reason or negotiate with humans
and other machines.
• Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence
(AGI): systems which have human-like intelligence. It is the
ability of an intelligent agent to understand or learn any
intellectual task that a human being can.
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• Stage 6 – Artificial Superintelligence (ASI): algorithms which
can outsmart even the most intelligent humans in every
domain.
 Cont..

• Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence: AI machines

go beyond the limits of the human body and connect to
other forms of intelligence on the planet.
– animals,
– plants,
– weather systems, and
– the natural environment.
• Singularity is impossible and human consciousness could
never be digitized.
• Potentially erasing the boundary between humanity and 21

computers.
Cont..

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 Types of AI

• There are mainly two types of the main categorization

which are based on capabilities and based on
functionally of AI.

capabilities functionally

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 A. Based on Capabilities
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
• A type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task
with intelligence.
• It cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it
is only trained for one specific task.
• Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes
beyond its limits.
• E.g. Apple Siri, Google translate, self-driving cars,
speech recognition, and image recognition.

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 Cont..
2. General AI or Strong AI:
• A type of intelligence that could perform any
intellectual task with efficiency like a human.
• The idea behind the general AI to make such a system
that could be smarter and think like a human on its
own.
• Currently there is no such system existing which could
come under general AI and can perform any task as
perfect as human.
• The worldwide researchers are now focused on
developing machines with General AI.
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 Cont..
3. Super AI:
• A level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines
could surpass human intelligence, and can perform
any task better than a human with cognitive
properties.
• It is an outcome of general AI.
• This refers to aspects like general wisdom, problem
solving and creativity.
• key characteristics: the ability to think, to reason
solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and
communicate on its own.
• Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of AI.
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 Currently existing level of Intelligence
• Many currently existing systems that claim to use AI
are actually operating as weak AI, focus on narrowly
defined specific problems.

• We are now at the stage of ANI, we haven’t actually

reach AGI & ASI.

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 B. Based on the functionality

1.Reactive Machines:
• Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of
Artificial Intelligence.
• Such AI systems do not store memories or past
experiences for future actions.
• These machines only focus on current scenarios and
react on it as per possible best action.
• Example: IBM's Deep Blue system, Google's AlphaGo

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 Cont..
2. Limited Memory:
• Limited memory machines can store past experiences
or some data for a short period of time.
• These machines can use stored data for a limited
time period only.
E.g. Self-driving cars
• These cars can store the recent speed of nearby cars,
the distance of other cars, speed limits, and other
information to navigate the road.

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 Cont..

3. Theory of Mind
• Theory of Mind AI should understand human
emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to interact
socially like humans.
• This type of AI machine is still not developed, but
researchers are making lots of efforts and
improvements for developing such AI machines.

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 Cont..

4. Self-Awareness
• Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.
• These machines will be super intelligent and will have
their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-
awareness.
• These machines will be smarter than the human mind.

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 How humans think

• Observe and input the information or data in the

brain.

• Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from

the surrounding environment.
• Make decisions as a reaction towards what you
received as input and interpreted and evaluated.

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 Mapping human thinking to artificial
intelligence components
• First stage:
 represented by the sensing layer, which perceives
information from the surrounding environment.
 This information is specific to the AI application.
 For example, there are sensing agents such as voice
recognition for sensing voice and visual imaging
recognition for sensing images.
• Second stage:
 represented by the interpretation layer, that is, reasoning
and thinking about the gathered input that is acquired by
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the sensing layer.

• Third stage:
 Related to taking action or making decisions.
 After evaluating the input data, the interacting layer
performs the necessary tasks.
 Robotic movement control and speech generation are
examples of functions that are implemented in the
interacting layer.

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 Summary of AI Modeling Stage
Mapping human thinking to AI
How human think
components or layers
Observe and input the Sensing layer, which perceives
information or data in the brain information from the surrounding
based on human organs such as environment using such as voice
eyes and ears. recognition and imaging recognition.

Interpret and evaluate the input Interpretation layer, that is, reasoning
that is received from the and thinking about the gathered input
surrounding environment. that is acquired by the sensing layer.

Make decisions or taking action Interacting layer taking action or making

as a reaction towards what you decisions.
received as input and E.g. Robotic movement control and speech
interpreted and evaluated. generation.
 Influencers of artificial intelligence
• List down some influential factors that accelerate the
rise of AI?
 Big data: Structured data versus unstructured data
 Advancements in computer processing speed and new
chip architectures
 Cloud computing and APIs
 The emergence of data science

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 Big Data
• Big data refers to huge amounts of data.
• Big data requires innovative forms of information
processing to draw insights, automate processes, and
help decision making.
• Big data can be structured data that corresponds to a
formal pattern, such as spreadsheets and databases.
• Also, big data includes semi-structured and
unstructured formats, such as text document, videos,
images, audio, presentations, social media interactions,
streams, web pages, and many other kinds of content

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 The emergence of Data Science

• The goal of data science is to extract knowledge or

insights from data in various forms, either structured
or unstructured, which is like data mining.
• Data science has emerged in the last few years as a new
profession that combines several disciplines, such as
statistics, data analysis, machine learning, and others.

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 Advancements in computer processing speed,
new chip architectures, and big data file systems
• Significant advancements in computer processing and
memory speeds enable us to make sense of the
information that is generated by big data more quickly.
• Big data and the ability to process a large amount of
data at high speeds have enabled researchers and
developers to access and work with massive sets of data.
• Processing speeds and new computer chip architectures
contribute to the rapid evolution of AI applications.
• Example: Hadoop file system
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 Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of
computer system resources, especially data storage
(cloud storage) and computing power, without direct
active management by the user.
• It is a general term that describes the delivery of on-
demand services, usually through the internet, on a pay-
per-use basis.
• Companies worldwide offer their services to customers
over cloud platforms.
• Services might be data analysis, social media, video
storage, e-commerce, and any others that are available
through the internet and supported by cloud computing. 41
 Application Programming Interface (API)
• API is a computing interface that defines interactions
between multiple software intermediaries.
• It defines the kinds of calls or requests that can be
made, how to make them, the data formats that
should be used, the conventions to follow, etc.
• In general, APIs expose capabilities and services. It
enable software components to communicate with
each other easily.
• APIs abstract the underlying workings of a service,
application, or tool, and expose only what a developer
needs, so programming becomes easier and faster.

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 Application ofAI
• AI is becoming essential for today's time because it can
solve complex problems in an efficient way in multiple
industries.
• Following are some sectors which have the application of
Artificial Intelligence:
1. Agriculture 5. Education
2. Health 6. Gaming
3. Business (Emerging market) 7. Data Security
4. Finance and E-commerce 8. Social Media etc.

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 Applications of AI..
Sectors AI Application Examples

 agriculture robotics
Agriculture  crop monitoring
 predictive analysis

 Disease detection
Health  Patient diagnosis
 Drug discovery

 Grading software
Education  Virtual learning
 Voice assistants
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AI tools and Platforms

..Reading assignment

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