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Op Amp

The document discusses operational amplifiers (op-amps), which are high-gain differential amplifiers with very high input impedance and low output impedance. Op-amps can be used in a variety of applications including oscillators, filters, instrumentation amplifiers, and converters. The document describes op-amp basics like single-ended and double-ended input, characteristics, working principles of open and closed loop operation, and the concept of virtual short. Common op-amp configurations like inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, unity follower, summing amplifier, difference amplifier, integrator, and differentiator are also summarized.

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41 views64 pages

Op Amp

The document discusses operational amplifiers (op-amps), which are high-gain differential amplifiers with very high input impedance and low output impedance. Op-amps can be used in a variety of applications including oscillators, filters, instrumentation amplifiers, and converters. The document describes op-amp basics like single-ended and double-ended input, characteristics, working principles of open and closed loop operation, and the concept of virtual short. Common op-amp configurations like inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, unity follower, summing amplifier, difference amplifier, integrator, and differentiator are also summarized.

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Operational

Amplifier
UN I T-I I I
Introduction
•Operational amplifier (op-amp)
• Very high gain differential amplifier
• High input impedance
• Low output impedance

•Applications
• Oscillators
• Filters
• Instrumentation Amplifier
• A to D Converters Fig.1: Single- Ended Operation
• Zero Crossing Detectors
• Precision Rectifiers
Single Ended Input
•Single-ended input operation results when the input signal is connected to one input with the other input
connected to ground.

Fig.2: Single- Ended Operation


Double-Ended (Differential) Input
•In addition to using only one input, it is possible to apply signals at each input.

•Resulting configuration is called double-ended operation.

Fig.3: Double- Ended Operation


Op-Amp Basics
•An operational amplifier having
• Very high gain
• Very high input impedance (typically a few megohms)
• Low output impedance (less than 100 )
• High CMRR (Common mode rejection ratio)

•Fig.4 shows a basic op-amp unit.

•Input terminals:
• Inverting Input (marked with “-” )
• Non-Inverting Input ( marked with “+”) Fig.4: Basic op- amp

VO = A(V+ - V-)
A : open loop gain of op-amp
(a) Practical (b) Ideal

Fig.5: AC equivalent of op- amp circuit


Op-Amp Characteristics

Fig.6: Ideal vs. practical characteristics of Op-amp


Working Principle
OPEN LOOP OPERATION
•The ideal op-amp amplifies the difference between the two applied
input (i.e. at inverting and non inverting) signals.

•This difference between the two input signal is called the


differential input voltage.

•The output voltage of open loop op-amp is given as

Vout = AOL(V+ - V-) Fig.7: Open-loop operation


Where, AOL is open loop of op-amp
•In open loop, op-amp works as comparator
CLOSED LOOP OPERATION

•Feedback is introduced in the closed-loop configuration.

•This feedback path feeds the output signal back to input side.
•The output voltage of closed loop op-amp is given as

Vout = ACL(V+ - V-)


Where, ACL is the closed-loop gain
•Feedback circuit connected to op-amp determines ACL Fig.8: Closed-loop operation

•Types of feedback
• Positive (used in Oscillators)
• Negative (used in Amplifiers)
Concept of Virtual Short
•Basically the “short” between two points that are
imaginary.
•In context to op-amp, virtual short means, the voltage at
inverting terminal tracks the voltage at non-inverting
terminal under negative feedback(V+ = V-)
•As we know that,
•As ideal gain is infinite, hence Vin = 0
Fig.9: Virtual Ground in
Vin = V+ - V- negative feedback

V+ = V-
Electrical Parameters of Op-amp
Input bias current: Average current flows in inverting & no-inverting terminal.
Input & output impedance: Resistance offered by input and output terminals to varying voltages.

Open loop gain: Overall voltage gain of amplifier.


Input offset voltage: It is the voltage that must be applied between the two terminals of op-amp to
make then output zero.
Input offset current: The algebraic difference between the current in to the inverting and non-
inverting terminal.
Op-Amp IC
•The most commonly used op-amp is IC741.

•It is a 8-pin dual-in-line package with a pinout shown


above.
• Pin 1: Offset null
• Pin 2: Inverting input terminal
• Pin 3: Non-inverting input terminal
• Pin 4: –VCC (negative voltage supply)
• Pin 5: Offset null
Fig.10: Pin Diagram of LM741
• Pin 6: Output voltage
• Pin 7: +VCC (positive voltage supply)
• Pin 8: No Connection
Applications
•Operational amplifiers are popular building block, finds application in most of the consumer and
industrial electronic system.
•They can be configured as
• Inverting Amplifier
• Non-Inverting Amplifier
• Buffer (Voltage follower)
• Summing Amplifier
• Difference Amplifier
• Differentiator
• Integrator
• Filters
• Comparator etc.
Inverting Amplifier

Fig.11: Inverting Amplifier


Non Inverting Amplifier

Fig.12: Non-Inverting Amplifier


Unity Follower
It provides a gain of unity (1) with no
polarity or phase reversal.

Fig.13: Unity Follower


Summing Amplifier

Fig.14: Summing Amplifier


Difference Amplifier

Fig.15: Difference Amplifier


Integrator

Fig.16: Integrator
Differentiator

Fig.17: Differentiator

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