Software Testing Dictionary

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A free, searchable by word and topic on-line vocabulary and thesaurus with definitions, synonyms and quotations
for over 300 terms associated with Software Testing and QA (Quality assurance)

All following definitions are taken from accepted and identified sources.
This page is being updated on a monthly basis
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Acceptance Test. Formal tests (often performed by a customer) to determine whether or not a system has
satisfied predetermined acceptance criteria. These tests are often used to enable the customer (either internal or
external) to determine whether or not to accept a system.

Accessibility testing. Testing that determines if software will be usable by people with disabilities.

Ad Hoc Testing. Testing carried out using no recognised test case design technique. [BCS]

Acronyms and Abbreviations related to software testing This page lists many acronyms and abbreviations that
can be related to software testing

Algorithm verification testing. A software development and test phase focused on the validation and tuning of key
algorithms using an iterative experimentation process.[Scott Loveland, 2005]

Alpha Testing. Testing of a software product or system conducted at the developer's site by the customer.

Artistic testing. Also known as Exploratory testing.

Assertion Testing. (NBS) A dynamic analysis technique which inserts assertions about the relationship between
program variables into the program code. The truth of the assertions is determined as the program executes.

Automated Testing. Software testing which is assisted with software technology that does not require operator
(tester) input, analysis, or evaluation.

Audit.

(1) An independent examination of a work product or set of work products to assess compliance with
specifications, standards, contractual agreements, or other criteria. (IEEE)
(2) To conduct an independent review and examination of system records and activities in order to test the
adequacy and effectiveness of data security and data integrity procedures, to ensure compliance with established
policy and operational procedures, and to recommend any necessary changes. (ANSI)

ABEND Abnormal END. A mainframe term for a program crash. It is always associated with a failure code, known
as an ABEND code.[Scott Loveland, 2005]

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Background testing. Is the execution of normal functional testing while the SUT is exercised by a realistic work
load. This work load is being processed "in the background" as far as the functional testing is concerned. [ Load
Testing Terminology by Scott Stirling ]

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Bandwidth testing. Testing a site with a variety of link speeds, both fast (internally connected LAN) and slow
(externally, through a proxy or firewall, and over a modem); sometimes called slow link testing if the organization
typically tests with a faster link internally (in that case, they are doing a specific pass for the slower line speed
only).[Lydia Ash, 2003]

Basis path testing. Identifying tests based on flow and paths of the program or system. [William E. Lewis, 2000]

Basis test set. A set of test cases derived from the code logic which ensure that 100\% branch coverage is
achieved. [BCS]

Bug: glitch, error, goof, slip, fault, blunder, boner, howler, oversight, botch, delusion, elision. [B. Beizer, 1990],
defect, issue, problem

Beta Testing. Testing conducted at one or more customer sites by the end-user of a delivered software product or
system.

Benchmarks Programs that provide performance comparison for software, hardware, and systems.

Benchmarking is specific type of performance test with the purpose of determining performance baselines for
comparison. [Load Testing Terminology by Scott Stirling ]

Big-bang testing. Integration testing where no incremental testing takes place prior to all the system's components
being combined to form the system.[BCS]

Black box testing. A testing method where the application under test is viewed as a black box and the internal
behavior of the program is completely ignored. Testing occurs based upon the external specifications. Also known
as behavioral testing, since only the external behaviors of the program are evaluated and analyzed.

Blink testing. What you do in blink testing is plunge yourself into an ocean of data-- far too much data to
comprehend. And then you comprehend it. Don't know how to do that? Yes you do. But you may not realize that
you know how.[James Bach's Blog]

Bottom-up Testing. An approach to integration testing where the lowest level components are tested first, then
used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. The process is repeated until the component at the top of
the hierarchy is tested. [BCS]

Boundary Value Analysis (BVA). BVA is different from equivalence partitioning in that it focuses on "corner cases"
or values that are usually out of range as defined by the specification. This means that if function expects all
values in range of negative 100 to positive 1000, test inputs would include negative 101 and positive 1001. BVA
attempts to derive the value often used as a technique for stress, load or volume testing. This type of validation is
usually performed after positive functional validation has completed (successfully) using requirements
specifications and user documentation.
read tutorial Boundary Value Analysis

Branch Coverage Testing. - Verify each branch has true and false outcomes at least once. [William E. Lewis,
2000]

Breadth test. - A test suite that exercises the full scope of a system from a top-down perspective, but does not test
any aspect in detail [Dorothy Graham, 1999]

BRS - Business Requirement Specification

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Capability Maturity Model (CMM). - A description of the stages through which software organizations evolve as
they define, implement, measure, control and improve their software processes. The model is a guide for
selecting the process improvement strategies by facilitating the determination of current process capabilities and
identification of the issues most critical to software quality and process improvement. [SEI/CMU-93-TR-25]
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How is Capability Maturity Model organized?

Capture-replay tools. - Tools that gives testers the ability to move some GUI testing away from manual execution
by �capturing� mouse clicks and keyboard strokes into scripts, and then �replaying� that script to re-
create the same sequence of inputs and responses on subsequent test.[Scott Loveland, 2005]

Cause Effect Graphing. (1) [NBS] Test data selection technique. The input and output domains are partitioned into
classes and analysis is performed to determine which input classes cause which effect. A minimal set of inputs is
chosen which will cover the entire effect set. (2)A systematic method of generating test cases representing
combinations of conditions. See: testing, functional.[G. Myers]

Clean test. A test whose primary purpose is validation; that is, tests designed to demonstrate the software`s
correct working.(syn. positive test)[B. Beizer 1995]

Clear-box testing. See White-box testing.

Code audit. An independent review of source code by a person, team, or tool to verify compliance with software
design documentation and programming standards. Correctness and efficiency may also be evaluated. (IEEE)

Code Inspection. A manual [formal] testing [error detection] technique where the programmer reads source code,
statement by statement, to a group who ask questions analyzing the program logic, analyzing the code with
respect to a checklist of historically common programming errors, and analyzing its compliance with coding
standards. Contrast with code audit, code review, code walkthrough. This technique can also be applied to other
software and configuration items. [G.Myers/NBS] Syn: Fagan Inspection

Code Walkthrough. A manual testing [error detection] technique where program [source code] logic [structure] is
traced manually [mentally] by a group with a small set of test cases, while the state of program variables is
manually monitored, to analyze the programmer's logic and assumptions.[G.Myers/NBS]

Coexistence Testing. Coexistence isn't enough. It also depends on load order, how virtual space is mapped at the
moment, hardware and software configurations, and the history of what took place hours or days before. It�s
probably an exponentially hard problem rather than a square-law problem. [from Quality Is Not The Goal. By Boris
Beizer, Ph. D.]

Comparison testing. Comparing software strengths and weaknesses to competing products

Compatibility bug A revision to the framework breaks a previously working feature: a new feature is inconsistent
with an old feature, or a new feature breaks an unchanged application rebuilt with the new framework code. [R. V.
Binder, 1999]

Compatibility Testing. The process of determining the ability of two or more systems to exchange information. In a
situation where the developed software replaces an already working program, an investigation should be
conducted to assess possible comparability problems between the new software and other programs or systems.

Composability testing -testing the ability of the interface to let users do more complex tasks by combining different
sequences of simpler, easy-to-learn tasks. [Timothy Dyck, 'Easy' and other lies, eWEEK April 28, 2003]

Condition Coverage. A test coverage criteria requiring enough test cases such that each condition in a decision
takes on all possible outcomes at least once, and each point of entry to a program or subroutine is invoked at
least once. Contrast with branch coverage, decision coverage, multiple condition coverage, path coverage,
statement coverage.[G.Myers]

Configuration. The functional and/or physical characteristics of hardware/software as set forth in technical
documentation and achieved in a product. (MIL-STD-973)

Configuration control. An element of configuration management, consisting of the evaluation, coordination,

approval or disapproval, and implementation of changes to configuration items after formal establishment of their
configuration identification. (IEEE)
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Conformance directed testing. Testing that seeks to establish conformance to requirements or specification. [R. V.
Binder, 1999]

Cookbook scenario. A test scenario description that provides complete, step-by-step details about how the
scenario should be performed. It leaves nothing to change. [Scott Loveland, 2005]

Coverage analysis. Determining and assessing measures associated with the invocation of program structural
elements to determine the adequacy of a test run. Coverage analysis is useful when attempting to execute each
statement, branch, path, or iterative structure in a program. Tools that capture this data and provide reports
summarizing relevant information have this feature. (NIST)

CRUD Testing. Build CRUD matrix and test all object creation, reads, updates, and deletion. [William E. Lewis,
2000]

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Data-Driven testing. An automation approach in which the navigation and functionality of the test script is directed
through external data; this approach separates test and control data from the test script. [Daniel J. Mosley, 2002]

Data flow testing. Testing in which test cases are designed based on variable usage within the code.[BCS]

Database testing. Check the integrity of database field values. [William E. Lewis, 2000]

Defect. The difference between the functional specification (including user documentation) and actual program
text (source code and data). Often reported as problem and stored in defect-tracking and problem-management
system

Defect. Also called a fault or a bug, a defect is an incorrect part of code that is caused by an error. An error of
commission causes a defect of wrong or extra code. An error of omission results in a defect of missing code. A
defect may cause one or more failures.[Robert M. Poston, 1996.]

Defect. A flaw in the software with potential to cause a failure.. [Systematic Software Testing by Rick D. Craig and
Stefan P. Jaskiel 2002]

Defect Age. A measurement that describes the period of time from the introduction of a defect until its discovery. .
[Systematic Software Testing by Rick D. Craig and Stefan P. Jaskiel 2002]

Defect Density. A metric that compares the number of defects to a measure of size (e.g., defects per KLOC).
Often used as a measure of defect quality. [Systematic Software Testing by Rick D. Craig and Stefan P. Jaskiel
2002]

Defect Discovery Rate. A metric describing the number of defects discovered over a specified period of time,
usually displayed in graphical form. [Systematic Software Testing by Rick D. Craig and Stefan P. Jaskiel 2002]

Defect Removal Efficiency (DRE). A measure of the number of defects discovered in an activity versus the
number that could have been found. Often used as a measure of test effectiveness. [Systematic Software Testing
by Rick D. Craig and Stefan P. Jaskiel 2002]

Defect Seeding. The process of intentionally adding known defects to those already in a computer program for the
purpose of monitoring the rate of detection and removal, and estimating the number of defects still remaining.
Also called Error Seeding. [Systematic Software Testing by Rick D. Craig and Stefan P. Jaskiel 2002]

Defect Masked. An existing defect that hasn't yet caused a failure because another defect has prevented that part
of the code from being executed. [Systematic Software Testing by Rick D. Craig and Stefan P. Jaskiel 2002]

Depth test. A test case, that exercises some part of a system to a significant level of detail. [Dorothy Graham,
1999]
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Decision Coverage. A test coverage criteria requiring enough test cases such that each decision has a true and
false result at least once, and that each statement is executed at least once. Syn: branch coverage. Contrast with
condition coverage, multiple condition coverage, path coverage, statement coverage.[G.Myers]

Design-based testing. Designing tests based on objectives derived from the architectural or detail design of the
software (e.g., tests that execute specific invocation paths or probe the worst case behaviour of algorithms). [BCS

Dirty testing Negative testing. [Beizer]

Dynamic testing. Testing, based on specific test cases, by execution of the test object or running programs [Tim
Koomen, 1999]

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End-to-End testing. Similar to system testing; the 'macro' end of the test scale; involves testing of a complete
application environment in a situation that mimics real-world use, such as interacting with a database, using
network communications, or interacting with other hardware, applications, or systems if appropriate.

Equivalence Partitioning: An approach where classes of inputs are categorized for product or function validation.
This usually does not include combinations of input, but rather a single state value based by class. For example,
with a given function there may be several classes of input that may be used for positive testing. If function
expects an integer and receives an integer as input, this would be considered as positive test assertion. On the
other hand, if a character or any other input class other than integer is provided, this would be considered a
negative test assertion or condition.
Read Equivalence Partitioning Tutorial

Error: An error is a mistake of commission or omission that a person makes. An error causes a defect. In software
development one error may cause one or more defects in requirements, designs, programs, or tests.[Robert M.
Poston, 1996.]

Errors: The amount by which a result is incorrect. Mistakes are usually a result of a human action. Human
mistakes (errors) often result in faults contained in the source code, specification, documentation, or other product
deliverable. Once a fault is encountered, the end result will be a program failure. The failure usually has some
margin of error, either high, medium, or low.

Error Guessing: Another common approach to black-box validation. Black-box testing is when everything else
other than the source code may be used for testing. This is the most common approach to testing. Error guessing
is when random inputs or conditions are used for testing. Random in this case includes a value either produced by
a computerized random number generator, or an ad hoc value or test conditions provided by engineer.

Error guessing. A test case design technique where the experience of the tester is used to postulate what faults
exist, and to design tests specially to expose them [from BS7925-1]

Error seeding. The purposeful introduction of faults into a program to test effectiveness of a test suite or other
quality assurance program. [R. V. Binder, 1999]

Exception Testing. Identify error messages and exception handling processes an conditions that trigger them.
[William E. Lewis, 2000]

Exhaustive Testing.(NBS) Executing the program with all possible combinations of values for program variables.
Feasible only for small, simple programs.

Exploratory Testing: An interactive process of concurrent product exploration, test design, and test execution. The
heart of exploratory testing can be stated simply: The outcome of this test influences the design of the next test.
[James Bach]

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Failure: A failure is a deviation from expectations exhibited by software and observed as a set of symptoms by a
tester or user. A failure is caused by one or more defects. The Causal Trail. A person makes an error that causes
a defect that causes a failure.[Robert M. Poston, 1996]

Fix testing. Rerunning of a test that previously found the bug in order to see if a supplied fix works. [Scott
Loveland, 2005]

Follow-up testing, we vary a test that yielded a less-thanspectacular failure. We vary the operation, data, or
environment, asking whether the underlying fault in the code can yield a more serious failure or a failure under a
broader range of circumstances.[Measuring the Effectiveness of Software Testers,Cem Kaner, STAR East 2003]

Formal Testing. (IEEE) Testing conducted in accordance with test plans and procedures that have been reviewed
and approved by a customer, user, or designated level of management. Antonym: informal testing.

Framework scenario. A test scenario definition that provides only enough high-level information to remind the
tester of everything that needs to be covered for that scenario. The description captures the activity’s
essence, but trusts the tester to work through the specific steps required.[Scott Loveland, 2005]

Free Form Testing. Ad hoc or brainstorming using intuition to define test cases. [William E. Lewis, 2000]

Functional Decomposition Approach. An automation method in which the test cases are reduced to fundamental
tasks, navigation, functional tests, data verification, and return navigation; also known as Framework Driven
Approach. [Daniel J. Mosley, 2002]

Functional testing Application of test data derived from the specified functional requirements without regard to the
final program structure. Also known as black-box testing.

Function verification test (FVT). Testing of a complete, yet containable functional area or component within the
overall software package. Normally occurs immediately after Unit test. Also known as Integration test. [Scott
Loveland, 2005]

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Gray box testing. Tests involving inputs and outputs, but test design is educated by information about the code or
the program operation of a kind that would normally be out of scope of view of the tester.[Cem Kaner]

Gray box testing. Test designed based on the knowledge of algorithm, internal states, architectures, or other high
-level descriptions of the program behavior. [Doug Hoffman]

Gray box testing. Examines the activity of back-end components during test case execution. Two types of
problems that can be encountered during gray-box testing are:

A component encounters a failure of some kind, causing the operation to be aborted. The user interface will
typically indicate that an error has occurred.
The test executes in full, but the content of the results is incorrect. Somewhere in the system, a component
processed data incorrectly, causing the error in the results.
[Elfriede Dustin. "Quality Web Systems: Performance, Security & Usability."]

Grooved Tests. Tests that simply repeat the same activity against a target product from cycle to cycle. [Scott
Loveland, 2005]

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Heuristic Testing: An approach to test design that employs heuristics to enable rapid development of test cases.
[James Bach]

High-level tests. These tests involve testing whole, complete products [Kit, 1995]

HTML validation testing. Specific to Web testing. This certifies that the HTML meets specifications and internal
coding standards.
W3C Markup Validation Service, a free service that checks Web documents in formats like HTML and XHTML for
conformance to W3C Recommendations and other standards.

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Incremental integration testing. Incremental integration testing - continuous testing of an application as new
functionality is added; requires that various aspects of an application's functionality be independent enough to
work separately before all parts of the program are completed, or that test drivers be developed as needed; done
by programmers or by testers.

Inspection. A formal evaluation technique in which software requirements, design, or code are examined in detail
by person or group other than the author to detect faults, violations of development standards, and other problems
[IEEE94]. A quality improvement process for written material that consists of two dominant components: product
(document) improvement and process improvement (document production and inspection).

Integration. The process of combining software components or hardware components or both into overall system.

Integration testing - testing of combined parts of an application to determine if they function together correctly. The
'parts' can be code modules, individual applications, client and server applications on a network, etc. This type of
testing is especially relevant to client/server and distributed systems.

Integration Testing. Testing conducted after unit and feature testing. The intent is to expose faults in the
interactions between software modules and functions. Either top-down or bottom-up approaches can be used. A
bottom-up method is preferred, since it leads to earlier unit testing (step-level integration) This method is contrary
to the big-bang approach where all source modules are combined and tested in one step. The big-bang approach
to integration should be discouraged.

Interface Tests. Programs that probide test facilities for external interfaces and function calls. Simulation is often
used to test external interfaces that currently may not be available for testing or are difficult to control. For
example, hardware resources such as hard disks and memory may be difficult to control. Therefore, simulation
can provide the characteristics or behaviors for specific function.

Internationalization testing (I18N) - testing related to handling foreign text and data within the program. This would
include sorting, importing and exporting test and data, correct handling of currency and date and time formats,
string parsing, upper and lower case handling and so forth. [Clinton De Young, 2003].

Interoperability Testing which measures the ability of your software to communicate across the network on
multiple machines from multiple vendors each of whom may have interpreted a design specification critical to your
success differently.

Inter-operability Testing. True inter-operability testing concerns testing for unforeseen interactions with other
packages with which your software has no direct connection. In some quarters, inter-operability testing labor
equals all other testing combined. This is the kind of testing that I say shouldn’t be done because it can�t be
done.[from Quality Is Not The Goal. By Boris Beizer, Ph. D.]

Inspection. A formal evaluation technique in which software requirements, design, or code are examined in detail
by person or group other than the author to detect faults, violations of development standards, and other problems
[IEEE94].
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Install/uninstall testing. Testing of full, partial, or upgrade install/uninstall processes.

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Key Word-Driven Testing. The approach developed by Carl Nagle of the SAS Institute that is offered as freeware
on the Web; Key Word-Driven Test. ing is an enhancement to the data-driven methodology. [Daniel J. Mosley,
2002]

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Latent bug A bug that has been dormant (unobserved) in two or more releases. [R. V. Binder, 1999]

Lateral testing. A test design technique based on lateral thinking principals, to identify faults. [Dorothy Graham,
1999]

Limits testing. See Boundary Condition testing.

Load testing. Testing an application under heavy loads, such as testing of a web site under a range of loads to
determine at what point the system's response time degrades or fails.

Load stress test. A test is design to determine how heavy a load the application can handle.

Load-stability test. Test design to determine whether a Web application will remain serviceable over extended
time span.

Load isolation test. The workload for this type of test is designed to contain only the subset of test cases that
caused the problem in previous testing.

Longevity testing. See Reliability testing.

Long-haul Testing. See Reliability testing.

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Master Test Planning. An activity undertaken to orchestrate the testing effort across levels and organizations.
[Systematic Software Testing by Rick D. Craig and Stefan P. Jaskiel 2002]

Memory leak testing. Testing the server components to see if memory is not properly referenced and released,
which can lead to instability and the product's crashing.

Model-Based Testing. Model-based testing takes the application and models it so that each state of each input,
output, form, and function is represented. Since this is based on detailing the various states of objects and data,
this type of testing is very similar to charting out states. Many times a tool is used to automatically go through all
the states in the model and try different inputs in each to ensure that they all interact correctly.[Lydia Ash, 2003]

Monkey Testing. (smart monkey testing) Input are generated from probability distributions that reflect actual
expected usage statistics -- e.g., from user profiles. There are different levels of IQ in smart monkey testing. In the
simplest, each input is considered independent of the other inputs. That is, a given test requires an input vector
with five components. In low IQ testing, these would be generated independently. In high IQ monkey testing, the
correlation (e.g., the covariance) between these input distribution is taken into account. In all branches of smart
monkey testing, the input is considered as a single event.[Visual Test 6 Bible by Thomas R. Arnold, 1998 ]

Monkey Testing. (brilliant monkey testing) The inputs are created from a stochastic regular expression or
stochastic finite-state machine model of user behavior. That is, not only are the values determined by probability
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distributions, but the sequence of values and the sequence of states in which the input provider goes is driven by
specified probabilities.[Visual Test 6 Bible by Thomas R. Arnold, 1998 ]

Monkey Testing. (dumb-monkey testing)Inputs are generated from a uniform probability distribution without regard
to the actual usage statistics.[Visual Test 6 Bible by Thomas R. Arnold, 1998 ]

Maximum Simultaneous Connection testing. This is a test performed to determine the number of connections
which the firewall or Web server is capable of handling.

Migration Testing. Testing to see if the customer will be able to transition smoothly from a prior version of the
software to a new one. [Scott Loveland, 2005]

Mutation testing. A testing strategy where small variations to a program are inserted (a mutant), followed by
execution of an existing test suite. If the test suite detects the mutant, the mutant is 'retired.' If undetected, the test
suite must be revised. [R. V. Binder, 1999]

Multiple Condition Coverage. A test coverage criteria which requires enough test cases such that all possible
combinations of condition outcomes in each decision, and all points of entry, are invoked at least once.[G.Myers]
Contrast with branch coverage, condition coverage, decision coverage, path coverage, statement coverage.

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Negative test. A test whose primary purpose is falsification; that is tests designed to break the
software[B.Beizer1995]

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Noncritical code analysis. Examines software elements that are not designated safety-critical and ensures that
these elements do not cause a hazard. (IEEE)

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Orthogonal array testing: Technique can be used to reduce the number of combination and provide maximum
coverage with a minimum number of TC.Pay attention to the fact that it is an old and proven technique. The OAT
was introduced for the first time by Plackett and Burman in 1946 and was implemented by G. Taguchi, 1987

Read more Orthogonal Array Testing

Orthogonal array testing: Mathematical technique to determine which variations of parameters need to be tested.
[William E. Lewis, 2000]

Oracle. Test Oracle: a mechanism to produce the predicted outcomes to compare with the actual outcomes of the
software under test [from BS7925-1]

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Parallel Testing. Testing a new or an alternate data processing system with the same source data that is used in
another system. The other system is considered as the standard of comparison. Syn: parallel run.[ISO]

Penetration testing. The process of attacking a host from outside to ascertain remote security vulnerabilities.

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Performance Testing. Testing conducted to evaluate the compliance of a system or component with specific
performance requirements [BS7925-1]

Performance testing can be undertaken to: 1) show that the system meets specified performance objectives, 2)
tune the system, 3) determine the factors in hardware or software that limit the system's performance, and 4)
project the system's future load- handling capacity in order to schedule its replacements" [Software System
Testing and Quality Assurance. Beizer, 1984, p. 256]

Postmortem. Self-analysis of interim or fully completed testing activities with the goal of creating improvements to
be used in future.[Scott Loveland, 2005]

Preventive Testing Building test cases based upon the requirements specification prior to the creation of the code,
with the express purpose of validating the requirements [Systematic Software Testing by Rick D. Craig and Stefan
P. Jaskiel 2002]

Prior Defect History Testing. Test cases are created or rerun for every defect found in prior tests of the system.
[William E. Lewis, 2000]

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Qualification Testing. (IEEE) Formal testing, usually conducted by the developer for the consumer, to demonstrate
that the software meets its specified requirements. See: acceptance testing.

Quality. The degree to which a program possesses a desired combination of attributes that enable it to perform its
specified end use.

Quality Assurance (QA) Consists of planning, coordinating and other strategic activities associated with
measuring product quality against external requirements and specifications (process-related activities).

Quality Control (QC) Consists of monitoring, controlling and other tactical activities associated with the
measurement of product quality goals.

Our definition of Quality: Achieving the target (not conformance to requirements as used by many authors) &
minimizing the variability of the system under test

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Race condition defect. Many concurrent defects result from data-race conditions. A data-race condition may be
defined as two accesses to a shared variable, at least one of which is a write, with no mechanism used by either
to prevent simultaneous access. However, not all race conditions are defects.

Recovery testing Testing how well a system recovers from crashes, hardware failures, or other catastrophic
problems.

Regression Testing. Testing conducted for the purpose of evaluating whether or not a change to the system (all
CM items) has introduced a new failure. Regression testing is often accomplished through the construction,
execution and analysis of product and system tests.

Regression Testing. - testing that is performed after making a functional improvement or repair to the program. Its
purpose is to determine if the change has regressed other aspects of the program [Glenford J.Myers, 1979]

More about Regression Testing

Reengineering. The process of examining and altering an existing system to reconstitute it in a new form. May
include reverse engineering (analyzing a system and producing a representation at a higher level of abstraction,
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such as design from code), restructuring (transforming a system from one representation to another at the same
level of abstraction), recommendation (analyzing a system and producing user and support documentation),
forward engineering (using software products derived from an existing system, together with new requirements, to
produce a new system), and translation (transforming source code from one language to another or from one
version of a language to another).

Reference testing. A way of deriving expected outcomes by manually validating a set of actual outcomes. A less
rigorous alternative to predicting expected outcomes in advance of test execution. [Dorothy Graham, 1999]

Reliability testing. Verify the probability of failure free operation of a computer program in a specified environment
for a specified time.

Reliability of an object is defined as the probability that it will not fail under specified conditions, over a period of
time. The specified conditions are usually taken to be fixed, while the time is taken as an independent variable.
Thus reliability is often written R(t) as a function of time t, the probability that the object will not fail within time t.

Any computer user would probably agree that most software is flawed, and the evidence for this is that it does fail.
All software flaws are designed in -- the software does not break, rather it was always broken. But unless
conditions are right to excite the flaw, it will go unnoticed -- the software will appear to work properly. [Professor
Dick Hamlet. Ph.D.]
Range Testing. For each input identifies the range over which the system behavior should be the same. [William
E. Lewis, 2000]

Risk-Based Testing: Any testing organized to explore specific product risks.[James Bach website]

Risk management. An organized process to identify what can go wrong, to quantify and access associated risks,
and to implement/control the appropriate approach for preventing or handling each risk identified.

Robust test. A test, that compares a small amount of information, so that unexpected side effects are less likely to
affect whether the test passed or fails. [Dorothy Graham, 1999]

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Sanity Testing - typically an initial testing effort to determine if a new software version is performing well enough to
accept it for a major testing effort. For example, if the new software is often crashing systems, bogging down
systems to a crawl, or destroying databases, the software may not be in a 'sane' enough condition to warrant
further testing in its current state.

Scalability testing is a subtype of performance test where performance requirements for response time,
throughput, and/or utilization are tested as load on the SUT is increased over time. [Load Testing Terminology by
Scott Stirling ]

Scenario-Based Testing. Scenario-based testing is one way to document the software specifications and
requirements for a project. Scenario-based testing takes each user scenario and develops tests that verify that a
given scenario works. Scenarios focus on the main goals and requirements. If the scenario is able to flow from the
beginning to the end, then it passes.[Lydia Ash, 2003]

(SDLC) System Development Life Cycle - a phases used to develop, maintain, and replace information systems.
Typical phases in the SDLC are: Initiation Phase, Planning Phase, Functional Design Phase, System Design
Phase, Development Phase, Integration and Testing Phase, Installation and Acceptance Phase, and Maintenance
Phase.
The V-model talks about SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) phases and maps them to various test levels

Security Audit. An examination (often by third parties) of a server's security controls and may be disaster recovery
mechanisms.

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Sensitive test. A test, that compares a large amount of information, so that it is more likely to defect unexpected
differences between the actual and expected outcomes of the test. [Dorothy Graham, 1999]

Server log testing. Examining the server logs after particular actions or at regular intervals to determine if there
are problems or errors generated or if the server is entering a faulty state.

Service test. Test software fixes, both individually and bundled together, for software that is already in use by
customers. [Scott Loveland, 2005]

Skim Testing A testing technique used to determine the fitness of a new build or release of an AUT to undergo
further, more thorough testing. In essence, a "pretest" activity that could form one of the acceptance criteria for
receiving the AUT for testing [Testing IT: An Off-the-Shelf Software Testing Process by John Watkins]

Smoke test describes an initial set of tests that determine if a new version of application performs well enough for
further testing.[Louise Tamres, 2002]

Sniff test. A quick check to see if any major abnormalities are evident in the software.[Scott Loveland, 2005 ]

Specification-based test. A test, whose inputs are derived from a specification.

Spike testing. to test performance or recovery behavior when the system under test (SUT) is stressed with a
sudden and sharp increase in load should be considered a type of load test.[ Load Testing Terminology by Scott
Stirling ]

Standards This page lists many standards that can be related to software testing

STEP (Systematic Test and Evaluation Process) Software Quality Engineering's copyrighted testing methodology.

Stability testing. Testing the ability of the software to continue to function, over time and over its full range of use,
without failing or causing failure. (see also Reliability testing)

State-based testing Testing with test cases developed by modeling the system under test as a state machine [R.
V. Binder, 1999]

State Transition Testing. Technique in which the states of a system are fist identified and then test cases are
written to test the triggers to cause a transition from one condition to another state. [William E. Lewis, 2000]

Static testing. Source code analysis. Analysis of source code to expose potential defects.

Statistical testing. A test case design technique in which a model is used of the statistical distribution of the input
to construct representative test cases. [BCS]

Stealth bug. A bug that removes information useful for its diagnosis and correction. [R. V. Binder, 1999]

Storage test. Study how memory and space is used by the program, either in resident memory or on disk. If there
are limits of these amounts, storage tests attempt to prove that the program will exceed them. [Cem Kaner, 1999,
p55]

Streamable Test cases. Test cases which are able to run together as part of a large group. [Scott Loveland, 2005]

Stress / Load / Volume test. Tests that provide a high degree of activity, either using boundary conditions as
inputs or multiple copies of a program executing in parallel as examples.

Stress Test. A stress test is designed to determine how heavy a load the Web application can handle. A huge
load is generated as quickly as possible in order to stress the application to its limit. The time between
transactions is minimized in order to intensify the load on the application, and the time the users would need for
interacting with their Web browsers is ignored. A stress test helps determine, for example, the maximum number
of requests a Web application can handle in a specific period of time, and at what point the application will
overload and break down.[Load Testing by S. Asbock]

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Structural Testing. (1)(IEEE) Testing that takes into account the internal mechanism [structure] of a system or
component. Types include branch testing, path testing, statement testing. (2) Testing to insure each program
statement is made to execute during testing and that each program statement performs its intended function.
Contrast with functional testing. Syn: white-box testing, glass-box testing, logic driven testing.

System testing Black-box type testing that is based on overall requirements specifications; covers all combined
parts of a system.

System verification test. (SVT). Testing of an entire software package for the first time, with all components
working together to deliver the project's intended purpose on supported hardware platforms. [Scott Loveland,
2005]

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Table testing. Test access, security, and data integrity of table entries. [William E. Lewis, 2000]

Test Artifact Set. Captures and presents information related to the tests performed.

Test Bed. An environment containing the hardware, instrumentation, simulators, software tools, and other support
elements needed to conduct a test [IEEE 610].

Test Case. A set of test inputs, executions, and expected results developed for a particular objective.

Test conditions. The set of circumstances that a test invokes. [Daniel J. Mosley, 2002]

Test Coverage The degree to which a given test or set of tests addresses all specified test cases for a given
system or component.

Test Criteria. Decision rules used to determine whether software item or software feature passes or fails a test.

Test data. The actual (sets of) values used in the test or that are necessary to execute the test. Test data
instantiates the condition being tested (as input or as pre-existing data) and is used to verify that a specific
requirement has been successfully implemented (comparing actual results to the expected results). [Daniel J.
Mosley, 2002]

Test Documentation. (IEEE) Documentation describing plans for, or results of, the testing of a system or
component, Types include test case specification, test incident report, test log, test plan, test procedure, test
report.

Test Driver A software module or application used to invoke a test item and, often, provide test inputs (data),
control and monitor execution. A test driver automates the execution of test procedures.

Test-driven development (TDD) Is an evolutionary approach to development which combines test-first

development where you write a test before you write just enough production code to fulfill that test and refactoring.
[Beck 2003; Astels 2003]

Test Harness A system of test drivers and other tools to support test execution (e.g., stubs, executable test cases,
and test drivers). See: test driver.

Test Inputs. Artifacts from work processes that are used to identify and define actions that occur during testing.
These artifacts may come from development processes that are external to the test group. Examples include
Functional Requirements Specifications and Design Specifications. They may also be derived from previous
testing phases and passed to subsequent testing activities.[Daniel J. Mosley, 2002]

Test Idea: an idea for testing something.[James Bach]

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Test Item. A software item which is the object of testing.[IEEE]

Test Log A chronological record of all relevant details about the execution of a test.[IEEE]

Test logistics: the set of ideas that guide the application of resources to fulfilling the test strategy.[James Bach]

Test Plan. A high-level document that defines a testing project so that it can be properly measured and controlled.
It defines the test strategy and organized elements of the test life cycle, including resource requirements, project
schedule, and test requirements

Test Procedure. A document, providing detailed instructions for the [manual] execution of one or more test cases.
[BS7925-1] Often called - a manual test script.

Test Results. Data captured during the execution of test and used in calcu- lating the different key measures of
testing.[Daniel J. Mosley, 2002]

Test Results. Data captured during the execution of test and used in calcu- lating the different key measures of
testing.[Daniel J. Mosley, 2002]

Test Rig A flexible combination of hardware, software, data, and interconnectivity that can be configured by the
Test Team to simulate a variety of different Live Environments on which an AUT can be delivered.[Testing IT: An
Off-the-Shelf Software Testing Process by John Watkins ]

Test Script. The computer readable instructions that automate the execu- tion of a test procedure (or portion of a
test procedure). Test scripts may be created (recorded) or automatically generated using test automation tools,
programmed using a programming language, or created by a combination of recording, generating, and
programming.[Daniel J. Mosley, 2002]

Test strategy. Describes the general approach and objectives of the test activities. [Daniel J. Mosley, 2002]

Test Status. The assessment of the result of running tests on software.

Test Stub A dummy software component or object used (during development and testing) to simulate the
behaviour of a real component. The stub typically provides test output.

Test Suites A test suite consists of multiple test cases (procedures and data) that are combined and often
managed by a test harness.

Test technique: test method; a heuristic or algorithm for designing and/or executing a test; a recipe for a test.
[James Bach]

Test Tree. A physical implementation of Test Suite. [Dorothy Graham, 1999]

Testability. Attributes of software that bear on the effort needed for validating the modified software [ISO 8402]

Testability Hooks. Those functions, integrated in the software that can be invoked through primarily
undocumented interfaces to drive specific processing which would otherwise be difficult to exercise. [Scott
Loveland, 2005]

Testing. The execution of tests with the intent of providing that the system and application under test does or does
not perform according to the requirements specification.

(TPI) Test Process Improvement. A method for baselining testing processes and identifying process improvement
opportunities, using a static model developed by Martin Pol and Tim Koomen.

Test Suite. The set of tests that when executed instantiate a test scenario.[Daniel J. Mosley, 2002]

Test Workspace. Private areas where testers can install and test code in accordance with the project's adopted
standards in relative isolation from the developers.[Daniel J. Mosley, 2002]

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Thread Testing. A testing technique used to test the business functionality or business logic of the AUT in an end-
to-end manner, in much the same way a User or an operator might interact with the system during its normal use.
[Testing IT: An Off-the-Shelf Software Testing Process by John Watkins ]

Timing and Serialization Problems. A class of software defect, usually in multithreaded code, in which two or more
tasks attempt to alter a shared software resource without properly coordinating their actions. Also known as Race
Conditions.[Scott Loveland, 2005]

Translation testing. See internationalization testing.

Thrasher. A type of program used to test for data integrity errors on mainframe system. The name is derived from
the first such program, which deliberately generated memory thrashing (the overuse of large amount of memory,
leading to heavy paging or swapping) while monitoring for corruption. [Scott Loveland, 2005]

Top Down Testing Technique read a description

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Unit Testing. Testing performed to isolate and expose faults and failures as soon as the source code is available,
regardless of the external interfaces that may be required. Oftentimes, the detailed design and requirements
documents are used as a basis to compare how and what the unit is able to perform. White and black-box testing
methods are combined during unit testing.

Usability testing. Testing for 'user-friendliness'. Clearly this is subjective, and will depend on the targeted end-user
or customer.

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Validation. The comparison between the actual characteristics of something (e.g. a product of a software project
and the expected characteristics).Validation is checking that you have built the right system.

Variance. A variance is an observable and measurable difference between an actual result and an expected
result.

Verification The comparison between the actual characteristics of something (e.g. a product of a software project)
and the specified characteristics.Verification is checking that we have built the system right.

Volume testing. Testing where the system is subjected to large volumes of data.[BS7925-1]

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Walkthrough In the most usual form of term, a walkthrough is step by step simulation of the execution of a
procedure, as when walking through code line by line, with an imagined set of inputs. The term has been
extended to the review of material that is not procedural, such as data descriptions, reference manuals,
specifications, etc.

Walkthroughs versus Inspections This page lists some recomendations that can be related to Walkthrough and
Inspection

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White Box Testing (glass-box). Testing is done under a structural testing strategy and require complete access to
the object's structure¡that is, the source code.[B. Beizer, 1995 p8],

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This Internet Software Testing Computer Encyclopedia can be useful for students and other educational purposes
as well as a reference material and a glossary for technical support.

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© 2004-2005 Alex Samurin http://www.geocities.com/xtremetesting/

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