ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE

TABLE OF CONTENT

I. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
II. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
III. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
IV. URINARY SYSTEM
V. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
VI. CIRCULARTORY SYSTEM
VII. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
VIII. NERVOUS SYSTEM
IX. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY: ELIJAH JOAQUIN P. BAYLON

COURSE & SECTION: BS PSY 3-4
COURSE CODE: HAP 3201-4

SUBMITTED TO: PROF. ANNIE C. GALLARDO

 OVERVIEW OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Muscular layer
Digestion • consists of 2 layers: Inner circular and Outer
• The breaking down of larger food molecules into longitudinal smooth muscle; includes myenteric
smaller molecules nerve plexus which controls contraction
Digestive System Serosa
• The organs involved in the breakdown of food • known as serosa if intraperitoneal (covered by
are collectively known as the digestive system. peritoneum), adventitia if retroperitoneal (not
covered by peritoneum)
Digestive
• System is composed of TWO main
groups
• of organs
MECHANICAL AND DIGESTION IN EVERY
I. The digestive canal - a continuous tube PART OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
extending from the esophagus to the anus Pharynx
II. Accessory digestive organs - include the • funnel-shaped tube that extends from the
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, choanae to the esophagus posteriorly and to the
and pancreas. larynx anteriorly.
• Has three parts
Six Basic Processes of Digestion: 1. Nasopharynx
1. Ingestion 2. Oropharynx
2. Secretion 3. Laryngopharynx
3. Mixing and propulsion
4. Mechanical and Chemical Digestion Esophagus
5. Absorption • collapsible muscular tube that lies posterior to
6. Defecation the trachea; secretes mucus and transports food
Mechanical digestion into the stomach
• Consists of mastication and digestive canal
movements that facilitate chemical digestion Mouth
Mechanical Digestion in the Mouth
Chemical digestion • Mastication (chewing); food is grinded by teeth;
• Consists of a series of hydrolysis reactions that mixed with saliva; results in soft easy to swallow
break down large carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, mass
and nucleic acids in food into smaller molecules
that body cells can use.

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 2. Colon
3. Rectum
Chemical Digestion in the Mouth Mechanical Digestion in the Large Intestine
• Salivary Amylase - secreted by the salivary • Haustral Churning - occurs in the largeintestine
glands; initiates the breakdown of is a movement that is distinctive of this organ;
starchcontinues to act on the starches for about Haustra remains relaxed and gradually
another hour, at which time stomach acids distended as they are filled up
inactivate it
• Peristalsis - successive muscular contractions
• Lingual Lipase - secreted by lingual glands in along the wall of a hollow muscular structure.
the tongue; activated in acidic environment of
• Mass Peristalsis - generated by a strong wave
stomach, starts to work after food is swallowed;
of peristaltic waves originated within the middle
breaks down dietary triglycerides (fats and oils)
of the transverse colon and rapidly move the
into fatty acids and diglycerides
contents of the colon further towards the rectum
• Deglutition - swallowing; a mechanism that
moves food from the mouth into the stomach; Chemical Digestion in the Large Intestine
facilitated by the secretion of saliva and mucus • Mucus is produced by the organs of the large
involves the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus intestine, although no enzymes are produced;
Bacteria are responsible for the conversion of
Stomach
any remaining proteins into amino acids along
• A J-shaped enlargement of the digestive tract in with the subsequent breakdown of amino acids
the abdomen, below the diaphragm; Connects into more simpler compounds
the esophagus to duodenum; Function of the
• Defecation - Elimination of feces from the
stomach: to act as a mixing chamber and holding
rectum; A reflex action aided by voluntary
reservoir for food.
contractions of the diaphragm and abdominal
• Has four main regions muscles and relaxation of the external anal
1. Cardia sphincter.
2. Fundus
3. Body Small Intestine
4. pyloric part (Pyloric Antrum, Pyloric Canal,
• A long tube in the digestive canal; where most
Pylorus)
digestion and absorption of nutrients happen.
• Divided into three parts
Mechanical Digestion in the Stomach
1. Duodenum
• Propulsion - Each peristaltic wave moves the
2. Jejunum
contents of the stomach's body down into the
3. Ileum
antrum.
• Retropulsion - mechanism by which most food Mechanical Digestion in the Small Intestine
particles in the stomach are pushed back into the
• Segmentation - A localized, mixed contraction
stomach's actual body because they are first too
that takes place in intestinal sections that have
large to pass past the pyloric sphincter.
been significantly distended by chyme.
• Gastric emptying - is the process through which
• Migrating Motility Complex (MMC) - Type of
food particles in chyme, once small enough, can
peristalsis that takes place in the small intestine;
pass through the pyloric sphincter.
Starts in the lower part of the stomach and
• Chemical Digestion in the Stomach - the moves chyme along a small portion of the small
conversion of proteins into peptides by pepsin. intestine before dying.
Large Intestine
Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine
• extends from the ileal orifice to the anus; • Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine -
functions: Feces formation; emptying of rectum Pancreatic enzymes, such as chymotrypsin and
or the defecation; absorbs water, ions, and trypsin, each act on specific bonds in amino acid
vitamins sequences, continuing the process. The cell of
• Has 3 regions the brush border also releases enzymes like
1. Cecum

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 • Palate - separates the oral cavity from the nasal
aminopeptidase and dipeptidase, which further
cavity and builds the roof of the mouth; allows for
break down peptide chains.
simultaneous chewing and breathing.
o Hard Palate - formed by the maxillae and
palatine bones, covered by a mucous
NEURAL INNERVATION OF THE GIT
membrane; forms a bony partition between
Enteric Nervous System
the oral and nasal cavities.
• (intrinsic set of nerves) - neurons arranged into o Soft Palate - A muscular partition between
two plexuses: the oropharynx and nasopharynx lined with
1. The myenteric neural plexus which mucosal membrane, shaped like an arch.
regulates digestive canal motility and o Uvula - fingerlike muscular structure that
2. The submucosal neural plexus which dangles from the free margin of the soft
regulates digestive canal secretion; palate.
o Palatoglossal Arch - extends to the side
• Sensory receptors in digestive canal: of the base of the tongue anteriorly.
1. chemoreceptors which responds to food o Palatopharyngeal Arch - extends to the
chemicals in the lumen and side of the pharynx posteriorly.
2. mechanoreceptors which responds to food o Palatine Tonsils - situated between the
stretching a digestive organ's wall arches
o Lingual Tonsils - situated at the base of
Autonomic Nervous System the tongue
• (extrinsic set of nerves)- the vagus (X) and pelvic • Tongue - A large skeletal muscle covered by a
splanchnic nerves' parasympathetic fibers boost mucous membrane located on the floor of the
ENS neuron activity, which increases digestive oral cavity.
canal secretion and motility; sympathetic fibers • Teeth - Responsible for mastication; Adults have
from the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord 32 teeth
inhibits ENS neurons, decreasing digestivecanal o Has two dental arches
secretion and motility. 1. Maxillary arch
2. Mandibular arch
Gastrointestinal Reflex Pathway o Partitioned into for quadrants
• consists of sensory receptors that are associated 1. Right-upper
with the sensory neurons of the ENS 2. Left-upper
3. Right-lower
Accessory Organs 4. Left-lower
• Oral Cavity - mouth, is formed by the lips,
cheeks, hard and soft palates, oral cavity, teeth, • Mastication - chewing; breaks large food
salivary glands, and tongue particles into smaller ones, creating a much
larger total surface area
• Lips - fleshy folds that surround the mouth
opening. THE PERITONEUM
o Labial Frenulum - is a midline fold of Peritoneum
mucous membrane that connects the inner • largest serous membrane of the body; consists
surface of each lip to its corresponding of a layer of simple squamous epithelium
gum. (mesothelium) with an underlying supporting
• Cheeks - Outer lateral walls of the oral cavity are layer of areolar connective tissue.
formed by the cheeks; made up of a layer of wet • It is divided into:
stratified squamous epithelium on the inside. o Parietal peritoneum - lines the wall of the
o Buccinator Muscle - flattens the cheek abdominal cavity,
against the teeth o Visceral peritoneum - covers some of the
o Buccal Fat Pad - rounds out the profile on organs in the cavity and is their serosa
the side of the face

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 the mucous membrane in the oral cavity's
• Peritoneal Cavity - the slim space containing floor.
lubricating serous fluid that is between the • Saliva - keeping the oral cavity moist, needed for
parietal and visceral portions of the peritoneum. normal speech; suspension of food molecules in
a solution, allowing the food to be tasted.
Peritoneal Cavity
• Composition of Saliva - 97 to 99.5% water and
• Greater Omentum - longest peritoneal fold, 0.5% solutes comprise the chemical composition
drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the of saliva; pH range of saliva is 6.75 to 7.00,
small intestine; a double sheet that folds back on may still vary; acts as a medium for dissolving
itself, giving it a total of four layers. particles of food; enables gustatory receptors to
• Falciform Ligament - attaches the liver to the taste the food as well as initiates the digestive
anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm; the liver reactions.
is the only digestive organ that is attached to the
anterior abdominal wall Pancreas
• Lesser Omentum - rises as an anterior fold in • Pancreas - A retroperitoneal gland that is
the serosa of the stomach and duodenum, approximately 5-6 inches in length and 1 inch in
stomach and duodenum to the liver; pathway for thickness; Located posteriorly to the greater
blood vessels entering the liver stomach curvature; Contains both exocrine and
• Mesentery - A fan-shaped fold of the endocrine tissues.
peritoneum; Binds the jejunum and ileum of the o Exocrine cells secrete pancreatic fluids into
small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall. small ducts that eventually combine to form
• Mesocolon - Two separate folds of peritoneum; the pancreatic duct and accessory duct.
bind the transverse colon (transverse • Pancreatic duct or duct of Wirsung - larger of
mesocolon) and sigmoid colon (sigmoid the two ducts; merges with the bile duct from the
mesocolon) of the large intestine to the posterior liver and gallbladder to form the
abdominal wall; carries blood and lymphatic hepatopancreatic ampulla, which enters the
vessels to the intestines. duodenum as dilated common duct.
• Accessory duct - known as Santorini, extends
DIGESTIVE GLANDS about an inch superior to the hepatopancreatic
Saliva ampulla and drains into the duodenum.
• Salivary Glands - releases a secretion called • Pancreatic juice - a clear, colorless liquid
saliva further into oral cavity composed primarily of water, some few salts,
o Major or extrinsic salivary glands - sodium bicarbonate, and a number of enzymes.
located outside the oral cavity; empty their
secretions into it; responsible for producing
Liver and Gallbladder
the majority of saliva.
• Liver - heaviest gland, weighs roughly 1.4 kg in
o Minor or intrinsic salivary glands
a fully grown adult, and is the second largest in
- dispersed throughout the oral cavity
the body after the skin; largest internal organ of
mucosa marginally increase the saliva
the body; Inferior to the diaphragm.
production.
o two major lobes - the right and the left
• Three pairs of major salivary glands:
lobes, which have been separated from
o Parotid glands - Large, approximately
one another by a septum made of
triangular in structure situated in between
connective tissue.
masseter muscles and skin, inferior and
o Two minor lobes - apparent from the
anterior to the ear.
inferior view, and along the porta: the
o Submandibular glands - Located along caudate lobe and quadrate lobe
the medial and partially inferior aspect of
• Falciform ligament - responsible for
the mandibular body; mixed glands with
suspending the liver in the abdominal cavity; it
acini that are predominantly serous than
extends out from the undersurface of the
mucous acini..
o Sublingual glands - The smallest of the diaphragm in between both the liver's two main
three glands that lie immediately beneath lobes towards the liver's superior surface.

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 o Ligament teres - Situated in the free
border of the falciform ligament and this
fibrous cord extends from the liver towards Development of the Digestive System
the umbilicus. It is a remnant of the • Development of the digestive system starts at
umbilical vein that has been present during the fourth week of gestation
fetus. • The endoderm of the primitive gut forms the
o Coronary ligament - liver is suspended epithelium and glands of most of the digestive
from the diaphragm through means of a canal
series of narrow extensions of a parietal • The mesoderm of the primitive gut forms the
peritoneum. smooth muscle and connective tissue of the
o Porta - located on the inferior surface of digestive canal
the liver which serves as the exit point for • The foregut gives rise to the esophagus,
bile ducts and lymphatic vessels; functions stomach, and the upper part of the small
as the point where blood vessels and
intestine
nerves enter the liver.
• The midgut gives rise to the lower part of the
o Hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery -
blood flows into the liver through this vein small intestine, the cecum, appendix, and
(porta). ascending colon
o Bile exits the liver through the porta via two • The hindgut gives rise to the transverse colon,
hepatic ducts, one from each of the right descending colon, rectum, and anus
and left lobes.
Aging of the Digestive System
• Gallbladder - A pear-shaped sac situated in a
depression upon the liver's posterior surface; 3 • General changes include decreased secretory
to 4 inches in length and usually originating from mechanisms, decreased motility, and loss of
the anterior inferior margin of a liver. tone
• Parts of Gallbladder: • Specific changes may include loss of taste,
o Fundus - inferiorly extending further pyorrhea, hernias, peptic ulcer disease,
beyond the inferior border of the liver. constipation, hemorrhoids, and diverticular
o Body - central portion diseases
o Neck - tapered portio • The mucous layer, the connective tissue, the
• Bile can flow from the gallbladder towards the muscles, and the secretions of the digestive tract
common bile duct through the cystic duct, or it all tend to decrease as a person ages
can additionally flow towards the opposite
direction, from the common bile duct towards the DISORDERS: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
gallbladder through the cystic duct. Disorders Description
Dental Caries Also known as tooth decay
PHASES OF DIGESTION
I. Cephalic Phase - the smell, sight, thought, or characterized by the
initial taste of food activates neural centers in progressive demineralization
the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and brain (softening) of both the enamel
stem; prepare the mouth and stomach for food and dentin
that is about to be eaten. Periodontal encompasses a variety of
II. Gastric Phase - starts when food enters the Disease diseases characterized by
stomach which promotes gastric juice secretion inflammation and degeneration
and gastric motility. of the gingivae, alveolar bone,
III. Intestinal Phase - food is digested in the small periodontium, and cement.
intestine. In addition, gastric motility and gastric Pyorrhea initial signs and symptoms,
secretion decrease in order to slow the exit of include bleeding gums, along
chyme from the stomach, which prevents the with enlargement and
small intestine from being overloaded with more inflammation of the soft
chyme than it can handle. tissues.

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Peptic Ulcer ulcers that develop in areas of Hepatitis B caused by the hepatitis B virus
Disease the digestive canal exposed to (HBV) and is typically
acidic gastric juice transmitted through sexual
contact, infected syringes and
Causes: (1) bacterium transfusion equipment. HBV
Helicobacter pylori, (2) non- can also be transmitted
steroidal anti-inflammatory through saliva and tears.
drugs, and (3) hypersecretion of Hepatitis C caused by the hepatitis C virus
HCl (HCV), resembles hepatitis B
clinically. Hepatitis C may
Ulcer craterlike lesion in a membrane result in cirrhosis and even liver
Diverticular Identifies the sac-like cancer.
Disease protrusions of the colon (often Hepatitis D brought about by the hepatitis
the sigmoid colon) wall known D virus (HDV). It is spread
as diverticula. similarly to hepatitis B, and a
Diverticulosis refers to the emergence of person must be co-infected
diverticula with hepatitis B prior to
developing hepatitis D.
develop in areas where the Hepatitis D causes significant
muscle layer has become liver damage and carries a
weaker and may become greater mortality risk than
inflamed. hepatitis B infection alone.
Diverticulitis symptoms become more Hepatitis E Caused by the hepatitis E virus
severe as a result of the and is transmitted similarly to
diverticula becoming inflamed hepatitis A. Although hepatitis
or infected. E virus can not cause chronic
Colorectal symptoms include diarrhea, liver disease, it has a relatively
Cancer constipation, cramping, high death rate among
stomach pain, and visible or pregnant women
concealed rectal bleeding
(hidden in feces) CONTRIBUTIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
TO HOMEOSTASIS
Almost half of colorectal cancer • The digestive system is responsible for
cases are genetic. Alcohol and breaking down the nutrients contained in food
high-protein, animal-fat diets into forms which can be taken in and absorbed
raise colon cancer risk. by the body thereby can be utilized bycells for
Polyps Pre-cancerous growths on the the ATP generation and the building of bodily
mucosal surface (increase the tissues.
risk of developing colorectal • The process of absorption of water, minerals,
cancer) and vitamins that are crucial to the growth and
Hepatitis liver inflammation that can be function of the body's tissues.
caused by viruses, • Waste products from the body's tissues are
medications, and chemicals, eliminated through feces.
including alcohol.
Hepatitis A infectious hepatitis
• Along with providing the fats that are necessary
caused by the hepatitis A virus for insulating the dermis along with the
(HAV) and is transmitted by subcutaneous tissue, the digestive system is
fecal contamination of food, responsible for providing the body's needs for
clothing, toys, and eating nutrients that are necessary for the generation
utensils (fecal– oral route). of energy, growth, and repair.

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 activity, whereas sympathetic fibers o inhibits
• Vitamin D that is absorbed by the small intestine or slow it down.
is then modified by the skin and kidneys to o Reflex and voluntary regulation of
generate the hormone calcitriol. defecation or bowel movements were
• In addition to functioning as a protective barrier also regulated and controlled,
and a site for vitamin D synthesis, the skin plays respectively.
a crucial role in calcium absorption from the
intestine. Endocrine System
• Adipose cells throughout the dermis and • The liver eliminates hormones from the blood,
subcutaneous tissue store any excess calories thereby bringing an end to the activity of the
that are consumed in the form of triglycerides. hormones.
Skeletal System o Digestive system is responsible for
• Digestive system is responsible for providing providing the nutrients that are essential for
the nutrients that are required for energy energy production, growth, and repair;
production, growth, and repair. hormone-producing cells can be found
o Calcium and phosphorus salts from food within the pancreas, stomach, and small
are absorbed by the small intestine, which intestine.
are necessary for the construction of bone • Hormones and paracrine hormones work
extracellular matrix. together to effectively regulate digestive
• A number of the digestive organs in the body function.
are protected mostly by bones, which further • Pancreatic islets are responsible for the
serves the purpose of storing nutrients in the secretion of insulin and glucagon.
bone as well as the in bone cavities, for • Liver is responsible for the production of
instance, calcium and fats. angiotensinogen.
Muscular System Cardiovascular System
• Digestive system is responsible for providing • Digestive system provides the heart and blood
the body with the nutrients that are essential for vessels with nutrient content;
the energy production, growth, and repair. • Absorbs iron that is considered necessary for
o Liver is responsible for eliminating lactic hemoglobin synthesis;
acid from the blood, which is produced as • Absorbs water which is essential to maintaining
a byproduct of muscular activity.
normal plasma volume; and
• Gastrointestinal tract motility is enhancedmostly
• Storing iron in order to be reused.
by the action of skeletal muscles.
• Cardiovascular system is responsible for
Nervous System distributing hormones produced by the
digestive tract alongside transporting nutrients
• Signals produced by nutrition influence the
which have been absorbed through the
neural regulation of satiety, and given that the
alimentary canal across the entire body's
digestive system has been the source of the
tissues.
nutrients that are necessary for appropriate
• Breakdown of hemoglobin results in the
neural functioning, it implies that digestive
production of bilirubin, which is then partially
system is therefore responsible for providing
eliminated in the feces.
these nutrients required.
o Glucose, required for ATP production by • Majority of the proteins in blood plasma are
neurons, primarily acquired by synthesized in the liver.
gluconeogenesis, the synthesis of new
Lymphatic System/Immunity
glucose molecules in the liver or the
absorption and digestion of dietary • Digestive system provides the body with the
carbohydrates. nutrition it requires in order to function normally
• Nervous system is responsible for controlling o Nonspecific protection against pathogenic
digestive processes; in general, organisms is provided by lysozyme in
parasympathetic fibers speed up digestive saliva and hydrochloric acid (HCl), two

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 substances that are produced by the Medical Description
digestive system. terminologies
• Peyer's patches and lymphoid tissue in the Achalasia Myenteric neural plexus
mesentery house macrophages and immune dysfunction in which the
cells which protect digestive tract organsagainst lower esophageal sphincter
infection. fails to relax normally when
o Plasma cells provide Immunoglobulin A food approaches.
(IgA) in digestive tract secretions. Barrett’s Due to long-term stomach
o Lacteals empty fatty lymph off the digestive Esophagus acid exposure, the
tract organs and transport it to the esophagus' epithelium
bloodstream. changes from nonkeratinized
• Acidity of gastric juice kills bacteria inside the stratified squamous to
stomach along with the most toxins. columnar, resembling the
• Areolar connective tissue in the mucosa of the stomach or small intestine,
digestive tract comprises of lymphoid nodules, increasing the risk of cancer.
which destroy microbes and inhibit the growth Borborygmus A sound produced by the
of bacteria.a passage of gas through the
intestines.
Bulimia A disorder that is
• esDpig
R ire
astotirvye syy
sstete
mm is responsible for providing
characterized by overeating
the body with the nutrients essential for energy at least twice a week followed
production, growth, and repair. by purging by self-induced
• Digestive system organs produce carbon vomiting, strict dieting or
dioxide, which is then removed from the body fasting, vigorous exercise, or
by the respiratory system, that also responsible use of laxatives or diuretics
for supplying the body with oxygen. due to fears of being
• During forced exhalation, the pressure within overweight, stress,
the abdominal organs against the diaphragm depression, and
assists in the rapid expulsion of air. physiological disorders like
hypothalamic tumors.
Urinary System Canker Sore Painful ulcer on the mucous
• Digestive system is responsible for providing membrane of the mouth that
the body with the nutrients it needs for energy, affects females more
growth, and repair. frequently than males,
• Vitamin D must be converted by the kidneys into typically between the ages of
its active form in a manner that enables the 10 and 40; may be the result
body to efficiently absorb calcium. of an autoimmune reaction or
• Elimination of toxins through urine requires a food allergy.
water, which can be obtained during intestinal Cirrhosis The hepatocytes are
absorption. replaced by fibrous or
adipose connective tissue as
Reproductive System a result of persistent
• Nutrition, including lipids, are essential for the inflammation caused by
growth and development of reproductive hepatitis, chemicals that
organs, the production of gametes, both damage hepatocytes,
oocytes and sperm, and the general wellbeing parasites that infect the liver,
of the developing fetus during pregnancy. or alcoholism.
Colitis Inflammation of the mucosa
of the colon and rectum in
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES which absorption of water
and salts is diminished,
resulting in the production of
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 watery, bloody stools and, in transmitted through
extreme cases, dehydration contaminated food or water
and salt deficiency. or close contact with infected
Colonoscopy The visual examination of the individuals. Symptoms
colon lining using an include diarrhea, vomiting,
elongated, flexible, fiberoptic fever, appetite loss,
endoscope known as a abdominal cramps, and
colonoscope. It is utilized to discomfort.
diagnose conditions like as Gastroscopy Endoscopic examination of
polyps, malignancy, and the stomach that allows the
diverticulosis. examiner to directly inspect
Colostomy The passage of feces the interior of the stomach in
through an incision made in order to evaluate an ulcer,
the colon, which results in the tumor, or source of bleeding.
formation of a "artificial Halitosis A foul odor from the mouth;
opening" known as a "stoma" also called bad breath.
that is located on the surface Heartburn A burning sensation around
of the abdominal wall. the heart caused by irritation
Crohn’s an inflammation of the of the esophageal mucosa by
disease digestive tract that extends hydrochloric acid in stomach
from the mucosa to the contents; caused by a
submucosa, muscular layer, malfunctioning lower
and serosa. esophageal sphincter that
Dysphagia Swallowing difficulty resulting allows stomach contents to
from inflammation, paralysis, enter the inferior esophagus.
blockage, or trauma. It is unrelated to heart
Flatus Gas in the stomach or conditions.
intestine, which is often Hemorrhoids Constipation, which may be
released by the anus. If the brought on by low-fiber diets,
gas is ejected via the mouth, may induce hemorrhoids;
it is referred to as eructation repetitive straining during
or belching (burping). defecation drives blood down
Food A sudden illness resulting into the rectal veins,
Poisoning from the ingestion of food or increasing the pressure in
drink compromised with an those veins and perhaps
infectious microbe (bacteria, resulting in the development
virus, or protozoan) or a toxin of hemorrhoids. Also called
(poison); most prevalent piles
cause of food poisoning is the Hernia Protrusion of all or part of an
toxin generated by organ through a membrane
Staphylococcus aureus or cavity wall, usually the
bacteria; common symptoms abdominal cavity.
of food poisoning are Hiatus hernia protrusion of a portion of the
diarrhea and/or vomiting, stomach into the thoracic
frequently accompanied by cavity through the
abdominal pain. diaphragm's esophageal
Gastroenteritis Inflammation of the stomach hiatus.
and intestinal linings Inguinal hernia protrusion of the hernial sac
(especially the small into the inguinal opening; it
intestine); It is typically may contain a section of the
caused by a viral or bacterial bowel in advanced stages
illness that can be and may extend into the
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 scrotal compartment in feces often containing
males, resulting in bacteria (particularly
strangulation of the herniated Escherichia coli); viruses or
area. protozoan parasites are less
Inflammatory Inflammation of the digestive frequent causes.
Bowel Disease canal that exists in two forms.
Irritable Bowel Disease affecting the entire
Syndrome digestive tract in which a Ulcerative an inflammation of the
(IBS) person's response to stress colitis mucosa of the colon and
is the development of rectum, usually accompanied
by rectal bleeding.
symptoms (such as cramping
and stomach pain) coupled
with alternating patterns of
diarrhea and constipation.
Malabsorption A number of disorders in
which nutrients from food are
not absorbed properly; may
be caused by problems that
cause poor food breakdown
(due to inadequate digestive
enzymes or juices), small
intestine lining damage (from
surgery, infections, and
medicines like neomycin and
alcohol), and motility
impairment; Symptoms may
include diarrhea, weight loss,
weakness, vitamin
deficiencies, and bone
demineralization.
Malocclusion Condition in which the
surfaces of the maxillary
(upper) and mandibular
(lower) teeth fit together
poorly.
Nausea Discomfort marked by
appetite loss and the feeling
of approaching vomiting;
Local inflammation of the
intestinal canal, a systemic
disease, a brain disease or
injury, overexertion, or the
side effects of a medication
or drug overdose are some of
the causes.
Traveler’s Infectious disease of the
Diarrhea digestive tract marked by
diarrhea, cramps, stomach
discomfort, malaise, nausea,
and occasionally fever and
dehydration; Ingestion of food
or water contaminated with
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