Principles of Env Prot

Basic
Principles of
Environmental Protection
CAUSES of ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
1. Population
2. Poverty
3. Policy
Global Environmental Problems
• Environmental destruction & declining of global

environmental resources:
- GHGs Trapped à Climate Change à Global Warming;
- Ozone Depletion Layer;
- Destruction and declining of forests;
- Declining of biodiversity;
- Pollution and decreasing of marine resources;
- Pollution of B-3 waste;
• Over consumption
• Poverty and declining of the quality of life
Minamata Case : 1921 - 1997
• Neurologis:
• Muscle weakness
• blindness
• Impaired brain function
• coma à dead
• 1959 à found that neurologis in
Minamata case caused by heavy metal
metilmerkuri (hg) from chemical
factory “Chisoo Co.” (produced
PVC/plastic)
Itai-Itai Case : 1912 -1960
• simptoms:
1. Yellow color of teeth
2. Reduce sense of smell
3. Dry mouth
4. Decrease of red blood cells
5. Damage of bone marrow (sumsum tulang)
6. Impaired renal (ginjal terganggu)
7. Impaired calsium metabolism
8. Bones become soft (broken)
9. Deformation of skeleton à height shrinks to 30 cm
§ One of massive case of heavy metal that has been

well documented à in Toyama Prefecture, Japan,
started 1912
§ 1968 à it caused by heavy metal cadmium (Cd).
Torrey Canyon - 1967
• Southwest coast of England
• 80.000 ton of crude oil
• Polluted England and France
coasts
• 200 mil square
• 2,5 juta galon of chemical
dispersants
• loss à England (6 juta Pound)
and France (40 juta Frank)
Bhopal Case - 1984
• The Bhopal disaster was an industrial

disaster that occurred in Bhopal,
India, resulting in the death of about
5,000 people.
• The incident took place in the early
hours of the morning of December 3,
1984, in the heart of the city of
Bhopal in the Indian state of Madhya
Pradesh. A Union Carbide subsidiary
pesticide plant released 40 tonnes of
methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas, killing
between 2500 and 5000 people.
Bhopal is frequently cited as
one of the world's worst
industrial disasters. The
International Medical
Commission on Bhopal was
established in 1993 to respond
to the disasters
Chernobyl Case - 1986
• On April 26, 1986, the crew at unit 4 of the Chernobyl nuclear
power plant (located in Pripyat, Ukarine, part of the former
Soviet Union) conducted an experiment on the turbine
generator with the safety system switched off.
• A steam explosion caused a catastrophic accident that blew
off the 1000-ton roof of the building and set off a series of
additional explosions, leading to an eventual meltdown of the
nuclear cores.
• Contaminating large areas of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia.
Radioactive clouds drifted as far as Europe and the eastern
United States.
• The Chernobyl nuclear fallout was
ten times more powerful than the
atomic bombing of Hiroshima and
is the worst disaster in the history
of nuclear power.
• The 45,000 inhabitants of Pripyat,
4km away from the Chernobyl
power plant, were not evacuated
until 36 hours after the accident.
For 9 days, fires at the Chernobyl
plant continued to burn and emit
radioactivity.
• 130,000 people from settlements
within 30km of the reactor were
eventually evacuated, but only
after being exposed to highly
dangerous levels of radiation.
Environmental Problems in Indonesia
§ Illegal Logging, Illegal Mining, Illegal Fishing;

§ Deforestation;
§ Declining of bio diversity;
§ Declining of marine & coastal areas;
§ Mining versus forest management
§ Declining of urban environment quality;
§ Water supply and sanitation;
§ Solid waste management;
§ Vehicle emission in urban area;
§ Industrial pollution;
§ Development of tourism;
§ Forest fire
§ Policies.
Concept of
National Environmental Protection
1. Paragraph 4 of the Preamble of UUD 1945:

o Membentuk suatu pemerintahan negara Indonesia
yang melindungi segenap bangsa Indonesia dan
seluruh tumpah darah Indonesia
o The principle to protect environment (Koesnadi H)
2. UUD 1945 article 28 paragraph 1:

hak atas lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat
Background of the Environmental Law in Indonesia
STOCKHOLM DECLARATION RIO DE JANEIRO

(1972) Declaration
(1992)
National Development Program UU No. 4 Tahun 1982 (UULH))

UU No. 23 Tahun 1997 (UUPLH)
UU No. 32 Tahun 2009 (UUPPLH)
Regulating ECO-SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

1. Pemanfaatan SDA secara rasional
2. Pembangunan tanpa merusak (Eco-Development)
3. Keterpaduan pengelolaan (Integrated Policy)
4. Keadilan ANTAR dan INTER GENERASI
The Development of the National
Environmental Law
• Law No. 4/1982

• Law No. 23/1997: objective in article 3
• Law No. 32/2009
• At the beginning, env law was recognized with
“hukum gangguan” (hinderrecht) that contained
civil aspect
• Developed into administrative env law,
international env law, env criminal law, spatial
planning law, etc.
THE PRINCIPLES OF STOCKHOLM AND RIO DE
JANEIRO DECLARATIONS
ADOPTED IN NATIONAL REGULATION
1. State Responsibility
2. Right to Environment
3. Integrated Management of Environment
4. Popular Participations
5. Accessibility to information
6. Precautionary Principles Precaution means taking action to protect
human health and the environment against possible danger of severe
damage.
7. Polluter Pays Principle
8. Strict Liability
9. inter and intergenerational justice
10. Obligation to cooperate
11. Accessibility to environmental technology
Harry Supriyono/04/2002
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REGULATION
IN THREE PERIOD
HINDIA BELANDA ERA (1916–1942/1948)

some of them: Visscherijordonnantie 1920,
Hinderordonnantie (HO) 1926,
Monumentenordonnantie 1931,
Stadsvormingsordonnantie 1948.
PASCA INDEPENDENT–BEFORE 11 MARET 1982

(The issuance of Law No. 4 Tahun 1982: UULH)
AFTER THE ENACTMENT OF UU NO. 4 TAHUN 1982

1982: UU No 4/1982 (UULH); 1997: UU No 23/1997
(UUPLH); 2009: UU No 32/2009 (UUPPLH))).
Law No. 32/2009
• Contain 17 chapter and 127 articles that regulate

protection of environment
• There are principles of protection and
management of env based on good governance
• The definite regulation between central
government and local govt in monitoring of envt
Law No. 32/2009
• Empowerment of environmental
instruments
• Permits is the main prerequisites for
establishing a factory.
• An activity of a company can be cancelled
if it doesn’t fulfill environmental permit
Law No. 32/2009
• The clear law enforcement in administrative, civil,

and criminal law.
• Empower the institution of protection and
environmental management to be more effective
and more responsive
• Empower the authority of Pejabat Pengawas
Lingkungan Hidup (PPLH) and Penyidik Pegawai
Negeri Sipil (PPNS) lingkungan hidup.
• Broad authority is given to the government to
conduct protection and management of
environment (including coordination with local
govt)
Law No. 32/2009
• Eco region approach is the main focus in Law No
32 tahun 2009.
• Contain certainty in responding and anticipating
global environmental development
• Strengthening environmental democracy through
access of information, access of participation,
access to justice and people’s right in protection
and management of environment.
Law No. 32/2009
• Some instruments :
o Strategic Environmental Study/Kajian
Lingkungan Hidup Strategis (KLHS)
o spatial planning
o environmental quality standards
o standard criteria for env damage
o AMDAL, UKL/UPL, permits
o economy instruments of environment, budget
o risk analysis
o other instruments based on technology.
Law No. 32/2009
The Principles of
Environmental Management
• The Pollution Prevention Principle (Pencegahan
Pencemaran)
• The Polluter Pays Principle (Pencemar membayar)
• Precautionary Principle (Prinsip Kehati-hatian)
• Strict Liability (tanggung jawab mutlak)
• Pengendalian Pencemaran Terpadu à propose a
holistic approach
• The role of indigenous peoples
The Weaknesses of Law No. 23/1997
• No clear command and control related to Amdal and
other environmental permit
• The weakness of environmental audit regulation
• EIA is not included as prerequisite to obtain permit
• No clear sanction for those who violate Amdal
• Weaknesses of Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil (PPNS) and
Pegawai Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup (PPLH) authority
• It does not regulate minimum punishment
• No specific regulation on climate change and global
warming
• Sustainable development is not included as the
mainstream in environmental protection

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Basic

• Environmental destruction & declining of global

§ One of massive case of heavy metal that has been

• The Bhopal disaster was an industrial

§ Illegal Logging, Illegal Mining, Illegal Fishing;

1. Paragraph 4 of the Preamble of UUD 1945:

2. UUD 1945 article 28 paragraph 1:

STOCKHOLM DECLARATION RIO DE JANEIRO

National Development Program UU No. 4 Tahun 1982 (UULH))

Regulating ECO-SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• Law No. 4/1982

HINDIA BELANDA ERA (1916–1942/1948)

PASCA INDEPENDENT–BEFORE 11 MARET 1982

AFTER THE ENACTMENT OF UU NO. 4 TAHUN 1982

• Contain 17 chapter and 127 articles that regulate

• The clear law enforcement in administrative, civil,

You might also like

Principles of Env Prot

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Principles of Env Prot

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Copyright

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Principles of Env Prot

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Basic

• Environmental destruction & declining of global

§ One of massive case of heavy metal that has been

• The Bhopal disaster was an industrial

§ Illegal Logging, Illegal Mining, Illegal Fishing;

1. Paragraph 4 of the Preamble of UUD 1945:

2. UUD 1945 article 28 paragraph 1:

STOCKHOLM DECLARATION RIO DE JANEIRO

National Development Program UU No. 4 Tahun 1982 (UULH))

Regulating ECO-SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• Law No. 4/1982

 HINDIA BELANDA ERA (1916–1942/1948)

 PASCA INDEPENDENT–BEFORE 11 MARET 1982

 AFTER THE ENACTMENT OF UU NO. 4 TAHUN 1982

• Contain 17 chapter and 127 articles that regulate

• The clear law enforcement in administrative, civil,

You might also like

HINDIA BELANDA ERA (1916–1942/1948)

PASCA INDEPENDENT–BEFORE 11 MARET 1982

AFTER THE ENACTMENT OF UU NO. 4 TAHUN 1982