Chapter 5S MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS Matrix A rectangular array of numbers enclosed by a pair of brackets such as: 2.80 [ 2-2 3] 125 -§ 47) % 279 412 (i) (ii) is called a matrix. The horizontal lines of numbers are called rows and the vertical lines of numbers are called columns. Order of a Matrix If a matrix has m rows and n columns then its order is m X n. In above, matrix (i) has order 2 x 3 and matrix (ii) has order 4 x 3. Addition of Matrices Two matrices A and B can be added if A and B have same order. The sum of A and B, A+B can be obtained by adding their corresponding elements. For example if a I 7 a-[2 SJaas-[7 3] [3 oli 2] then A+B = 3 9}tli 2 ae call [3 ‘| “ L341 942)°> 14 11 Subtraction of Matrices Nw A matrix B can be subtracted from a matrix A if A and B_ have same order. Subtraction of B from A, A—B can be obtained by subtracting each element of matrix B from the corresponding element of matrix Athen A+B u — ew aja i en Co ee Scalar Multi It A isa matrix of order m Xn and k isa sealar, then the product k and A, denoted by kA, is the matrix formed by multiplying each entry of A by k. and this process is called sealar multiplication. 4 2 If A= E | and 2¢€ then 4 2 2x4 | A 2 2a=2[3 id - oe 2x1 [s 2! ro 2 Multiplication of Two Matrices Two matrices A and B are said to be conformable for the product AB if The number of columns of A = The number of rows of B. WA isa matrix of order m xn and Bisa matrix of order nx p then we can find AB = C (say) and order of matrix C will be m x p. For example then AB we he oo = 24] i L Lessee ()() +1) 2) | PAI+DD BOY+HE2) BB+44 Ine 242 oa | i: 4 0] on 3+8 9+16 10 11 25Transpose of A Matrix If A is a matrix of order m Xn then an_nx m_ matrix obtained by interchanging the : ; t rows and columns of A, is called the transpose of A and it is denoted by A‘. [3 a] we a=[2 4] Forexampleif A=], 4] then A'=|4 4 Determinant of 2 x 2 Matrix We can associate a unique number with every square matrix A over R or C, this number is known as the determinant of A. ab For example if A = [2 | then Singular and Non-singular Matrices A matrix A is singular if |A] = 0 A matrix A is non-singular if |A| # 0 Adjoint of 2 x 2 Matrix aD ~ The adjoint of the matrix A =| ¢ q | isdenoted by adj A and is defined as . ae >] m4-i,. Inverse of 2 x 2 Matrix Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order 2. If there exists a matrix B_ such that AB = BA Ip where ly = |. then B is called the multiplicative inverse of A and is usually denoted by A‘ .ie. B = A? => AA'=A'A adj A at a Mia (AlEXERCISE 3.1 3 Ql ra -[ 7 ] and B= [ : ‘] then show that (i) 4A- Solution: @ (ii) 2 a-[? To show 4A -3A L.H.S. 4A—3A To show L.H.S, 6 A (ii) 3B—3A = 3(B-A) 3]. els 41 A 2 3 2 3 [ lj 31 [7 31 [@® wo) [e (MC) (4) (5) ( [é i E 2 ere os E a 2 Al = L4-3 20-15 23 = [; 3]=a=RuHS 3B—3A = 3(B—A) 5 3A = @B)() Om | [ ( 3) (2) Oe 3d) GS) 1 41 -(26? OA] -L@6) BEDi UI Q2. IA= lf 2 |show that At = bh. Solution: To show that A* ? where Ib = [ Take 2 i 0 i 0 AeAv=[] ec ol _ [ () @+ ) A) () 0) + (0) -i | ~LO@O+COM MO+CdDCA) pe el 1 7 ~Li-i o+P? 7b 0-1 eb AS I - eae ee ~ LOCD+CDO) 0) 0)+C-DCD =[0 4] Hence proved. Equal Matrices Two matrices of the same order said to be equal if their corresponding elements are equal Q.3 Find x and y if a any wale [2s 21 i) ry pete, ea Solution: . lees 1 ] [2 | @ -3 3y-4]=L-3 2 As the two matrices are equal so their corresponding elements are equal= x4322 and 3y4-9 => x.=2-3 and 3y=442 => x.=-1 and 3y=6 y=2 x43 1 y | a [ =A | 7 [2 xl As the two matrices are equal so their corresponding elements are equal so => x+3=y @ and By-4=2x Gi) Put y = x +3 from equation (i) in equation (ii) 3(x+3) 4 = 2x > 3x+9-4 = 2x > 3x+5 = 2 > 3x+5-2x=0 > x+5=0 > Put this value in equation (i) y=-54+3=-2 > os wa=[y ga)e-[1 4 3 find the following matrices. () 4A-3B (ii) A+ 3 (B-A) Solution: wi tofind 4A—3B 123 0 3 Bi « 4[ 10 | al} =] [ 8 Bie i 9 =Lao sl-L3 -3 7 ie 8-9 aoe i 2 3 = L 4-3 0-(3) 8-6 2(uy) A+ 3(B—A) -124 0 3 27) f-123 AvSB-A= | 1 2te([t =i 2H i 4 2) 7 belle el = Lio 2st?L 1-1 -1-0 2-2 Q.5 Find x and y if [? 0 x] [} x ¥J-[4 = 3] 1 y 3)*7Lo 2 -1J=li 6 1 Solution: Given [2 0 ] 2! x v4 2 3] 1 y 3J*7Lo 2 -1JFlL1 6 1 [2 0 ] [? 2x a4 —2 i 1 y 3JtLo 4 -2JFlL1 6 1 le 0+2x Sele 2 all 1+0 y+4 3-2])° LI 6 1 B 2x x42y] [4 2 al ly+4 1 =lt 6 1 As the two matrices are equal so their corresponding elements are equal. > &e- y+4=6 => x=-l y=6-4=2 > x=—l] and [y=2Q.6 Tf A = faijl,,, show that (i) AQUA) = AWA (ii) (ii) AA-A = (-DA Solution: (A+pWA =AA+PA (i) Toshow 2 (WA) = CA an aia Where, A = [aij], =| a2 a22 ar ay. a33, Take L.HS. ay a ays ACMA) = A] pw] arr arr aas a3) 2 A33 Han war pais = 2) bar par wars a3) Mags Wags Away Away Aways = |Apmay Apan Apa pyas, Ray wags Now take R.H.S. an a als Cw A = (AW] ar a22 23 a3) 83233 Apan Apa Abas = | Apa Apan Ajay rilas, Aaya wal = AMA) = (AWA (i) G+ wA=AAtpDA Toshow (A+) A = RA+HA LHS. ay ap as (a+ WA = (ew) ar a2 as a3) a3 33 + wan + wari (+ pW) as) | (+ Wan (A+ WW) aaa + Way (+ Wai + Wary (A+ Wass |Aaitpan Aagt+pag Aagpt+tpany Aagi t+ pag, hay + pag, A ays + wars Rag + pay) Lay tpay Rasy + pass Now take R.H.S. ay ay ay3 ay ap a3 RA+HA = | an ae a2 | a3) 832-433 831 432 3 Aan Aa Aa Hay pap wag Ray hay hayl Lua, pay pags [sean Rant wan beac Aagy+ par) A ag2+ par A ap3 + HW ag3 agit pas; Aayz+ pas, Aag3 + Mags = LHS. => (AtWA=RAHHA (ij) AA-A=(A-DA Toshow AA-A = (A-DA ay ap a3] fan an ap LHS. = >| an w | ff an | asp ax ayy) Lag, as2 a3 Ray har ars ay ar a3 = [ee Aan tas | an | as, Aas Aass [Ps = | Aan —ary 2 a3) — a3, Now take R.H.S. @31 432-33 Aaya ham | 2 a33 — 033 an ays Q-DA = no|im m= a3) 432 a33 Q-Dan &-Day A-Nay [pa Q-Vay (Ala Q—Dasr A-Dage A-Na [ts Raya hay “| az, — ag] a 3 asi — a3 LHS. > AA-A=(QA-1)A.Q7 ThA = [aj], and B = [bjl,,, show that A(A +B) = AA + AB. Solution: Given ay ay as actos = [31 2 2] ba bi bis B= [ils = le babys To show that A(A+B) =AAFAB Take LHS. a an an ans bu br psy) wreey = 2([ 2) an oh Lee bo bos . Aad a+ bi | © “Laay + boy az + bor a3 + bas 7 pee A (aj + by) bee ~ LA (ar +b) A (ar +b22) 4 (a23 + b23). lee Rantabn Bans) ta) daz +A ba ars +A bos Now R.H.S. _ fan an as] fbn be bs] oe be an wel boo brs - [hen han aa] [zen 2 bi os | Tha tm Van l iby Abe Abe [eee Ranthbn enehta | Aagi+ hbo hana +Ab22 hans +A bos = LHS. > A(A+B) = RAFAB12 0 0 Qs If A le b| and A? i ol find the values of b. Solution: Given a-[i ol wean = [2 S]L0 Gb] 2 [ip OO Cr] (a) (1) + (b) (a) (2) (2) + (b) (b) 2 _fl+2a 2+2b [ie at | fo | 5 | welt red - -[° 0] =lo o atab 2athJ=Lo o As the two matrices are equal so their corresponding elements are equal lt 0 2+2b=0 I > ass b=-1 1 = required values are |a = —5) 1-1 10 Q9 wa-[t | ana a? [3 ° |, find values of @ and b. Solution: 1-1 aati Viv : oe Ha MCD +6 | ~ LE (a) (1) + (b) (a) (a) GI) + (b) (b) ogo z a ey | But it is given that [ l-a -1 ] 7 i: 1 = atah -athI~Llo i As the two matrices are equal so their corresponding elements are equal. l-a=1 and -I-b=0 au® b= -—I uu => required values are a=0) and [b=—11-1 2 23 0 Q.10 ra=[y 3 | ana 6 =[? 2 2 then show that (A +B)' = A+B. Solution: To show (A+B) = A'+B! Take (A+B) = (A+B)! = a) Now =[f 1 2] sek 4 i 1 0 Ab=|-1 3 oa 2 0 ma o-[23 9] 2 Bi = E 2 7 0-1 Now , I A+B! 2 I 142 O+1 301 43 342/2/2 5 a) a i—i 20 From (1) and (2), it is clear that (A+B)! = A'+B!if) 6h Qu tind Atta =| 5 2 ‘| Solution: Toi Sil 1 38 N=A.Az=|5 2 6/15 2 6 oo oie i a4 [sesaieoea. (1) (1) +) (2) + 3) (1) 3) + C1) (6) + GB) C3) (5) 1) +2) 3) (6) 2) (5) (1) + 2) (2) #6) I) () 3) + (2) 6) + (6) (3) (-2) (I) +1) (5) + 3) 2) 2) DHEHD2)4-3)CF1) 2) (3) + CD) (6)+(-3).(-3). 5410-12 5+4-6 15+12-18 1+5-6 1+2-3 3+6-9 —2-S46 —2—-243 —6—6+9 GO O70 1 1 3 AS] 3ygm See a2 Oo ie 5 2) (0) (1) + (0) (5) + (0) (2) () (1) + 0) (2) + (0) 1) (0) (3) + ©) (6) + (0) C3) | 3) (1) +3) (5) +9) 2) GB) 1) +B) 2) +) CD) (3) (3) + 3) (6) + (9) 3) AD (D+ CD 56) + 32) CD (D+ CD 2) + C3)CD CDG) + CD (6) + C3).C3). 3+15—18 346-9 9418—37 [st 0+0-0 8 | =1-546 31-2493 =3-649Q.2 Bind matrix x . 5 2]_f-1 5 @ x[4 l-[ 31] w LS t)s-[5 a] Solution: [3 *J[ I | @ *l-2 1/=l w 3 XA=B (say) XAA'=BA! XI=BA! x=Ba! ee a) To find A”! Here 2 A=|3 5 2 l= | 5 1 | = ©)()-C2Q) = 544-920 [2 3] a= Aly § As ad A At. ada lal - ft 2] _owe Put this value in equation (1) -1 5 ert X= lie 313 sl -5la alls 5] = oli silo 5 cea ean OL (12) 1) + (3) (2) (12) © 2) + (3) (5) ie ol 9L 1246 —24415(ii) 9 2 9 9 = Js 9 9 9 x=[3 4] which is required matrix. 5 2 21 [es 1 )x 7 [ 10] 5 2 a 2 [ 21 ] X= [ 5 10 ] AX=B (say) AA Ap IX=A'B X=A'TBO ae a) Tofind A | a-[3 1] iWi=| 5 7] =@mM-CaeQ = 544-940 I 2 ada =[) 3] ~ pe al Put this value in equation (1) ~~ le FIL 10] [aya ae ame 1 = OL (2)(2)+(5) (5) (2) (1) #5) (10) ee 10 i ~ 9L4+25 2+50 : ee 19] = 9L 29 52 g 19 979 , ' X=] 49 59 | is required matrix 9 oOQ.13 Find the matrix A if fs -1 3-7 fi) OO Ao 0 L3 1 7 2 (ii) Solution: 53-1 3-7 @ O0/A=|0-0 Ai no Let b d ] is the required matrix. 5-1], 4 a 7 > 0 0 le ]- 0 0 L3 ed 2 1 7 FO@+CDO OOW+eDV@ a -7 > O@+OC Ob+OM |=)0 0 L@)@+D © )(b)+() @ 2 [ 5a-c Sb-d 3-7 > 0 0 =|0 0 3at+e 3b+d 7 2 As the matrices are equal so their corresponding elements are equal. “dd -Q) - GB) 3b+d = 2 Adding equation (1) and (3) Sa- Bate =7 10 5 8a a fae |> Put a = 7 inequation (1) Now add equation (2) and (4) Sb-d =-7 3b+d =2 8b =-5 b= s =- > =-3 5 Put b = —% in equation (2) s(f)-u- ab 8 [ : ] =| 13. 31 | isthe required matrix. So(ii) As [ee Tlaels a 7] BA=C (say) B'BA=B'C A=B'IC A=B'C To find B! 121] B=4l1 2 Put this value in (1) 1f2 1]f0 -3 8 so me ala 3 4] 3) Or Oe (2)(-3)+(1) (3) OO OED] 3. L(1) (0) +(2)(3) (1) 3) +2) GB) (1) (8) +2) (7) 0+3 -6+3 | O46 -3+6 8-14 3-3 I [ [ | [ win wi O 21]Q.14 Show that reos> 0 —sing coed 0 sing cr 6 0 1 0 Jerk rsing 0 cos¢ | L-rsing 0 reosd Solution: reos@ 0 —sing cosh 60 sing [‘* : 0° || “e | rsing 0 cos rsing 0 rcos$ T cos p. cos +0,0+ (sin pr sin 6) reos > .0+0.1 + Csin 6) [ 0.coso +r.0+0. Crsin 6) 0.0461 +0.0 rsin cos +0.0 +cos (sing) rsing.0+0.1 +c .0 rcos } . sind + 0.0 + (sin ) (r cos 6) 0. sin +1.0 + Or cos 6 rsin ) . sin 6 +0.0 + cos 6. rcos > reos 6 sin @ + 0—rcos 6 sin ‘) roos'o+O0+rsin’ > 0+0- O+r+0 rsin §.cos@+0-rsing cos 0+0+0 = tsi) 0 ~0 : 0 0+0+0 0+0+0 rsin’ 6 +0+rcos’ 0 r(sin’ 6 + cos’ 6) 00r I ait 1 0] «en RHS. O ocd Hence proved. EXERCISE 3.2 Q.1 If A = [ajlsey then show that @hA=A_ (i) AL = Solution: Given ap a3 a A = Lailsey a ap ay a ay aud 100 (i) — Toshow IA = A where Ij = le 1 °| 001 Take L.H.S. 10 O)fan ay as nae[a 1 of ay =| 0 0 thas ayy ay ==2/0 0 Of a de amy anyTaig + O.a23 + 0.833 Tatty + O.a24 + 0.834 2 O.a3+ Lay +Qas3 O.a4+ 1 Oat 0.an + Lay 0.04 O.ax + Lays O.ais + O.aay + Lad [oa to aat+O+0 ayt+0t+0 ay+0+0 O.a) + 1.ay+0.a3, O.ay2 +1 O.ay) + 0.a3) + 1. T.a)) + 0.a9) + 0.43; lap + Oa OFa1 +0 OFant0 OFayt0 OF, +0 O+04a, OF04Fan OF0Fan 0F04Fa% a ap as ay =| a ay ay A =RHS. a ay an ay (i) AL=A To show that 1000 0100 Al =A where L=/ 9 9 1 9 0001 LHS. a, ap! 9 0 0 Bay 0100 Al = , «| 00 10 e000 | a +0+04+0 O+an+0+0 04+0+a53+0 040404 a4 jissosoen O+a.+0+0 04+04a53+0 020200 | +0404+0 O+ant+04+0 0+04a3+0 0+040+ au ay a ays ay =] a a a3 ay | = A RHS. ay Ay ay ay Q.2 Find inverse of the following matrices o EY w [4 3] w [2] o Ed Solution: 9 E fl (i) Let A | a -1 al = |3 dl | = @u-Cha =342-540(iii) JA] # O = its inverse exists. 1 | Adj ol i 1 Adj A Als lal 2)(5)-(-4) (3) = - 10412 =2 40 Adj As( 1 AdjA ] lal 2imw [6 3] aa-[2 J] [A] = [3 ‘ = (2)(3)-(6)(1) = 6-6 =0 As |A] = 0 = _ inverse does not exists. Q.3 Solve the following system of linear equations. . 2X1-3x. = 5 wy 4X, 4+3x. = 5 aes 3x-5x = 1 @ 5x1 + eal Gi) mitts 2 5t a) rt, Solution: (i) Given 2x) — 3x2 = 5 Sxi+ = 4 In matrix form (5 TE] -(] 5 ljlml=L4 AX=B (say) X=A'B 7) where ae[s TY] e-[2] [2] Jal = | | = (2)(1)-(5) (3) = 2415 = 17 #0 |A| # 0 => its inverse exists P 1 3 wi a-[', 3] As Put values in (1) a a ale 2ll2](ai) where Now As, _ [ PALO | © IT L(©5)(5)+ (2) (4) _ + at > il o5+8 7 | 7 ele aw fFl-1 17, x) 1 wltloif > ueh w=-l Given 4x, 43x. = 5 3x;- x = 7 In matrix form (3 Al[2)-6] AX =B (say) xX=A'B () oo IAL= 3 _ | = MC)-@)@) = -4-9 = 13 40 |A| # 0 => its inverse exists, 4 ad A=["5 |(ii) where Now As Py Ciena: | ~ 13 L © 3)(5) +(4) (7) . 1 fos] = 73 |-15+28 -2x+y =-3 In matrix form [2 Y3)-05] AX=B (say) X=A'BO ae wm 3 <8 i x a=[3 P].8-[4,].<-[] Al = | 3 3 | = 3)(1)-(-2)(3) = 3-10 =-7 #0 JA] 4 0 = its inverse exists. : la Adj A= 23 ala AdA lal > S >Putting values in equation (1) x= [3 3]Ls] . Sr etc 7LQ)()+@)C3) = 72] - al] =i4 -{a]-O] a ()]-[i]+G=3 . oi 1-1 2) 2 1 -1 Q4 wa-{ 3 2 é|, »-[1 3 | =| 0 4 ot 271 1 3 -2 and C=|-1 2 0 | thenfind a (i) A-B (A-B)-C (iv) A-(B-C) Solution: @ Given 1 2 I 1 asf | a “| —1 12 1 2-(-D Then ae-[ 3 a4 | ' 4-1 el noel 2 0 (ii) B-A 2 pA 3 2 ‘| -1 0 4 I-@ly =1-2 1 2-3 3 4-5 = 2 1 1 —1—(-J} 2-0 1-4 2 2.po wo 211 132 (A-B)-C = Bees il 3 4 le 0 L-1 0 4 -12 1 3 6C«:«C-'i a2 = 2 0 4-1 (iv) A-(B-C) A-(B-C) " 1 fei wn i —— = Noe -1 od 2 HUA 2 tH 3 3) 4 1 304 -1 gt 2 1-3 —1-(3) =|3 2 5 [fe 3-2 0 | 4 “1-3 24 1-(C1) 1 -2 1 2 1 4 4 3 3 1-1 2-1 s 3-2 2-1 5-4 L-1—€4) 0-€2) 4-2 0 1 ot a 2i 2 -I 1 2 -1 Qs wa=ly ib B=| a ; | and © = [ay ;_| then show that @ (AB) Cc e A (BC) di) (A+ BC : AC+BC. Solution: @ To show (AB) C = A (BC) L.H.S. = (AB) C ame =() Ha DE] (i) Gi) + (2i) Qi) Pena al O+A)Q2) OM+C)@ i ay TLE 7] = € ee 1) fecal 2i | =[ [ -[ [ae PAT] ape = [70,2177] [ [ lle [ EDA +d-HLD ee (2-1) (2i) + 2 (Fi). 2-)CH)+(D)W -6i-i° +21 ae | 4427-21 — 241421 4i-(-1I) 34-1) *] 2i-2©¢1) —2+3i 1—4i 5] 2421 31-2 R.H.S. i 2i ABO) = |) ]j -i i 2a -1 [a iH 7) G)A+HC) CIC Bene AWW+D-) ACY)+OWots a1 : [02 +(21)(-3) (i) 2) + 2i) | : Ned 3)(4) (1) i) + Gi) 2-1) 2i — 6 2-47? *] 2-i+3i 242% +i -4-CID) 2-)D4C | 242i 2+2(-)+i = [i aA = 27a ie, > (AB) C = A (BC) (ii) Toshow (A+ B)C = AC+BC Cal Dea 7 ist 220i ee 7 [! (0) (2i) + (1 + 2i) (i) EO aan | [8 ( ( (A+B)C = 142i) 2i)+(0) Gi) 1 + 21) 1) + 0) @) -i 0427 =| +0 —2i-1+0 4i° 2C1-i 2¢ ea 4C1)42i 21-1 2- 4 | +2 —2i-1 GA wha EV] . Lee @) Cl + Qi) @) ] “ LID+-)GI) ME-NEN)+E) [Goel +O co Face i | AWAD+O) BOCY+HW Now R.H.S. (AC) + BCiti ] +e 0 -i+2¢ _| Lewes 2i ] 21+ 1-Cl) 4(-1)-C)) 2i+(-1) [ [ Laer ORS | [ . [ a-i 1-2 | —44+2i -2i-1 => (A+B)C = AC+BC Hence proved. Q.6 If A and B are square matrices of same order, then explain why in general. (@) (A+ BY # A?+2AB+B* (ii) (A—BY # A?-2AB+B? (iii) (A+B) (A-B) # A?-B? Solution: Let A and B are square matrices of the same order. (As (A+B)? = (A+B).(A4+B) = AA+AB+BA+BB = A+AB+BA+B but in general AB # BA => AB+BA 4 2AB => (A+B) # A°+2AB+B° (i) (A-BY = (A-B)(A-B) = AA-AB-B.A+BB = A’-AB-B.A+B but in general AB # BA => -BA-BA # 2AB => (A-BY # A°-2AB+B? (ii) (A+B)(A—B) = AA-AB+BA-B = A?-AB+B.A-B but in general AB BA > ~AB+BA 40 > (A+B)(A-B) # A?-B?2 -1 O7 WA | 1 0 5 Solution: a ue Az=| 1 Oo 4 -3 5 2 2 3 014 Then A‘ -| Ga 0 2 1 2 1 A | 1 0 —3 3 (2)(2)+ CD CD +3) G)+ (1) (2) + (OWT) + [ 4B+G 3.0 4 -2| ; then find AA‘ and A‘ A, 2-1 3 of 2 1 -3 a 2if-! 9 3 2-13 4 2 0-2-1 (0) (0) 2) (0) (2) (1) + (1) (0) + (3) (4) + (0) 2) (1) C1) + (0) (0) + (4) (4) + 2) (2) 3) +5) +2340) C3) +6) 0) +2) 4+ 2 2(-3) +1) 3) +B) +O C) H3)+OO+HQ+EHCV 3)(-3) +5) (5) + +H 4414940 2404120 ~6-54640 2-04+12-0 14+0+16+4 —3+0+8+2 6-346-0 -34+0+84+2 94254441 3 —3 . 7 2 - 2 1 4\p2 -1 3 0 10 5 I Oo 4 2 2 tt 2 -3 5 2-1 Oe a 2+0-15 6+4-6 O-2+ é =240-15 140425 340410 0-0- 6+4 a 3+0+10 9+16+4 0-8 Z 0-243 0+0-5 0-8-2 O+4+4+1 Me -17 2 7 -5 4 7 29 -10 1-5 -10 5Q.o Solve the following matrix equations for A: : . a 8-2 2-3 1 @ ax-2A = Bit A=[ 7, i f|.e=[2 fA 7 i” 1-1 2 3-1 6 (ii) 2x-3A pita=[', a apes oi “I Put values of A and B I 2-3 1 2 3-2 x= 45 4 }e2f 1 a 2) 35 2 4}4 4 0) Slee 22 10 “Ls -3+6 1-4] 3 442 -1410 I -315 605] o 3 77 *\3 © 3 B35 4 |. la 2 a (ii) Given A and 2X—-3A =B 2X = B+3A (B +3A)Put values of A and B 1(f3 -1 0 Tei 2 x=3 (3 4 1 +3] 24 31) C3 WL. sD 2 lala 5 ee -1-8 bre] = 214-6 2412 1415 aN -4 6 =21-2 4 16 6 4 6 2 2 2 g| 2 4 te "2 2 2 ae -2 3] i ig 6 Q.9 — Solve the following matrix equation for A. 0) E 3Ja-[7, 3)-[16 el w sel HS TL 8 Solution: (i) Given (2 2)-[4, 4)-[3' 3] B'BA=B'c IA=B'C Cee re) Where4 3 2 5 | = (4) Q)-@G)Q) = 8-6 = As |B| + 0 = its inverse exists. 2 -3 wn =[3 7] eee oll x B= "pp = 2L-2 4 Putting this values in (1) ei’ fh 4] A= 1-2 alla 4 Q()+C3)2) @C)+C3) 4) ] CIM)+HAZ CIVY)+4HA lee ae -2+8 2+16 ie | 2L6 18 4 i4 || 22 ele a ea\¢ @ iala 3 is the required matrix. (ii) Givenhere p-(2 2].c-[2 6] 301 [IB] = 3 | = (3)(2)-(4) (I) = 6-4 = 2 |B| + 0 = inverse of B exists. 2-1 age =[ 7, 1] As pt = AUB 1 2 = =" > 2L-4 3 Putting values in equation (1) 1 oii 2 7 a-[; aloes at aL sll’) =2 3 . sL N(2)+(2C4) (1) Cl) +2) (3) = 2LQQ+O4) WW Y)+0) If 2-8 -14+6 aoe | If -6 eae 20 ie 6 3 2 =| 20 16 “2 2 a-[-3 | -10 8 is the required matrix DETERMINANT OF ORDER n 2 3 Consider a square matrix of order 3. such that then |an a2 a3 det A = |A\ = | a21 a22 a3 a31 83233 we can expand this determinant by Rj an ars any ans ayy a, [A] = an —ap + a3 @32 33 a3 433 aj1 432 = ayy (ap2a33 — a23@32) — yp (az133 — a31a23) + 13 (A2132 — 22431) we can expand |A| by C) such that ax a3 ay ays ap ays l= an] a a | }as an lt lang an an ax. a33 ans = ayy (ag7a33 — ap3a32) — a2) (ay 33 — 43232) + 3] (@y2a23 — @}322) Minor and Cofactor of an Element of A Matrix or Its Determinant Consider a square matrix A of order 3. then the minor of an element aij, denoted by Mj is the determinant of the (3 ~ 1) x (3 — 1) matrix formed by deleting the ith row and jth column of A or |Al. For example if an a as A=| 421 422 a3 then a3) 3233 ne Minor of aj) = Mn -[ = ] 32 33 bn ty Minor of aj2 = Mio = [ 7 | and so on. a3) 433, Cofactor of an element aj; denoted by Ajj is defined by Aj = (1)'*!. My where Mj is the minor of aj. So in above matrix Cofactor of ay) = An = (1) Cofactor of ai3 = Ais Note: In above matrix A JA] = an An +apAn+ apa Properties of Determinants +1 Mii (1)! *9 Mjs and so on. (1) Fora square matrix A , |A| = |A\). (2) If ina square matrix A, two rows or two columns are interchanged, the determinant of the resulting matrix is —|A]. (3) Ifa square matrix A has two identical rows or two identical columns, then |A| = 0. (4) Ifall the entries of a row (or a column) of a square matrix A are zero, then |A| = 0. (5) If the entries of a row (or a column) in a square matrix A are multiplied by a number k eR, then the determinant of the resulting matrix is_k |Al.(6) If each entry of a row (or a column) of a square matrix consists of two terms then its determinant can be written as the sum of two determinants i.e. if ae[ten ] gy = Lagtbo am] Mt an ang bu a2 bay az ayy + by | agit bey az + lal = ag ana 7) If to each entry of a row (or a column) of a square matrix A is added a non-zero multiple of the corresponding entry of another row (or column) then the determinant of the resulting matrix is [A]. (8) If a matrix is in triangular form, then the value of its determinant is the product of the entries on its main diagonal. Adjoint and Inverse of a Square Matrix of Order n 2 3 a a2 a3 A=] an an ay 831 832-33 then the matrix of cofactors of A is An Ai A =] Ax An Ars An Ax Ax An Ag Aa and adjA =| Ain Ax Ay Ais Ax3 A33 Inverse of Square Matrix of Order n >= 3 Let A be anon singular matrix of order n. If there exists a matrix B such that AB = BA = In then B is called the multiplicative inverse of A and is denoted by A, and order of Ais nxn. Thus AAT = 1, and A‘A = I. If A is anon singular matrix, then I Als neiEXERCISE 3.3 Q.1 Evaluate the following determinants. 5 -2 -4 5 2 -3 @ | 3 -1 -3 (ii) 3-1 1 —2 1 2 -2 1 - 1 2-3 a+l a-I a Gi jot 3 4 (iv) a atl a-l = 5 6 a-l a atl 1 2 -2 2a aoa () ji. 0 3 (vi) b 2b b 2 4 ¢ c 2 Solution: s 2 4 (i) 3-1 -3 = 5(2x(-1)-1x(@3))+2(3x2-(C3) x 2))-4 (3x IL-2)xC 1) = 5(-243)+2(6-6)—4 (3-2) = 5(1)+2(0)-4(1) =5+0-4=1 5 2 - (ii) a1 1 77 il 2 Expanding the determinant by Ry. a a 301 =5|5 -21]-2 2/+¢3)| = 5(2x(-1)-1x (1) -2 (3) x 2)-C 2) x (1) - 3 (3) x (I) -C 2) xD) = 5(2-1)-2(-6+2)-3 (3-2) = 5(1)-24)-3(1) = 5+8-3= 10(iv) 1 2 -3 -1 3 4 -2 5 6 Expanding the given determinant by R; 304 _ a. : i] 6 -2 6 eno} 5 1 ((3) x (6) — (5) x (4) — 2 ((6) x © 1) 2) x (4) — 3 (1) x (5) — 2) (3) = 1(18—20)—-2(-6+8)-3(-5+6) = —2-2(2)-3(1) =-2-4-3=-9 Ope af a a a+l a-l a-l a atl expanding the given determinant by Ry atl al Q@t+D a ag a al a aso] 8, tt faal gee) oe ae (at) [(at+) (a+) —ala—D] -(a-D [alat+D-(a—I) (a-D) +a f(a) (a)—(a—D at) al-al +P) +ala’—(a°+al—al—P)| = (at) [a +al+la+P—a +al]—(a—I) fa’ + al — (a+ D [Balt P]—(a—2 fa? + al — (a? = 2a + Py) 4a fa — (a? — PF] (a+ 1 [Bal +P] (a—0 fa? + al—a? 42a — Pata’ —a? 4?) (a+) Bal+P] (a Bal -P)] +a (P)] = 3a) +al+3aP +f —Ga'l—al —3aP +P) 4 al” = 3a) +daP +P — 3a +aP + 3aP —P + al = 9al” 2nd Method al a—f a a ati at a-l a atl atita-/+a a-l a atatl+a-lo atl a-l by Ci +C2+Cy a-Itat+atl] a at](vy) (vi) —_ a 3a ati ai 3a a atl Take common 3a from C) J ai a 1 atl a-l 1 a atl = 3a 2 a-! a =3a/0 at/—at+/ a-l RoR 0 a-atl atl _ I oa-loa = 3a] 0 al —f or ol expanding by C, 3 4 1 =i 3 aa] 5 sl-o|-3 6 +03 J = 3a (2) 0-O C]-0+0 3a[2P +P] = 3aGl) = 9a 1 2-2 -1 1 -3 2 4-1 Expanding the given determinant by Ri mi alale alvealy tl ="l4 -11-712 -11+]2 4 = (C1) -4C3)-2(- DE D-2CE3)-2(- )4)-@a)) = (-1412)-2(1+6)-2(-4-2) 11 —2(7)-2(-6) = 11l-14+12=9 oa a a b 2b b ec 2 Expanding the given determinant by Rj =2,| 7 b ae b alo 2 ela 2c ce 2c a CG = 2a ((2b) (2c) ~ (b) (c)) ~ a ((b) (2c) ~ (b) (c)) +a ((b) (c) ~ (2b) (©)) = 2a (4be — be) — a (2be — be) + a (be~ 2be) = Gabe — abe — abe = 4abeQ2 Without expansion show that. 6 7 8 (i) a8 2 3 Solution: LHS. 67 8 34°55 23 4 6 7-6 8 6 18 =|3 4-3 5/=/3 1 51 G-c¢ 2 3-2 4 21 4 @ 1 6 G12 3.1 5-3} =]/3 1 2 "3-C a i ae e712 ‘Take common (2) from ¢3 Old | od 211 As C2 and C3 are same so determinant will be = 2(0) = 0 =RHS. 3-1 (ii) 1 o|=¢0 -3 5 2 ae LAS. = | ie 170 D8 5 3-1 ~1 =|1 140 0] G+G Sa 5 2 =] = 1 0| =0=RHS 25 and C2 are same so determinant will be (ii) zero. zero. New Bw we kL(iii) L.HLS. Q3 @ (ii) (iii) jas 4 5 6/=0 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 789 J 2-1 3-1 =|4 5-4 6-4 © @ 7 8-7 9-7 a fie =|4 1 2 712 Take (2) common from C3 1) =Q/4 1 1] 20=RHS. fii As C» and C3 are same so determinant will be zero. Show that an ar ay a3 an a M3 az, a2 ay. a3] +] ax a2 O23 a3 832 32 a33 31 a32 O33 2 3 js 2 15 atl a at+l =P Ba+) a 1 1 1 Lt i yz IX xy ry 2 bai a2 a13 + 3 an 412 Als an an a3 Az, 822° 23+ O23] =| Aa B22 23] +] a2 a22 O23 31 32 33 + O33 az, 832° 433 a1 a32 O33 ay ap apt os a) a2 a3 + Oy ays + Olas ayy) a Expanding by Ri apr ap; + 23 a3. 433 +033 ag) ag3 + G23 a3) a33 + O33 ( | et a —an +ais+ a3 11 2 tar | = ayy [ayy (a33 + 133) — 32 (23 + O193)] — ay2 [a2 (33 + 33) — a3} (23 + O193)] + (ais + O13) [azi as2— agyaz2] = ayy [agay3 + ay20433 — a32a23 — a3203] ~ aya [2133 + A213 — 3123 ~ 310123] + ay [arias2 —a31ar2] + 113 [aria32 — as1az2] Now take R.H.S. ay a2 any 2 Oya, ap ag | + | a Oa Al AR ass a3) 33, Expanding both by Ri a3 a2 ang = aa. | 7a], : a3 ar a32 a2 0123 23 api +a GB 32 0433 O33 a3) ay) [az2a33 — a32a23] — ay2 [azya33 — azsa3)] + ay3 [a21a32— ap2a31] + ayy [az20133 ~ 32123] ~ aj2 [a2io133 ~ 23031] + 0413 [a2ia32 ~ a22431] 331 — 0123831] -Q) 32023] ~ ayo [aziag3 + a21033 ayy [ag2a33 + az20133 — agza: + a3 [aria32 — agnasi] + Ob13 [a21a32 — ap2a31] from equation (1) and (2) L.H.S. = R.H.S.2 3 0 2 1 0 (ii) 3.9 6 oi 2 2 2 15 1 25 1 a a © us = [3 9 <| a. | Take common (3) from C: 2 1 °0 eo 8 So 25 #1 Take common (3) from Ry 21 0 i vali 1 | 2435 1 2 =f 1 | 25 1 ) = RAS. atl a a (iii) a atk a | =P Gath a a a+l a+l a a L.H. I a a+] a a a a+! at+it+at+a atati+a atatatl = a a+l a Ri +R. +R; a a atl 3a+/ 3at+l 3a+l = a atl a a a atl (Ba +) common from Ry 1 0 if =Ga+h{a atl a aoa a4l ela asia aca | 27% a asa att-al GC_- = Ga+h}a t 0 a ol Expanding by Ry a 0 io al soaeoltfo Toft rl+olt ol] = Gat) [1(P-0)-0+0] = Ga+d(P) 1 1 1 1 1 1 @) |e 3 ain 2 yz mx xy xv yo 2 Solution: 1 1 1 Ps ft oY 2 ye me xy Multiply C, by x, Cy by y and Cy by z ¥. z = yo 2 xyZ xyz Take (xyz) common from Rs.(vy) b+e a a b et+a b = dabe c c atb bte a a LHS. = b cta b c 3 atb bte a-a a =| b cta-b b |@-C; © c-a-b atb b+e 0 a = b cta-b b c c-a-b a+b expanding by R, cta—b b b c+a-b — |. ora]? e-a-b (b+ ©) [(a +b) (C +a—b)—b (C—a—b)] +a [b (C—a—b)—c(c +a—b)] = (b+) [ca +a°—ab + be + ba—b°— be + ba + b"] +a [be — ba—b ~ cae + be] = (b+c) [ac +a° + ab] +a [2be —ba—b?—c = bac + ba” +ab? tac” +a7¢ + abe + 2abe — ba” — ab” — ac? —a’e = abe + abe + 2abe = dabe = RS. _ ab 0| =a*+b* - expanding this determinant by Ry b 0 a 0 ab =bla p|-ep 1 ola loa = b(b’—0) +1 (ab—0) +a (a’—b) = b(b) +ab+a(a—b) = b'+ab+a'—ab = a+b? = RAS.(vii) (viii) reosd 1 —sing _ rsing 0 cos expanding this determinant by Rj 1 roove [ts = ros’ >+rsin® > 0 ] [ 0 cos$ I~! Lrsing r cos 6 (cos ¢ — 0) — 1 (0-0) sin 6 (0-r sin 6) sing song All ead = r(cos” 6 + sin” $) =r(l) =r=RHS. a b+e a+b b c+a b+e| = ab+b'+c'-3abe ec atb cta a bte atb LHS. = |b cta b+e co atb cta atb+e b+e atb = |b+tct+a c#a b+e|Cy4@ ctatb a+b cta Take (a+b +c) common from ¢; 1 b+te a+b = (atb+c)| 1 c+a bte 1 atb c+a 1 bte a+b = (a+b+c)|0 c+a—b-c b+c—a—b Ne R 0 atb-b-c c+a-a-b 1 b+te atb = (atb+c)|0 a-b c 0 a-e ec—h Expanding by C a-b c-a = aro+o.1.[2-° ct -o+0 = (at+b+c) [(a—b) (¢—b)—(c~a) (a—e)] (a+b +c) fac —ab— be = @tb+o@eb te = a+b’ +c)—3abe = RES. +b? ac +e? +a? ~ ac] —ab— be — ac)(ix) (x) a+r b c a a L.H.S. Taking b+r ¢ | =Va@tb+e+A) b c+ ath ob c =] a bta ic a bo octa atbthtc b ¢ = |atb+aAte b+a C+ (C2 +3) atbtcth ob cH (a+b-+¢4A) common from C; 1b c = (atb+c+a)|1 bth 1b cth 1 b c Ri 0 b+arA-b c-c 0 b-h et+h-¢ lob oO 2, O 0 @ = (at+b+e+A) = (at+btctd) Expanding by C se Be LHS. a 0 = arbecsi[ 1 |” °|-o+0| = (a+b+e4A) (0-0) Patb+cth) = (a—b) (b—c) (c-a) ) (ba?) = (b—a) (c~—a) (c +a) —(c—a) (b—a) (b+ a)= (b—a)(c—a) [Cc +a—(D + a)} = (b—a)(c—a)(C+a—b~—a) = (b~a)(c~a)(c~b) = —(a-b)(C-a) GI b-c) = (a—b) (b—c) (¢~a) = RAS. b+e a a (xi) cta b | = sbeoa-mn-eie-a atb c b+e a LHS, = |cta b atb c b+eta = |ctatb C1+C> atb+e loa = (atb+e)/ 1 b 1 c 1 R2-R) = (a | 1-1 : (atb+o) i Saar i 6 ae = (atb+c)|0 b-a (b-a)(b+a) 0 ca (c—a)(c+a) Take common (ba) from Ro, and (¢~a) from Rs la @ = (atb+c)(b-a)(C-a)] 0 1 b+a 0 1 cta Expanding by Cy : 1 beta aw | xe | = aebseo-ace-a[ 1 | _ fla ae = (a+b+c)(b~a) (c~a)[c+a—(b+a)] = (a+b +c) (b—a) (c—a)(c +a—b—a)= (a+b +c) (b—a) (c—a)(c—b) = —(a+b +c) (a—b)(c—a) (¢~b) = GNC (atb+e) (ab) (b-c) (C-a) a+b-+c)(a—b) (b—c)(c—a) = RES. 1 2 -3 Q4 (i) IfA=]| 0 -2 0 =) vy) At Find Ay, Az2, Azz, and |A| 5 2 5 (ii) iB 3-1 4 | then -2 1 -2 Find B21, B22, B23 and |B] Solution: 1 a2 - (i) A= Oo -2 0 2 a 1 An = CD! Mp where Mp = ie al = CVO = OM-CIO =0 =0 242 1-3 An = (-1)?*? Mx where Mx =|) | = ¢1)'C5) = ()()-@2)3) = (I)(-5) = 1-6=-5 = -5 = -4 342 1-3 = (1)°*? Mg where Mn =|9 9 = 1S) = (1) @-C3)) =0 =0 Now 1 2 -3 lAj=] 0 -2 0 2-2 1(ii) Now Expanding by Ry) 2.0 7) Is 1 | 12) ()-©2)O)-2(Y-©23O)-3(E-C YC) (-2-0)-2(0-0)-3 (0-4) 0-2 |-ca|$ ol = -2-0-3(-4) =-2+12= 10 5 -2 5 B=|3 -1 4 2 i -2 : 5 By = C1"! May where 7 Al = Cen = 262-1) (5) =EDECD=1 = 4-5 te? 5 5 By = (-1)*? Mx where My = [3 5] = CIO = (5)(-2)-) (2) = 0 = -10+10=0 ae ao Its Max where ws =[ 5 7] = Ip) pay (5) (1) (2) 2) 5-4 1 [B| = Expanding t Ri Sl- ca] 3 = st 9a)-tieh ea tent astnen-ENEAD 5 (2-4) +2(-6+8) +5 3- 5(-2)4+2(2)+5() = -10+44+5 -1 sy A les| 35 xXpa a Bry 1 1 @ B ya 1/-0 i) 2 3 y a+p 1 a 6 2 loa be b a-b (iii) 1 Pa =0 (iv) b-c : c-a 1 ie ab be ca ab y 1 A 1 =0 i 4 (vy) ® b c = (vi) a b c 2a 2b 2¢ (vii) |atb 2b bte ate b+e 2c 26 a) ee) (vii) 6 3 2)/=/6 3 S/i+]6 3 a5 0 —2 5 3 —3 5 2 0 c (ix) 0 a -b/=0 bc Solution: a pty 1 LHS.= |B ya 1 y% orp f at+p+y Pty | = |Btyta yra 1] G4 ytatB a+B 1 Take (a +B +7) common from C, i pay i =(a+p+y | 1 yra 1 a+p 1 = (a+Bp+y).0 0 3x 6x| = 0 9x b-c c-a c-a a-b/] =0 a-b b-c 1 oP 1 P PF m m|=]1 om 02 to. 14 —1I -3 4 Cy and Cy are same1 20 3x (ii) 2 3 6&x/|=0 3.95 ox 1 20 3x LHS. = |2 3 6x 3.5 9x Take 3x common from Cy 4211 =3x/2 3 2 3.5 3 = 3x0) =0 As Cy and C3 is same so determinant will be zero 2 a 1a 5 b saa 2 by] _ (iii) 1b a] =0 2 £ rea 12 & = be b LHS. = J 1 boo ac ae 1?¢@ 3 =a | 1 4]; abe | =0 As Cp and C3 are same so determinant will be zero.c- a-b b-c a-b b-c ca =c =a —b LHS. = |b-c c-a a-b os @-5 6-3 a—b+b-¢+e-a b-¢ ¢-A = |b-c+c-ata—b c-a a-b C++; c-at+a—b+b-c a-b b-c QO b-c cpa = |0 c-a a-b]=0 “2 Cy is zero. 0 a-b b-c = 0 be ca ab toi. 9) Tb ae! a ob c =x = |. LHS.=|5 § ¢ abc multiplying Ry by abe be ca ab 1 | abe abe abe -abe [a be a b c 1 be ea ab = tbe be ca ab a bc =0 As R; and R> are same so det will be zero. m ot - if (vi) vom m 1 ow mw min wv 1r LHS. = | nf om m multiplying Ry by 1 Ro by m, ry by n. Im FOF Immo om Im oo ~ Imn(vii) (viii) aking (mn common trom Cy 2p imn a a mom! 1 own 1 oP P = {1 mm 1 i = RHS. 2a 2b 2c a+b 2b =b+e] =0 ate bte 2 2a be LHS. = jars 2b b+e ate hte 2c 2a 2b—2a 2c -2a = jar 2b-(atb) b+e~(atb) ae ate b+ce-(at+c) 2c-(a+e) st 2a 2(b—a) 24c-a) = |atb 2b-a-b b+c-a—b ate bt+c-a-c 2c-a-c 2a Aba) c~a) =fatb b-a cpa ate b-a cna Taking (b 2a = (b-atc af ate (b—a) (c—a) (0) 0 = RAS. 7 6 7 2°7 6 2) =|6 3 5 -3 1 -§ 5 -8 a2 a Hs | 0 6 -3 5 by using property of determinant 77 q So | alo 3 5 —B R.H.S. a) common from C3, and (¢ 2 a) from C3. i Cy and C; is same. ww we 1(ix) Q6 @ (ii) (iii) 0 a -b/|=0 bc @ -a 0 c¢ LHS = | 0 a —-b 0) 0 ac ac Taking ab common from C). Taking ac common from C2 Taking be common from C3. 0 | 1 = ihe ab)(ac)(be) o ol -l 1-1 0 -1 001 =abe] 0 1 -1 | R|+R | 1 0 [oe = abe} O 1 -l 1-1 0 0 0 0 sabe] 0 1 -1 | R/+Rs 1-1 0 = abe (0) «. all elements of R, are zero. =0 = RHS Find value of x if 3 1x -1 3 4| =-30 x 1 0 1 x-1 3 i 1. i 2) 0 2 -2 x 2 2 x 2/=0 3.6 xSolution: a 1 x -1 3 4 x 1 0 Expanding this determinant by R, 3 4 | 10 x 33 0)-G4)())-1 (C1) )- 0) 4) +x (ED 1) -@) (3) = -30 3(-4) — I(-4x) + x(-1 = 3x) = -30 -12+4x—x-3x" = —30 —3x° +3x—12 = —30 ~3(x°-x+4) = —30 0, @ = -30 3 I u ‘| - ol**] x x-x+4-10= 0 x-x-6=0 x’-3x+2x-6 = 0 x(x—3)+2(x-3) = 0 (x+2)(x—3) = 0 UUNUUUU YU UEUUUY 1 x-1 3 -1 x+1 2 2 -2 x Expanding this determinant by Rj xtl 2 1 2 | Xs x 2 ti+3 2 1+ D-C2)Q))-&- D(C) &-2)Q)+3(CYDC2)-2«+)) = 0 OP +x4+4)-(x-1)Cx—4) +3 (2-2x-2) = 0 xX 4x44—(-x7—4x 4x44) +3 (2x) = 0 X+X4+44x +4x—x—4-6x = 0 =0 1 x+l —(x-1) 2 |=0 UUUULIULY 2x? 9x = 0 2x (x-1) = 0 2x =0 x-1=0 x= 0 x=l121 (ij | 2x2) oO 3.6 x Expanding this determinant by Ry a 2 ot "le x 3 x|*! | 3 6|-9 > (¢ = 12) —2 (2x -6) + (12-3x) = 0 > x’ 12-4x412+12-3x = 0 => -2x+12=0 => © -4x-3x412 = 0 => x(x-4)-3(x-4) = 0 > (x—3)(x-4) = 0 => x.-3=0 x-4=0 > x=3 x = 4] Q.7 Evaluate the following determinants: 3.4 2 7 2 3 1 -1 a 25 0 3 7 4 0 2 1 ® 12-3 5 aw) |s 2-1 6 4 1-2 6 3°-7 2 -2 ao 1 G5. 2 oy 11 —2 0 1 =-1 Solution: 394 2 °7 . 20 0 3 ® 12-3 5 a1 2G Interchange Ry and R3 2 os 0. 3 eels 42 ai 2 6< -3 + - Zoeu) Sele «O--Ee-3) oe —— gel Ge 2) ee do) 4-4(1) 1-4Q) -2-43) 6-4(5)} Re AR 3 7 0+6 3-10 = 249 7-15 —24+12 6-20 30O«S 7 Q 4 = Il <8 10-14 Expanding by C; 6 -7 = 11 -8 |-0+0-0 10-14 1 G7 ==|-2 i 8 7 10 14 Expanding by Ry | |. |_| = [1 10 ail 6|75 “Ale a|o5 wold = [CAD © 14)- 0) 8) )-6 (2 14)-C DC8))-7[( 20) -AD 7) — 154 + 80-6 (28 — 56) -7(-20+77)] = -[-74-6( 28)-7(57)] = 305 2 te a 2 1 (ii) 5 2-1 6 3-7 2 -2 Interchange Cy and C3 132 S70 eit 2 4 a 2(iii) 3 < at 2-20) 0-28) 4-22 1-2En] © 141 2+3 5+2 6-1 2-20) -7-2) 3-2@) -2-2C1 | Re 2k) 1 3 2 1 0-6 0 3 Ti|o 5 7 5 0-13 -1 0 Expanding by Cy -6 0 3 =-|1 4 7 5|-0+0-0 13 i (oa 8 | = 5 7 =m =i & Expanding by Ri 7 5 5 7 =[-« = o|-9+3 |g = = -[-6(0-C)6))+3(6)- D-C13)))] = -[-6(5)+3(-5+9)] = ~[-30+3(86)] = —228 3 9 1 0 3-1 9 7-1 290 i 4 Interchange C; and C3 io Bre U oneExpanding by C; 122-3 3 16 6 2 21 =-1 Expanding by Ri 6 2 6 2 16 6 = [2 1 3 caf -2 -9 1 [12 12-2) +3 32 + 18) +3 (16 + 54)] = —[12( 14) +314) +3 (70)1 +3 | = —[-210+210] = 0 zollict doz 1.1 Q8 Showthat}, 7 yy | = &+3)@-D° 111x Solution: LHS. =f. : to LHS. = i i <1 Ito tox xtl+t+! 1 1 1 L4x+1+1 x 1d . = li¢lex¢l 1 x 1 Ci + Crt Ca+Ca S+EvitR 1 1 & co eg 1 _fx+3 x 1 . eee xt3 1 1 x Take (x +3) common from C, I x I 1 = (x+3) Te 1 1 wen] 2 Xo! 0 RoR ee 0 0 Jae 0 0 x-1 Ri-Ri Visit for other book notes, past papers, tests papers and guess papers taleemcity.comExpanding by Cy x-1 0 0 =(x+3] 0 x-1 0 0 0 x-1 Expanding by C, = «+a[o—v[*9! ll (+3) [&-D(K-D(K-1)-)))] " = (x43) [&-D@-D@-)] = (x+3)(x—1)° = RHS. Q.9 Find |A A'| and |A‘A| if 3 2-1 Ww wa-[3 1 | Gi) A= enw wees Solution: ' 32-1 ® a=[3 1 3] (3) 3) + (2) (2) + DCD eee | ()3)+()2+@B)CD (2)2) +0) 1) +B) GB) 94441 64+2- 3] = a 7 | 6+2-3 4+14+9 5 4 ‘|= (14) (14) —5 (5) = 196-25 = 171 ie ra] 3)3)+(2)2) 3) (2) +2) Bebra | NwUE Now (2) (3) +) Q) (2)(2)+() C1) (2) C1) + (1) (3) ECD)B4+QQ2) CHA+Bd) CHCD+G)) eE =[ =| Now |AA\] i=[ ae -[;(ii) 9+4 642 —3+6 4+] -243 346 -2+3 149 " + i " 1 wot =e one os {138 3 |A‘A] = 8 5 1 Si 0 Expanding by Ry # 1 8 1 . s = 13} wol-813 ol+3l3 HH = 13(50-1)-8 (80-3) +3 (8-15) = 13(49)-8 (77) +3 (-7) = 637-616-21 = 637-637 = 0 4 1 1 3 304 i 2 a2 2 an eli 1 le 11 a] a4 9416 644 344 6412 6+4 441 241 443 “| 344 241 141 243 Gei2 443 243 449 2510 7 «18 F 0 5 3 °7 WAl=|3 3 2 3 8 7 5 1 25-3(7) 10-3(3) 7-3(2) 18-35) - 10 5 3 7 Ri —3Rs = 7 A 2 5 Ry 2R3 18-2(7) 7-23) 5-2) 13-265) 4 113 105 8 7 ~|7° 32 °5 aAMS Kj and Ky are same so det will be zero. 4 4 7 321 2q2 I ata=[j 11 3d}. 1 23 7 een aa a Ne| = 1(4)3)+() 2+) ()+@)Q) 4) 4)+() (+) (1) + 8) B) See eal ~L124+2+1+6 16+1+14+9 a; au =L21 27 1 21 WAl= |) 37 = (18) (27)— (21) (21) = 486-441 = 45 Q.10 If ‘A’ isa square matrix of order 3, then show that |KA| = K°|A| Solution: Let A= : cA = kA] = Take *k’ common from Rj, Ro and R3 a3) ay |k A] = k*|A| = RLS. Hence proved.Q11 4 2% 3 @ A=|7 3 6 231 sot 2 ae 8 2 5 | fi) B=!3 4 9 4 2 A -1 3 Solution: aA @ A=|7 3 6 23 1 As A is singular so |A| = 0 42 3 > 7 3 6| =0 a Expanding by Ry 3 6 7 6|.,|7 = 4| a | a1 | P| = — 4(3-18)-A (7-12) +3 21-6) = 0 > 4 (-15)—4% (5) +3 (15) = 0 => 604524445 = 0 > 15452 =0 550-340 =0 => 342205 [h23 5 1 2 0 S 32 5 1 dy) B=/3 35 9 4 2° 1 8 As *B? isasingular so [B| = 0 5 1 2 a 825 1 . 3.2 0 1] =? 2k f 3UuuUY Qu2 Interchange C; and Cy _ | 7. | li oo | o _. | 0 1 2 5 \ 2 5 8 R3—Ra | CS rti—sSCS™—FrmCFLCrCr—r 4-30) 4-3 -1-3) 2-16 _ mot 0 0 5 =5 |-9 0 2-6 -16 -2 Expanding by C) 12 CHEN 0 -5 ao | Expanding by C) =5 -5 , 25 We 2 |-0+@-9]|_5 _3|=0 (110 — 80) + (A —6) (15) = 0 30 + (46) (15) =0 30 + 15SA—90 = 0 154-60 = 0 Is(a—4) =0 a-4=0> |A=4| Which of the following matrices are singular and which of them are non- singular. 10 3 2 -1 ) 3 91-1 (ii) 1 1 0 02 4 - 5 1 1 2 -1 = 1:3 91 4 (iii) 23 1 2 3-1 3 4Solution: 10 3 @ A 3 1-1 02 4 Expanding by Ri = — 14-(~2))-0+3(6-0) = 4424+3(6) = 6418 = 24 40 => A is non-singular. 2 3 1 ji) Az=/1 1 0 2-35 2 3 1 laj=|1 1 0 as Expanding by Ri = 2(5-0)-3(5-0)+(-1)(-3-2) = 2(5)-3(5)-15) = 10-15+5 = 0 = A issingular, 11 2-1 - 1 2 -1 -3 Cy eal a 1 3-1 3 4 Let i 2 i 2 I 3 l=} 3 1 2 3-1 3 4 1 1 2, at 1-1 1 1-2 -3 (1) 2-Ri 7 : Rs 2Ri 2-2(1) 3-21) 1-2) 2-21) 3 1-31) 3-3) 4-3CH} Re3R I \ _ fo =2, = Jo 4 0 7Expanding by C; 1 ane Expanding by Rj 34 A 1 —3 ' s|-<>|y 7 | 4 31 (-21-(€ 12)) +3 (7-C 16) - 23-12) = - 2141243 (7+ 16)-2(-15) = —214+124+69+30 = 9 40 1 = A isnon-singular.- Q.13. Find inverse of A 2-4 1 Solution: 2 1 0 Az=|1 1 0 Des a _ adi As A's ete) 1 0 1 0 ial = 2| 3 sl-t]3 3|+o = 2(5-0)-1(5-0) = 10-5=5#0 Now q Au An Ais AdjA =| An Ax Aas Ast As. A33 where Ay =Cb'*! My = Gl 2 1 °0 1 -1 3 /andshow that AA = 15.Expanding by C; Expanding by R} -3 4 1 4 ' 7-3 4 5 (-21- (© 12)) +3 (7-16) -2(-3- 12) = -21+124+3(7+ 16)-2(-15) = — 21412469430 = 90 40 = A isnon-singular.- Q.13. Find inverse of A 2 1 0 1 -1 3 and show that AA = 15. 2-4 1 Solution: 2 i 0 Az=|l 1 0 2-35 As 7 0) i 4 ia 5 sits 3| +0 = 26-0)-1(65-0) = 10-5=5#0 Now An Ap Au] AgjA =| Au An Ax wa Dl where Ay =CD'*! My =1 oc Toshow AA = Is aS 2 1 0 I 1 0 2-3 5 —1 2 8 (D2) + GDC) +002) DC) + CI) + (0-3) 10) + 1)(0) + (CONS) D2) + (2)) +02) (DC) + (2)(1) + ON-3)_— (10) + (2)(0) + OVS). ep2+(Q)w+Q)@ con+Qw+Qew H+) @+E) 1 0 0 Oo 1 0 mo Q.14 Verify that (AB)! = BT. AT if o a=[4 9) 8-[9 4] w salt th ve[d 2] Solution: ape[' oll | eee Me GCDGC3+04 CHDM+0 CD ie ta 3+0 -1-0 (2 a =L3 -1 _ adj (AB) = det (AB) trevor 1) ( 1 6 u =h (aby det (AB) = |AB| = = -5-(3) =-5+3 =-2 adj (AB) = lePut values in equation (1) Lol if-1 1 22 ae : (AB) =-alos 3] a1 3 272 tot 272 ~!3 55 52 Now adjB Bt = pr we Q) 3 | isl = | a | -cacn-@a=3-4=-1 -1 -l aae =[—) [ ] Put values in equation (2) = SR 4 Now “)_ adja 15 "Al -@) | 1 2 3) l=] _y a = OM-QEN =2 w 2] put values in equation (3) ia 9-2) “ AR I wie why Ris > " — ies roles =1 el '_— UG 3 1 1) MOO+Og) OCHO) * ai 1) 4) @+0)(5) (4) ( p+@(3) 1 1 She a =) 3 3 : | 7 1 a 2 ele g| ay 272 From (1) & (II) (AB)! =B1 AT proved. Verify that (AB)' = B' A‘ and if Solution: Given that a-[0 3 fe-[3 2] a] cap) = [4 7 _ a N(+QO) (DA+E) (27+ 2C >| (0) ()+3)G+M0) OM+3)Q+H)C) ee [2 =] +0 -L9 5 t=[-2 2] (AB) = 35 wowwsness OR)Now 1 0 -1 3 ‘] a I L (D+) C D+) 2) Dee ae ar al OMD+AHEV)+CVQ2) 1)0)+2B)+EDC) 1-3 9 | 1-2-2 6-1 29 iz ale () From (a) & (b) (AB)! = BI A' 2-1 Q.16 Verify that (A“')' = (A‘y' if A [3 1 ] Solution: Given that Put values in (1) 1 mh ipt 1] 5 ele 2} win wi WIN Ui It (Ay = wieINOW Abs cay! adj At lal = Adj A‘ = Put values in (2) yt i ay! =5 1 1 a 1 5 «(BY From (a) & (b) whys ay! Hence proved. Q.17 If A and B are non-singular matrices, then show that @ (ABy' = BTAT (Aly =A Solution: @ (AByT = BT We know that. a BB' = I (AB)(AB) | = a We take (AB\(BTA™) = 1 a Q) LHS = (AB)(B'A') = A(BB')AT = AIA! = AA! = 1 = RH From equations (1) and (2), we have (AB)! > BA” is inverse of AB. > (AB)! = B'AT @ @y =A AS AA'=1 and A'A=1 > A! is inverse of A so wy" = A. Hence proved.Symmetric Matrix A square matrix A = [ajjhnn is called symmetric if A‘ = A Skew Symmetric Matrix A square matrix A = [aijlnyn is called skew symmetric matrix if A‘ = A Hermitian Matrix q A square matrix A = [ajjlnx with complex entries is called Hermitian matrix if (A) =A Skew Hermitian Matrix A square matrix A = [aijly x» with complex enteries is called skew Hermitian if (A) =-A Echelon Form of a Matrix A matrix A is called in (row) echelon form if (i) ineach successive non-zero row, the number of zeros before the leading entry is greater than the number of such zeros in the preceding row, (ii) the first non-zero entry (or leading entry) in each row is 1. For example ol 24 0 0 1 2 | isin echelon form. a. oe Reduced Echelon Form of a Matrix A matrix A is in reduced echelon form if it is in echelon form and if the first non—zero entry in Rj lies in Cj then all other entries of Cj are zero. o10 4 => 0 0 1 2 | isin reduced echelon form. 2. Rank of a Matrix Ifa matrix A is in reduced echelon form then the number of non—zero rows of matrix A. is called the rank of the matrix A. EXERCISE 3.4 2 -3 1 -2 Ol TA | 2 3s lb | 0 -1 5 -1 0 -2 -1 2 then show that (A + B) is symmetric. Solution: oe A+B = 1 Oo -1 2-1 2 2 1 =|-1l 3 3-2=> A+B is asymmetric matrix, 1 2 0 Q2 A= 52 “] show that -1 3 2 @) Avat (i) A—A' is skew symmetric Solution: ++ oe on +2 77 u es ne way \ oe as 2 ei (Atay =] 5 4 2 3 " — Luar nau awl us > + a => (AtA) = (A+A) => A+A! is symmetric. 12 0 (i) A=] 3 2-1 -1 3 2uu 1 3s -t (A-A) = 22 3 0-1 2 0+1 0-1 1 = 1-3] =| 1 0 -4 1) 2-2 -1 4 0 (AA)! = eel | = -(A-A) -1 4 0 (A~ A’) is askew symmetric. If A is any square matrix of order 3, show that A+A‘ is symmetric (A-—A') is skew-symmetric. an a a3. A =| a2) a2 493 | is a square matrix of order 3, then a3) a32 a33 ayy a2) gy Ab=| an a2 ax an a3 ay an ap ap ay aa a3) nea’ e [i a m+ a | a1 ay a3 a3 a3 a3 a+ ayy ay + ag) ayy t+ aay agp +413 832 +423 33 + 33 ata an+an ais+az |! (A+ay =| sth an + an waa | a3 + ay3 A327 +93 033 +33 ata agatai a3 + a3 = | ay tar an + a2 moti =A+A' ais tas, a3 +432 a33 +33 (A+A) = A+A' A +A‘ is symmetric.(ii) ans | isa square matrix of order 3. then ays | fan an as a3 |} ar ayy a3 a3 33 Ayal ay2—a 3 — 31 =| ar-az an ag, a3 gy a3 32 — 33 — 433 ay any ay3— ay (A-A)! = | a—ar a3 — a3 31 — 13 33 — 33 ian a2 — ary ai3—a31 aan ay ai3—a31 = -| an-ap 23 — 32 asi — a3 33 — 33 (A-AY’ = —(A-A') A—A' is. askew symmetric matrix. If the matrices A and B are symmetric and AB = BA, show that AB is symmetric. and also. Tf the matrices A and B are symmetric then AA ay B=B -Q) AB = BA sees B) To show that AB is symmetric We will prove that (AB)' = AB Now take (AB)' = B'A' _ by definition = BA from (1) and (2) = AB from(3) => (AB)! = AB > AB is symmetric.Q5 Show that AA‘ and A‘A are symmetric for any matrix of order 2 x 3. Solution: Now Consider a matrix A of order 2 X 3 such that ayy aay ap ax ay ax |. AA! = [ ! eS ] ay an ay a 22+ ALZAy3— Ayy-Agy + ay 2 + ay3. ey + Aag.yy Ag ay + Agy.Ayy + Ay [ an tai + ays nae) ANAL) + ANAL + Anais agp + a33, (AA [ ay tanta yaa) + yaaa + 3825 (AA)! = AAT A AS is symmetric. 1 na el =| ap ie [e @y2 As as Hayy HADAD] AYA ADA ayyayy A} = | apairtansary ajaystay aygaistao, Ayajrtaar ayayytay1ayy ATA =| anaytanay altar — ajzayytanrar; ajay tanya ais + abs Ay +g, Ayray) + Ada AYZAL + ADA) tay 2 2 (AA) 11a + ay ap tan aygai2 + Ar3a2 ayarytAn1a>, ay2j3+ AAR ay + As (A‘ Ay = (ASA) A‘ A) is symmetric.Q6 Tf 7 a a-[i 1A"), show that (i) A+(A)'is Hermitian (ii) A—(A)' is skew Hermitian. Solution: | io14i @ as[j oT | Oli 2-i -2 =A+(A) 1 Peres) Peres) > Ati is Hermitian (ii) a-[i | a=[7 MI ay =[ 7) =|i-(Ci) eee 1-(1~i) 1-Cl) — > + >I Rei u — od = (cay) = (0-0) => A~(A) is skew Hermitian: Q.7 If A is symmetric or skew symmetric show that A? is symmetric. Solution: Let A is symmetric > AHA () To show that A? is symmetric, we will show that(A)' = A? > Take (A) = (A.A) = ALAS = ALA = A? from (1) (ay = ae > A® is symmetric. Now let A is skew symmetric eer LULU (2) To show that (A?) = Take (A) = (AA) = AY. AS = (-A)(-A) = A? from (2) > yf. a? > A? is symmetric.Q8 asl Solution: 1ti 1 | sn a(a). Fe[eae wip (1) (1 -i) () Gi) Cae d+id-i) (+i) CG) (¢ @a-) WED Le i i i tat ch -i-CD -CD =CD o Q.9 Find the inverse of the following matrices. Also find their inverses by using row and column operations. 1 2 -3 1 2 -1 1-3 2 ji 0 -2 0 (ii) : -1 :| 2 1 | —-2 -2 2 1 0 2 0-11 Solution: (i) By Adjoint Method 2 3 Let 0 2 3 2 Q 2 ) 2 3 8a] Sal 3 = 1(@2)(2)-0) Heyes (© 2) (0)) —3 (0) ( 2)- 2) © 2)) = -4-2(0)-3 (0-4)+12=3 #0 - = 2 2 9] = ED (G2IA@-OC2) = DE4+0) Ay = €1)'*? les ° | =( 1-0) =0 ina | O - rs Ag = CD —2 2] = CW O-C2IC2) = -4 Ay = C1! \3, 3 = CIs (4-6) = -12) =2 An = CIP? | _ | = C1) 2-6) = -4 A 1 2 5 As = GIP |g 5] = Gi 2+4) = -@) = -2 2 -3 an ent | 3, | 110-6) = 16-6) — Ay = (157? 7 a | — 1) (0-0) = 0 = G18C2-0) = 1-2) = -2 a Ax = 1)**3 I} 5 rae ae 1 i Ap = a An u fy 1 = Le 4-2 i 0 2 1 2-6 als -4 0 4-2 -2 ee 8 8 8 9 42 =| 8 "8 8 se os 23- 2 4 74 1 =|. 0 -.. 0 Ct "2 74 74 To find A”! by row operations: 1 2 -3 10 0 0 a 5 o 10 001 2 3 zs 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 | Rv2R, 2420) —242(2) -24+2C3) : 04+2(1) 0+2@) 142 1 2 10 0 a2 o 1 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 2-3 10 0 1 1 O10 0-3 O|By-7R 0 2-4 20 1 14+@2)0) 24+(2)() 34 (-2)(0) 1+(2)@) 0+(2) 4 0+(-2) (0) 0 q 0 0 -4 0 Rit(-2)Ro : R3+(-2) Ro 0+(-2)0) 2402) -44+(2O) + 24-90 0+ (-3) 14+(-2)0) 10-3: 1 10 R a RJ} o 1 0 0-3 0 0 0 -4 21 i 10-3 1 1 0 1 r{o 1 0 0-3 O |py ate, Tei ail =e _ | 1 1 1 1 0-343) : 143[-3) 143g) 04+3(-3 Rio 7 0 0 -5 0 By R, +3R3 ! 1 1 00 1 -3 -4 -42 10 0 3 4-4 I Blo 1 0 0 5 0 O02] , 5 ; 3 “4 Thus A! = 0 L Ti az To find A” by using column operations. Taking Is as 1 2 0 2 0 eel To oo © | 0 ©. 0 1 1 24¢2)0) -34+30) 0 -2+62)0) 0430) -2 -24+€2)(2) 2430) By Cc} -- —— — +E 1 0+-2)()-043(1) C.43C) 0 = 1+62)0) 04310) 0 0+62)(0) 1430) 1 0 0 0 -2 0 —2 2 -4 c ei 2 c 7.0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 10 ay Cc} 3 | By Ce 0-5 00 -24+2() 0+2(0) Thus (ii) => > 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 : c 3 Cc 142/ 3 1 o 0 1 0 -iHl ot 23 4°74 3t+0 0 1 oot 9-4 4 By C,+2C; C+ Cy JA] = 1-2-0) 41-1) =-24+5=340 JA] = 4 0 = inverse of A exists.Now Ay = CH't! la 5 CIP C240) =-2 Ag = (1) |° 3 =(C1'@-3)=-@= Ay = Cpls |\° ol =CDO+)=1 Ay = C17! le =| =C1I4-0) =-4 | 3 | =C)'2+)=3 Ax = 1? || al = C1 -2) = As = C1! | a aI = C1) 6-1) =16)=5 = (cy? |) StI = (13-0) =-3 1 2 Ay = -1°*8 |} 3 = DC 1-0) =-1 ad A lal 1 [* An =] Al = To find A! by using row operations. Take Is as 1 2 -1]/ 100 [: -1 3 | 01 °| 10 2 [001 1 a o 0 -—1 3 | oO I 0 By R3-Ri 1-1 0-2 241 [| 0-1 0-0 1-0~~ 2 -t] Ft O O R}o -1 3 | 0 10 O28 3s fo | O10 | -1 0} By CI)Rs | ol =o) oe . | 1 2c) 0 a i 0 20) R,-2R Y Rs + 2R> 1+2(0) 0+2(-1) 1+2@) 10 5 1 2 0 Ryjo 1 -3 | 0 -1 0 “Lo 0 -3 | -1 -2 1 10 5 1 2 0 1 -3 0-1 0 1 = 1 2. 1 | By (-3)R3 00 1 3°03 °7-3 10 5-50) 1-5(5) 2-5(3) 0-5 ( 3) 1 2 1 Ri —SR3 0 1 -3430) = 043(3) -143(F) 0+3(-3) [By py Gp, o 0 1 i 2 4 2744 io 0 §-3 3 Ro}0 1 0: 1 1 -1 te 001: 3 3-3 a 3°33 > Al=] 1 1-1 1201 3.3 753 To find A™ by using column operations. Taking Is as 1 2 <1 1 242(1) ~141 Ol 3 0 -1-2@) 3+0 Lo. 2 1 0-21) 241 By c O+EC, foo 1 0-20) O+1 Cr+, o 10 0 1-20) 0+0 0 0 1 1 0-20) 1+)I 9 0-1 1 2 c “| 1 -2 O77 Lo 0 rio G17 172 eC) aa | 1 2 0-1 Lo o coo a7 To? (| “Jor 2 0-1 fo 0 rio 01 1 2 c 12 0 <1 Lo o 0 0 1 123 = O10 1Thus (ii) Now c Cs . BY coc, gq 2 4 5 oo eG co 4 12 1 a. 8 3 22 aed A'zs{ 11 dl ee 3.3 03 1-3 2 Az=/2 1 0 0-1 1 To find inverse by adjoint method | 32 Let A=|2 1 O 0 i. 1 3 2 laj=|2 1 0 0 | = 1(1-0)+3(2—0)+2(-2-0) = 1+6-4=340 |A| # 0 => inverse of A exists. * 1 0 2 Ay = CD! | °| =(-1 (1-0) =1An = C)'? a Al = 12-0) = -2 Ag = Cb! 3 J | = C1'C2-0) = Ay = C1"! 3 7 =CIPC3+2=1 avec |, 7 | =epta-o =1 GISC1-0) = 1 = 1'@-2) =-2 = CI 0-4) =4 Ay = — DP +6) =7 As , [Au Ap An]! = jal An An Ax] = Aa Aga A33 Pare) s wie wie wie | win wr To find A’! by using row operations. Take I; as 1-3 2:1 00 _-. | Fee Oo -l 1: 0 0 1 1 2 2 : 1 0 0 R 2-2) 1-23) 0-2(2) : 0-20) 1-2) 0-2(0) | By R,—2R, 0 -I I 2 0 0 17 17 0+3(0) foo UG 3 4 2 1 o41 4 oe 3 21 se 7 7! 2 3 i 0. 5 0 4 1 = 7 7 0 17 0 0 1 303 22 a 3 2/71 2(7 7770 9) 7-3G) 0-7) a-( a ul 7G) 1G) : —7+7) 3) Wt7 3 O+F 3 By l 7 1 3 3 1 0 0 WIN BIE ineThus aS wire wie Los OL Este To find A”! by using column operations: Take 13 as [2 2 a. 2 0 7 1 = Oo 0 1 0 0 0 1 Pi -34+30) 2-2) 2 143) 0-202) 0 1+3(0) 1-20) ac c| © 130 1-2 3c 1 0+3(1) 0-20) af 0 1430) 0-20) L 0 0+#3(0) 1-20) a ) 2 tT -& 0 1 I Cc} 1 0 Lo rol 2 1 eo i c py (4 = 3 Aah 1 5 -2 7 7 0 7 0 -o 0 1I 20) I 44+4(1) I 1 1 o-2(-7) 7 1+4(-5) C20 By © 3) 3 3 Cy+4C, 1-2 +3) 5 -2+4(3) L : I (l o-2(4) o+4(4) 0-2(0) 0 1+4(0) 1 0 0 0 I 0 2 I 3 7 7 ia 7 ? 7 2 1 4 a 0 0 I 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 3-7 | 1 3 2 | By (Z)e, 7 7 3 ~ 7 I 4 77 a 0 0 z I 0 0 0 1 0 22 1 1 7-7) —7+7) 1 5 «-(Z)es a-5(-3) 2+4(-3) -3 1B 7-7-3) 747-3 3 c2+(7)es = oe ’ 7713) 7473 3 2(7 1(7 7 0-5(3) 0433) 50 \ c io2 ~ 3093 Lo4 33 17 3.3 Thus 112 3.33 1 214 ee 53.4 217 3.3 3 Q.10 Find the rank of the following matrices 1-1 2 1 Boe : _ |2-S 1 tH) 2-6 5 #1 (ii) 1 2 3 3.95 4 -3 — 3-7 4 3-1 3 0 -1 - 1 2 1-3 -2 @) t2 3 4 2 5 2 5 -2 -3 3 Solution:since (i) 75 10 7 7 R lot .. |. 0 0 0 -8 There are three non-zero rows Rank = 3 1-4 -7 2-5 1 1-2 3 7 8 I 7 rR} 2-2() -5-2C4) 1-27) ~} 4-1 -244 347 By 3-3(1) -7-3(-4) 4-3(-7) 15 10 25 1 <8 -7 0 1 5 \ o 2 10 | BY (Ze | 7 1 UNw pp 1 _Po-4+4(1) —F+4+4() 0 I 5 R, + 4Rz R ; “OR: e) 0 2 0 2G) | a 0 5-51) 25-565) = 2 7 R}o 1 5 ~|0 0 0 0 0 0 Since there are two non-zero rows, Ps 0 -1 2 5 -2 -3 3 fia tf E 7 ; 5 - interchanging Ry, & Ry 205 34 rou 2 -1 -3 R| 3-3) -1-3@) 3-3C1) 0-3€3) =| 2-201) 3-20) 4-261) 2-23) 20) 5-2) -2-2C1) -3-203) 3-22) fil 2 -1 -3 -27 r/o -7 6 9 5 ~]0 -1 6 8 9 Lo 1 0 3 74 pe 2 ol 5 0 1 03 «7 RL 6 go | Imterchanging Ro & Ry Lo -7 6 9 s4J ri 2 “1 3. : 1 2-2() -1-20) 3-26) 2.21] 2 op R| o 1 0 3 7 he ~|0 -141 6+0 845 9+7 | By B+R ; Ri +7Ri LO -7+7(1) 6+7(@) 94+7(3) 5+7(7) rl 0 -1 -9 ~167 r|o 1 0 307 ~}0 0 6 ll 16 Lo 0 6 30 s440 + 0 3 ' Ri+Rs 5 9 OY a, ey 61) 1-605) 16-619) -4 -7 _ | 7 1) 59 By ( 15) Rs 1 -4+4(1) -744(2) 3-31) 7-3Q) 5-5(1) 9-52) I 2 Ri +4Ry Mae There are four non-zero rows Rank = 4 EXERCISE 3.5 2x, —X2+X3 = 4x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 = 8 3x1 — 4x2 — x3Solution: @) Let Thus Given system of linear equations is 2x+2y+z = 13 3x—2y-2z = 1 Sxty—32 = 2 In matrix form a 2 1 |AJ = | 3 -2 -2] = 2(6+2)-2(-9+10)-1(3+10) 5 1 -3 = 16-2413) = 2740 As [A] # 0 =>. solution exists. Now by Cramer's rule. 302 1 ] 2 2 2 1 -3 * 27 3(6+2)-2(-3+4)+1(1 +4) 7 27 2(¢4~-1)~2(6—5)+3G+10) = 27 -10-24+39 2 9 a} I ,y=0, 221Given system of linear equations is 5 2x) — x2 +X; AX) + 2X2 + 3x, 3x; —4x2—x3 = 3 In matrix form Let lal = | 4 = 22+ 12)+14-9 4116-6) 3 2 3-4 = 20-13-22 =-15 40 As |A| #0 > solution exists. Now by Cramer’s rule. 24) +5 (— 16-6) —15 76-12-10 46 5 > IS 19 46 es a(ill) Let So Given system of linear equations Is 2xp- x. +x; = 8 X, +2x) + 2x; = 6 Xp — 2X, —x4 In matrix form = 2(-244)+(C1-2)+(-2-2) = 4-3-4 = -340 pep i -2 -1 |A| 4.0 = solution exists. Now by Cramer's rule 8 -1 I 2(-6—2)-8(—1-2)+1(1-6) =3 _ 1642-5 3 aes = 2-1 8 1 2 6 1 1 y= _ 2(2+12)+1-6) +802 - =3 _ 28-5-32_ -9 ~ 3 x=Q2 (i) x-2y+ z 2x1 + x2 + 3x3 X) +X2-2x3 = 0 — 3x, —X2+ 2x3 = -4 (ii) Solution: (i) Given system is x-2y+ z=-1 3x+y-22 = 4 y-z=1 In matrix form: 1-2 1]/x -1 2 7 BP ale)-(a] AX =B (say) Ke Bees a where 1-2 1 Az=|3 1 -2 0 1-1 = 16-142)+23-0)+1G6-0) = 1-643=-2#0 |A] + 0 => inverse of A exists. Now -2 5 An = cp! | i = (CIP 1+2)=1 Ap = C1)!*? = 1% 63-0) =As - cy fl An = (I) . 1 sag | | 2 An= CI] | Ag = oil An = CI? ] 3 7 An = CI] 5 -1 _ adj A al a aA lal An Ai = Ay Ax Ag Ay An Az = 2g] Aw An “LAs Aas Put values in (1) | =€1N'G-0 =3 Cme-b Cptel-o=-1 CIC) =-1 Cpa-) = CW E2-3) <5 CI +6)qu) where Now Given system Is. 2x) Xp 3K) = Xi +%2—2xs = 0 = 3x) —x +x, = 4 In matrix form Lt allele] AX=B (say) X=A'B 3 xi 3 —2 x=/a], B=] 0 2, Xs -4 13 i —3 -1 2 = 2(2-2)-1(2-6)+3(-143) =04+446 = 1040 JA] #0 => AT exists. Au = = C1 2-2) =0 Ay = =CI@-6 =4 As = Chl | Al = Cel +3) Aa =a" | : 3| = C13 (243) =-5 cir? 4, 3] 2 Cyta+y = 13 Ay = CIP? ’, Ai ~ 1) (243) =-1 Ay ey | a = 1)'C2-3) = Ay = 1"? i 3 = CI C4-3) =7 As = CD? 7 | =CD@-)=1an! = = Al ) PAu Ae Any! = ial Az An Aas As, As2 Aga , [Au Aa Ast = ial Ai Ax Azz Ais Aga Aga s/s -5 7| ev4 DB TF 10 oy a I Put values in (1) jf 5 37) 3 m= o5|0 i a0 2-1 1db-4 | | 0-0+20 , [2 7g | 12+0-28 | = 7g] -16 6+0-4 2 20 10 2 xi 16 4 “=| Fo |= S where 1 0 2 2 O+ )-1(-6-0) # 0(4—-0) = 24+6+0=8 40JA] #0 = A exists. An = Cpt! ° I = (1° (0+2) =2 2|2 -1 An = CDI? | 9 a = (1-6) = 6 a 0 An = CD! | 9 | =CI4-0) =4 apt]! 9] An = CD] 5 3 ae2[1 0 An = CD*?| 9 2 =cyr |g 3] =cn'e-0 =-2 1 1 An = CY" | 9 al = C)C1-0) =-1 Ay = C1? 7 ot =CIPCl-0)=1 An = cn | 5 al = ¢1f 0-2 = -2 al a sala “(Al , [Au Av Any Tay | Az Az Aas A As An An , [Au Aa As = ja] Ae Az Aw Ap Ag An 3 1 3 7! —2 -2 " x " “< " NQ.5 Solve the following systems by reducing their augmented matrices into echelon or reduced echelon from @ x1 — 2x, — 2x3 = -1 (ii) xt2y+ z 2x; +3x2.+ x3 = 1 2x+ y+2z 5x1 — 4x2 —3x3 = 1 Qx+3y- 2 (iii) xy + 4x) +.2x3 = 2 2x; + X2—2x3 = 9 3x1 + 2x2 — 2x3 = 12 Solution: (i) Given system is X1 — 2x2 — 2x: 2x) + 3X2 + X= 5x; —4x2—3x3 = | Augmented matrix is 1 -& -E : -1 Ap=]2 30 10: 1 5-4-3: 1 Method 1: By Echelon Form: 2 ie = R,-2R; 3-262) 1 2e 6 - 1-2. 1) —4—5(-2) —3-5C-2) =: 1-5 4 1 2-2 5-5 i | 2 aa an! 17 | | vw ref) ogNow the Augumented matrix 1s in row echelon form Tt can be written x1—2x2- 2x3 = 1 seteeeeee wo 5 a x2 +5%3 = 5 wa (2) ~9 24 Jo and x3 = 7p in() w-2(-j5)-2(33) = 18 48 X1+ 797-79 18—48 19 30 xi-jg =-1 30 XL = T9~ i x1 = 19 ‘Thus required solution is ul 9 24 X= 9. 2 =—Jg + X= 79 Method 2: By Reduced Echelon Form Here we reduce the matrix. L 2 2: 1 012: 7° 7 to reduced echelon form 24 0 0 1 19 191-2 -2 -1 5 3 o 1 3 2 4 0 0 1 # - 5 3 1 —3e3t) -242(3) : -142(3) 5 3 R] 0 1 a - By Ri +2Ro x Lo 0 1 * r 4 1 1 0 7 7 § 3 R & 2 Rl o 1 § . Lo 0 i a r 44 1 4/24 1 0 —7¥7t) -5+5(75) 54 3 5/24 R 2_¢2 22/4 ~{ 2 1 7-7 3-3(%3) 2 Lo 0 1 19 1 00 a 9 R}o 1 0 > 19 24 Lo ool 19 It can be written as i a 24 “L519 * *==19 « “== 19 Which is required solution by reduced echelon form Given system is x+2y+ 2=2 2x+ y+2z 2xt3y- 259 Augmented matrix is given by 12 1: 2 w=[2 1&2 s | 23-1: 9Method I: By Echelon form 7 z 7 7 2 20) 1-2@) 2-20) : 1-2(2) 30) 3-22) -1-201) i 32—2@) plo2 ot 2 5 R o 1 0 3 20 [0 0 3 -3 rlo21 2 5 7. @ z : s 3) By (3) 00 2 i yD a rr wo 5 y=3 Q) 20 Bette 6) Put (2) and (3) in equation (1) v2(§}-(-2)-20 _ 18~30+20 9 * " Clee Method 2: By Reduced Echelon Form: Here o 1 We reduce the matrix | ° ° 001 121 2 o 10 3 so 3 20 001 -5 1 2-2) 1-2) : 2 R] o 1 0 0 0 1 7 in reduced echelon form. 2 3 3 2 0 — ol win(iii) It can be written as 8 5 20 Bag yey Ze which is the required solution. Given system is X1 + 4x2 + 2x3 3x + 2x) — 2x3 Augmented matrix is given by 142: 2 |e 2 9 a2 2 ie y Echelon form 2 2 ) 1-24) -2- 0-20 | By i ) 2-3(4) -2-3@) : 12-3() — 2:2 6 -? -@ i | 0 -10 —=8 |} 1 : 7 By Rs + 1OR2 0 -10+10(1) -s+i0($ 14 2 a 7 0 0 MIR SIAN sles4 Od N 5 z -7 | By (q)Rs —2 Sslan 7 oo The Augumented matrix is n echelon form it can be written as a qd) x, +4x2 42x; = 2 in equation (1) x) +4(I)+2(-2) = 2 x) = 244-4 =2 xy =2 so required solution is So2 m1 2 2 Method 2 By Reduced Echelon Form: 14 2 2 6 5 Now we reduce] 0 1 7 7 yin reduced form a 4 2 14 2 2 6 4 So ool 7 7 oo 1 2 1 4-aqy 2-4($) : 2-4 t = 10 | on ain sin w10 34 10-4 : R 6 5 ao 0 7 5 oo 1 2 10, 10 34, 10 10-7470) 7 +7 CD Hien, R 65 5 6 By 0 1 5-70) 5-7-2) Ry $Ry 0 0 1 =2 1 0 2 Rio 1 0 1 O04 2 It can be written as oe oo which is the required solution by Reduced Echelon form. Q.4 — Solve the following systems of homogeneous linear equations. @ x+2y-22=0 (i) xy + 4x2 +.2x3 = 0 dxty+5z=0 2x1 + X2-3x3 = 0 5x+4y+8z = 0 3x; + 2x2.-4x3 = 0 (ii) x; -2x)- xy = 0 X1+X2+5x3 = 0 2x1 x2 + 4x3 = 0 Solution: wi Given system is x+2y—22 = 0 eevee 1) 2xt y+5z2=0 (2) Sx+4y+8z = 0 sme, @) In matrix form, it can be written a 1 2 -27[x 0 ere 5 4 Bllz 0 AX=B (say) ReN oa ! coun os,P22 -2 fale |2.0 5 54 8 1 (8-20) 2 (16-25) 28-5) = -12+18-6 =0 lal = 0 we cannot find AT given system has a non-trivial solution. Now we sole the system such that from equation (1) and (2) x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 = 0 2x; +235 = 0 * nl nie " u x u y x2 14s The system has infinite many solutions depending upon the value of t. Given system is x, +2y-22 = 0 oy x+y+5z=0 we (2) Sx +4y+8z = 0 72) Tn matrix form, we have Pee AXK=B (say) X=A'B