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BEKG 2433
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND ITS AREAS
SURFACE INTEGRALS

Nur Ilyana Anwar Apandi

[email protected]
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Lesson Outcomes

Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to:

• write the parametric surfaces
• evaluate surface integrals.
• solve the flux of the vector field.
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Parametric Surfaces
A position vector on one dimensional space from some interval 𝑎 < 𝑡 < 𝑏, can be written as
parameterized of some open region containing curve in three dimensional spaces as
𝒓 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 𝒊 + 𝑦 𝑡 𝒋 + 𝑧 𝑡 𝒌.
Let 𝑆 be a surface and let 𝑅 be its projection on the two dimensional plane, where the
parametric equations for any points 𝑢, 𝑣 in the surfaces, can be written explicitly as
𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑢, 𝑣 , 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑢, 𝑣 , 𝑧 = 𝑧 𝑢, 𝑣 .
Then the parametric surfaces or parametric representation is given by
𝒓 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒊 + 𝑦 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒋 + 𝑧 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒌.
The resulting set of vectors will be the position vectors for the points of the surface 𝑆.
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Surfaces Integrals
For evaluating a surface integral from the given parameterization we will need the vector
partial derivatives, 𝒓𝑢 × 𝒓𝑣 where
𝜕𝑥 𝑢,𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝑢,𝑣 𝜕𝑧 𝑢,𝑣
𝒓𝑢 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝑢,𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝑢,𝑣 𝜕𝑧 𝑢,𝑣
and 𝒓𝑣 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
Let 𝑆 be a surface with equation 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) and let 𝑅 be its projection on the 𝑥𝑦 −plane.
If 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑢, 𝑣 and the parametric representation can be written as
𝒓 𝑢, 𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒊 + 𝑦 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒋 + 𝑓 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒌.
Thus, the surface integral on 𝑆, is given by

ඵ 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑔 𝒓 𝑢, 𝑣 𝒓𝑢 × 𝒓𝑣 𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝑅
𝜕𝑓 2 𝜕𝑓 2
where 𝒓𝑢 × 𝒓𝑣 = + +1
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
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Example 12.1:
Write the parametric representations for each of the following surfaces
1. The cylindrical solid bounded by 𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2 = 49 the 𝑥𝑧 −plane and plane 𝑦 = 2.
2. The sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1.
3. The elliptic paraboloid 𝑥 = 2𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2 − 9.

Solution:
1. Let parametric representation 𝑥 = 7 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑦 and 𝑧 = 7 sin 𝜃 for 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2 and
0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, such that 𝒓 𝑦, 𝜃 = 7 cos 𝜃 𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋 + 7 sin 𝜃 𝒌
2. Let the parametric representation 𝑥 = sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃 and 𝑧 = cos 𝜙 for
0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋 and 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, such that 𝒓 𝜙, 𝜃 = sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 𝒊 + sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃 𝒋
+ cos 𝜙 𝒌.
3. Since 𝑥 = 2𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2 − 9, then 𝒓 𝑦, 𝑧 = 2𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2 − 9𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋 + 𝑧𝒌 .
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Example 12.2:
Evaluate the surface integral ‫ 𝑥 𝑆׭‬2 𝑑𝑆 where 𝑆 is the unit sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 .
Solution:
Let the parametric representation 𝑥 = sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃 and 𝑧 = cos 𝜙 for
0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋 and 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋, such that 𝒓 𝜙, 𝜃 = sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 𝒊 + sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃 𝒋 + cos 𝜙 𝒌.

Hence, 𝒓𝜙 × 𝒓𝜃 = sin2 𝜙 cos 𝜃 𝒊 − sin2 𝜙 sin 𝜃 𝒋 + cos 𝜙 sin 𝜙 𝒌 and 𝒓𝜙 × 𝒓𝜃 = sin 𝜙.

ඵ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑔 𝒓 𝜙, 𝜃 𝒓𝜙 × 𝒓𝜃 𝑑𝐴 = ඵ sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 2
𝒓𝜙 × 𝒓𝜃 𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝑅 𝑅
2𝜋 𝜋
2
= න න sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝜃
0 0
2𝜋
𝜋
1 1 4𝜋
= න 1 + cos 2𝜃 −cos 𝜙 + cos3 𝜙 𝑑𝜃 =
2 3 0 3
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Surfaces Integrals
Let 𝑆 be a surface with equation 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) and let 𝑅 be its projection on the 𝑥𝑦 −plane.
If 𝑓 has continuous first partial derivatives on 𝑅 and 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is continuous on 𝑆, then
2 2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
ඵ 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) + + 1 𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝑆 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Example 12.3:
Evaluate the surface integral ‫ 𝑆𝑑 𝑧𝑥 𝑆׭‬where 𝑆 is part of the plane 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 that lies in
the first octant.
Solution:
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Rewrite the 𝑆 plane 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 − 𝑦 − 𝑥 in the first octant. Hence, = −1 and = −1.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
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Solution:

ඵ 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑥 1 − 𝑦 − 𝑥 −1 2 + −1 2 + 1 𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝑅 𝑧
1 1−𝑥

= 3 න න 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1
0 0 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =1
1
1−𝑥
𝑥𝑦 2
= 3 න 𝑥𝑦 − 2 − 𝑥 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0
0 1
1 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥3 𝑹
= 3න − 𝑥2 + 𝑑𝑥 𝑦=1−𝑥
2 2 1
0
1
𝑥2 3 𝑥3 𝑥 4 𝑥
= 3 − + =
4 3 8 0 24
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Surfaces Integrals
Example 12.4:
Evaluate the surface integral ‫ 𝑆𝑑 𝑥 𝑆׭‬where 𝑆 the surface 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦, and plane
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2.
Solution:
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑆 is the surface 𝑧𝑥 2 + 4𝑦. Hence, = 2𝑥 and = 4.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

2 2

ඵ 𝑥 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑥 2𝑥 2 + 4 2 + 1 𝑑𝐴 = න න 𝑥 17 + 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑆 𝑆
0 0
2
33 33
න 2𝑥 17 + 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =
6
0
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Parametric Surfaces: Extended Theorem

Let 𝑆 be a surface with equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑧) and let 𝑅 be its projection on the 𝑥𝑧 −plane.
If 𝑓 has continuous first partial derivatives on 𝑅 and 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is continuous on 𝑆, then
2 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
ඵ 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑧), 𝑧 + + 1 𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝑆 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

Let 𝑆 be a surface with equation 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦, 𝑧) and let 𝑅 be its projection on the 𝑦𝑧 −plane.
If 𝑓 has continuous first partial derivatives on 𝑅 and 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is continuous on 𝑆, then
2 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
ඵ 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑔 𝑓 𝑦, 𝑧 , 𝑦, 𝑧 + + 1 𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝑆 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
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Alternative Solution Example:

The equation of plane can be written as 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑧) = 1 − 𝑥 − 𝑧 and 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑧.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Hence, = −1 and = −1.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

ඵ 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑥𝑧 −1 2 + −1 2 + 1 𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝑅
1 1−𝑥 1
1−𝑥
𝑥𝑧 2
= 3 න න 𝑥𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 = 3 න 2 0 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
1
3
= න 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
2
0
1
3 𝑥2 2𝑥 3 𝑥 4 3
= − + =
2 2 3 4 0
24
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Example 12.5:
Evaluate the surface integral

ඵ 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑆
𝑆
where 𝑆 is part of the cone 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , between the plane 𝑧 = 2 and 𝑧 = 1.

Solution:
The equation of plane can be written as 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 .
Hence,
2 2
𝜕𝑧 2𝑥 𝜕𝑧 2𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2 2𝑥 2𝑦
= , = and + +1= + + 1 = 5.
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
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Solution:

ඵ 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑆 = 5 ඵ 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝑅
Let 𝑅 be the projection of the cone on 𝑥𝑦 −plane.
Based on the region, 𝑅, convert to polar coordinate,
2𝜋 2

5 ඵ 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 = 5 න න sin2 𝜃 𝑟 2 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑅
0 1
2𝜋
𝑟4
2
1−cos 2𝜃 5
= 5 4 1 න 2 𝑑𝜃 = 5𝜋
4
0
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Areas Surface Integrals

Integrating function, 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 , over some surface, 𝑆 in 𝑅3 . The region 𝑆 lie above some
region 𝑅 that lies in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane.
Theorem : Suppose 𝑔 is defined and continuous on surface 𝑆. The surface integral
of𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 over 𝑆 is denoted by:

ඵ 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑆
𝑆
Remarks: If 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 1, it becomes surface area, 𝐴 of 𝑆

𝐴 = ඵ (1) 𝑑𝑆
𝑆
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Example 12.6:
Evaluate the surface area , 𝐴 where 𝑆 is part of the cone 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , between the plane
𝑧 = 2 and 𝑧 = 1.

Solution:
The equation of plane can be written as 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 1.
Hence,
2 2
𝜕𝑧 2𝑥 𝜕𝑧 2𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 2 2𝑥 2𝑦
= , = and + +1= + + 1 = 5.
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

Hence,
2 2𝜋

𝐴=ඵ 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 5 𝑑𝐴 = 5 න න 𝑟𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟 = 3 5𝜋
𝑆 𝑅
1 0
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Exercise 11.1:
1. Evaluate the surface integral ‫ 𝑆׭‬3(𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 2) 𝑑𝑆 where 𝑆 is part of the plane
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12 that lies in the first octant.
2. Evaluate the surface integral ‫ 𝑆׭‬3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑆 over the surface 𝑆 of the sphere
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 in the positive octant.
3. Evaluate the surface integral ‫ 𝑆𝑑 𝑥 𝑆׭‬where 𝑆 the surface 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑧, and
plane 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2.

3 33 33
[Ans: 1. 24 2. 3. ]
8 6
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Surface Integrals Involving Vector Valued Functions

If 𝑭(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝐢 + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝐣 + ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝐤, then has continuous components
on the oriented surface, 𝑆 and given that 𝒏 = 𝒏(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is the Unit Normal Vector of the
orientation at the point 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 , then

ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 𝑑𝑺 = ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝑑𝑆
𝑆 𝑆
is called the flux integral of 𝑭 over 𝑆 or the surface integral of 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 over 𝑆 or the surface
integral of the normal component of 𝑭 over 𝑆.
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Unit Normal Vector for surface functions

To compute the unit normal, 𝒏, to a surface 𝑆 given by an equation 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 .

First, rewrite the equation of a surface 𝑆 as,
𝑧 − 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ,
which let the surface for the function
𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑧 − 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 .
If 𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 0, then Unit Normal Vector to 𝑆 at the point 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is
∇𝐺
𝒏=
∇𝐺
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧
where the gradient ∇𝐺 = 𝐢 + 𝐣 + 𝐤 𝑧 − 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = − 𝐢 − 𝐣 + 𝐤 and
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑓 2 𝜕𝑓 2 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇𝐺 = + + 1, such that the Vector Differential Operator, Del, ∇= , , .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
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Surface Integrals Involving Vector Valued Functions:

Terminology unit normal vector
Terminology of surface integrals in 6 direction within 3 axis can be described mathematically,
as follows:
𝒌
Upward unit normal;
Positive 𝒌 component Backward unit normal;
Negative 𝒊 component

Right unit normal;

Left unit normal;
Positive 𝒋 component
Negative 𝒋 component
𝒋

Forward unit normal;

Positive 𝒊 component Downward unit normal;
Negative 𝒌 component
𝒊
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Surface Integrals Involving Vector Valued Functions:

Example 12.7:
Suppose that 𝑆 is the portion of the surface 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 above the 𝑥𝑦 −plane.
𝑧
Let 𝑆 be oriented by upward normal and given that
𝑭(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋 + 𝑧𝒌
1
Evaluate ‫𝑆𝑑 𝒏 ∙ 𝑭 𝑆׭‬ 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2

Solution:
Rewrite 𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑧 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 1, 1
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝑹 𝑦
∇𝐺 = 𝐢 + 𝐣 + 𝐤 𝑧+ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 1 = 2𝑥𝐢 + 2𝑦𝐣 + 𝐤 and 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
∇𝐺 = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 1.
𝑥
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Solution:
∇𝐺
Compute 𝒏 = . Hence,
∇𝐺
2𝑥𝐢 + 2𝑦𝐣 + 𝐤 2 2
ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝑅 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 +1

= ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 2𝑥𝐢 + 2𝑦𝐣 + 𝐤 𝑑𝐴 = ඵ 𝑥𝐢 + 𝑦𝐣 + 𝑧𝐤 ∙ 2𝑥𝐢 + 2𝑦𝐣 + 𝐤 𝑑𝐴

𝑅 𝑅

= ඵ 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 𝑧 𝑑𝐴 = ඵ 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
𝑅 𝑅
1 2𝜋
3
=ඵ 1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 = නන 1 + 𝑟2 𝑟𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟 = 𝜋
𝑅 2
0 0
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Evaluating Surface Integrals

If the surface 𝑆 is given by an equation of the form 𝑧 = 𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 where 𝑧 has continuous
first partial derivatives and if 𝑅 is the projection of the surface on the 𝑥𝑦 −plane, Hence
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑭 ∙ − 𝐢 − 𝐣 + 𝐤 𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
if 𝑆 is oriented by upward normal.
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 𝐢+ 𝐣 − 𝐤 𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝑅 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
if 𝑆 is oriented by downward normal.
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Evaluating Surface Integrals

Example 12.8:
Let 𝑆 be the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 oriented by outward normal and given that
𝑭(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑧𝒌
Evaluate ‫𝑆𝑑 𝒏 ∙ 𝑭 𝑆׭‬. 𝑧

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2
𝑎

Solution:
On the upper hemisphere the outward unit 𝑦
𝑹 𝑎
normal vector is upward while the lower
hemisphere it is downwards unit normal. 𝑎

𝑥
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Solution:

Since different formula for these normals apply on the two hemispheres, the
surface integrals:

ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 + ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝑑𝑆
𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2 𝑧
𝑆1
where 𝑆1 and 𝑆2 is the upper and lower hemisphere, respectively.
Rewrite sphere expression 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 to obtain 𝑎

𝑧 = ± 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
which can be obtained into upper hemisphere expression
𝑹 𝑎 𝑦
𝑧 = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ,
and lower hemisphere expression
𝑎
𝑧 = − 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 .
𝑥 𝑆1
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Solution: For upper hemisphere expression

𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑧 − 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ,
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 2 2
𝑥 𝑦
∇𝐺 = 𝐢+ 𝐣+ 𝐤 𝑧− 𝑎 −𝑥 −𝑦 = 𝐢+ 𝐣 + 𝐤.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 2
𝑎 −𝑥 −𝑦 2 2 2
𝑎 −𝑥 −𝑦 2

𝑥 𝑦
ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑧𝐤 ∙ 𝐢+ 𝐣 + 𝐤 𝑑𝐴
𝑆1 𝑅 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
𝑎 2𝜋

= ඵ 𝑧 𝑑𝐴 = ඵ 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 = න න 𝑟 𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟
𝑅 𝑅
0 0
𝑎
1 3 𝑎 2𝜋𝑎3
2 2 2𝜋
= න 𝑟 𝑎 − 𝑟 𝜃 0 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝜋 − 𝑎2 − 𝑟 2 =
3 0 3
0
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Solution: For lower hemisphere expression

𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑧 + 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ,
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 2 2
𝑥 𝑦
∇𝐺 = 𝐢+ 𝐣+ 𝐤 𝑧+ 𝑎 −𝑥 −𝑦 = 𝐢+ 𝐣 − 𝐤.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2
𝑎 −𝑥 −𝑦2 2 2
𝑎 −𝑥 −𝑦2 2

2𝜋𝑎 3
ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ −𝑧 𝑑𝐴 = ඵ 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 =
𝑆2 𝑅 𝑅 3

Hence, the surface integrals:

ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 + ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝑑𝑆
𝑆 𝑆1 𝑆2
2𝜋𝑎3 2𝜋𝑎3 4𝜋𝑎3
= + =
3 3 3
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Example 12.9:
Given that 𝑭 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 𝒌 is the upper hemisphere given by 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
oriented by upward unit normal vector. Evaluate ‫𝑆𝑑 𝒏 ∙ 𝑭 𝑅׭‬.

Solution:
Apply upper hemisphere expression
𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑧 − 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ,
2
𝑥 𝑦
ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑧 𝐤 ∙ 𝐢+ 𝐣 + 𝐤 𝑑𝐴
𝑆 𝑅 1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2
1 2𝜋
3
=ඵ 𝑧 2 𝑑𝐴 =ඵ 1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 = නන 𝑟 1 − 𝑟2 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟 = 𝜋
𝑅 𝑅 2
0 0
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Exercise 11.2:
1. Evaluate ‫ 𝑆𝑑 𝒏 ∙ 𝑭 𝑆׭‬where 𝑭(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 2𝑥𝒊 + 𝑦𝑧 2 𝒋 + 𝑥𝑧𝒌 and 𝑆 is the part of
the plane 6𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6 in the first octant.
2. Let 𝑆 be the parabolic cylinder 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 in the first octant bounded by the planes
𝑦 = 4 and 𝑧 = 6 given that 𝑭 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 2𝑦𝒊 − 𝑧𝒋 + 𝑥 2 𝒌 . Evaluate ‫𝑆𝑑 𝒏 ∙ 𝑭 𝑆׭‬.

[Ans: 1. 33 2. 132]
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Flux
If 𝑭 represents velocity of the fluid at any point on a closed surface 𝑆, then surface integral
‫ 𝑆𝑑 𝒏 ⋅ 𝑭 𝑆׭‬represents the flux of 𝑭 over 𝑆, that is a volume of the fluid flowing out from per
unit time.
Remarks: If ‫ = 𝑆𝑑 𝒏 ⋅ 𝑭 𝑆׭‬0, then 𝑭 is called a solenoidal vector point function.

Example 12.10:
Find the flux of 𝑭 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑦𝑧𝐢 + 𝑥𝑧𝐣 + 𝑥𝑦𝐤 over the surface of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1
in the positive octant.

Solution: I’m
Flux = ‫𝑆𝑑 𝒏 ⋅ 𝑭 𝑆׭‬
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Solution:
Rewrite 𝐺 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 1,
∇𝐺 2𝑥𝐢 + 2𝑦𝐣 + 2𝑧𝐤
𝒏= =
∇𝐺 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑧 2

ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 𝒏 𝑑𝑆 = ඵ 𝑭 ∙ 2𝑥𝐢 + 2𝑦𝐣 + 2𝑧𝐤 𝑑𝐴

𝑆 𝑅

=ඵ 𝑦𝑧𝐢 + 𝑥𝑧𝐣 + 𝑥𝑦𝐤 ∙ 2𝑥𝐢 + 2𝑦𝐣 + 2𝑧𝐤 𝑑𝐴

𝑅
1 𝜋/2
3 3
= ඵ 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝐴 = ඵ 3𝑥𝑦 1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 2
= න න sin 2𝜃 1 − 𝑟 𝑟𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑟 =
𝑅 𝑅 2 8
0 0
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Exercise 11.3:
1. Find the flux of 𝑭 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 3𝑦𝐢 + 2𝑧𝐣 + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝐤 over the surface of 𝑦 2 = 5𝑥 in the
positive octant bounded by the planes 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑧 = 4.
2. Find the flux of 𝑭 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 18𝑧𝐢 − 12𝐣 + 3𝑦𝐤 and surface is the part of the plane
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12 in the first octant.
3. Find the flux of 𝑭 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑦 2 𝐢 + 𝑦𝐣 − 𝑥𝑧𝐤 over surface of the upper half of the
sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 21 .

[Ans: 1. −42 2. 24 3. 0]
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Reference

1) Fehribach, J. D. (2020). Multivariable and Vector Calculus. In Multivariable and Vector

Calculus. De Gruyter.

2) Stroud, K. A., & Booth, D. J. (2020). Engineering mathematics. Bloomsbury Publishing.

3) Singh, R. R., & Bhatt, M. (2018). Mathematics-I. McGraw-Hill Education.

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