3/10/2023 

PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS
Course Instructor:
Engr. Adnan Wahid
Senior Lecturer

Credentials:
MS(Computer Science & IT), NED University
ME(Electronics), NED University
BS (Electronic Engineering), Sir Syed University
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LOGICAL OPERATORS
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TRUTH TABLE OF NOT

A (Input) X (Output)
0 1
1 0

Example:
cout << (!true);
cout << (!false);
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NOT OPERATOR
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TRUTH TABLE OF AND

A (Input) B (Input) X (Output)
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

For Example:
cout << (false && false);
cout << (false && true);
cout << (true && false);
cout << (true && true);

&& OPERATOR
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TRUTH TABLE OF OR
A (Input) B (Input) X (Output)
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

For Example:
cout << (false || false);
cout << (false || true);
cout << (true || false);
cout << (true || true);

|| OPERATOR
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ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR
Operator  Example  Same As 
=  x = 5  x = 5 
+=  x += 3  x = x + 3 
-=  x -= 3  x = x - 3 
*=  x *= 3  x = x * 3 
/=  x /= 3  x = x / 3 
%=  x %= 3  x = x % 3 
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INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATOR

Operator  Description  Example 
Increment operator,
++  increases integer A++ will give 11 
value by one 
Decrement
operator, decreases
--  A-- will give 9 
integer value by
one 
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PRE AND POST INCREMENT OPERATOR

Pre-increment operator: A pre-increment operator is used
to increment the value of a variable before using it in an
expression. In the Pre-Increment, value is first incremented
and then used inside the expression.
Post-increment operator: A post-increment operator is
used to increment the value of the variable after executing
the expression completely in which post-increment is used.
In the Post-Increment, value is first used in an expression
and then incremented.
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PRE AND POST INCREMENT OPERATOR

Example 1: Output
int x = 10;
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cout << x++;

Example 1: Output
int x = 10;
cout << ++x; 11

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PRE AND POST DECREMENT OPERATOR

Example 1: Output
int x = 10;
10
cout << x--;

Example 1: Output
int x = 10;
cout << --x; 9

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PRE AND POST DECREMENT OPERATOR

#include <iostream> #include <iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;

int main(){ int main(){

int a = 5; int a = 5;
int b = ++a; int b = a++;

cout << "a=" << a << endl; cout << "a=" << a << endl;
cout << "b=" << b << endl; cout << "b=" << b << endl;
return 0; return 0;
} }

a=6 a=6
b=6 b=5

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PRE AND POST DECREMENT OPERATOR

int a, b, c, d, x;
a = 5;
b = 7;
c = 12;
d = 15;
x = ++a + ++b + c++ + d++;
cout << "Value of a is " << a << endl;
cout << "Value of b is " << b << endl;
cout << "Value of c is " << c << endl;
cout << "Value of d is " << d << endl;
cout << "Value of x is " << x << endl;
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FLOW OF EXECUTION

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EXAMPLES

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LOGICAL OR BOOLEAN EXPRESSION

• A condition is represented by logical(boolean) expression.
• An expression that has a value of either true or false.
• Example: a>b

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NOTE!
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if: One-Way Selection

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if: Example 01
#include<iostream> 
using namespace std;  
int main() 
{   
  int score; 
 
     cout<<“Enter your score:”; 
     cin>>score; 
 
      
     if (score>=60) 
  { 
        
        cout<<“You have passed!”; 
        
      } 
 
return 0; 
 
} 

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if: Example 02
#include<iostream> 
using namespace std;  
int main() 
{   
  int score; 
     char grade;  
 
     cout<<“Enter your score:”; 
     cin>>score; 
 
      
     if (score>=60) 
       { 
        grade=‘P’;          
        cout<<“You have passed!”; 
        
        } 
 
return 0; 
 
} 
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if…else : Two-way selection

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If…else: Example 01
#include<iostream> 
using namespace std;  
int main() 
{   
   int score; 
 
       cout<<“Enter your score:”; 
       cin>>score; 
 
      
       if (score>=60)        
           cout<<“You have Passed!”; 
       else 
           cout<<“You have Failed!”; 
        
      
 
return 0; 
 
} 

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SOME TASKS

1. C++ Program to Check Whether Number is Even or Odd

2. C++ Program to Check Whether a character is Vowel or

Consonant.

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Multiple Selections: Nested If…else

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Nested If…else: Example 01

#include<iostream> 
using namespace std;  
int main() 
{   
  int score; 
  cout<<“Enter your score:”; 
  cin>>score; 
 
      
       if (score>=90)        
           cout<<“Your grade is A!”; 
  else  
           if (score>=80) 
           cout<<“Your grade is B!”; 
       else 
           if(score>=70) 
      cout<<“Your grade is C!”; 
       else 
           if(score>=60) 
      cout<<“Your grade is D!”; 
       else 
              cout<<“Your grade is F!”;        
      
 
return 0; 
 
}  27

Nested If…else: Example 02

#include<iostream> 
using namespace std;  
int main() 
{   
   
 
      
       if (day==‘Monday’)  
           if(time==‘8:30’) 
             cout<<“Time for Programming Lab!”; 
           else 
             cout<<“Relax!”; 
       else if(day==‘Tuesday’) 
            if(time==‘9:30’) 
               cout<<“Time for Programming Class!”; 
       else 
               cout<<“See you next week!”; 
             
 
      
 
return 0; 
 
} 
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Nested If…else: Example 02

#include<iostream> 
using namespace std;  
int main() 
{   
  WHICH DATA TYPE?
 
      
       if (day==‘Monday’)  
           if(time==‘8:30’) 
             cout<<“Time for Programming Lab!”; 
           else 
             cout<<“Relax!”; 
       else if(day==‘Tuesday’) 
            if(time==‘9:30’) 
               cout<<“Time for Programming Class!”; 
       else 
               cout<<“See you next week!”; 
             
 
      
 
return 0; 
 
} 
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Programming Activity
Re-write Example 02 using && operator.

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Nested If…else vs. a Series of if statements

If…else statements Sequence of If statements

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