12/14/2010

CDMA Systems 2
CDMA MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS
CDMA MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

IS‐95
WCDMA (UMTS)
CDMA2000

1.  IS‐95
(2G CDMA Mobile Communications)
• IS‐95 CDMA is a digital cellular radio system for mobile
voice communication as well as many other services
like mobile fax and data transmission.
• The IS‐95 system operates in the same frequency band
as the analog cellular system AMPS (Advanced Mobile
Phone System).
• IS‐95A frequency bands:

• (824 – 849 MHz) 
reverse link.  

• (869 – 894 MHz)  
forward link.

• IS‐95A carrier channel

width is 1.25 MHz.

1
 12/14/2010

Spreading and Scrambling in CDMA based Mobile 
Systems

Walsh Orthogonal
Codes Family 64
• The family consists of 64 codes
each of length 64 chips.

• In IS’95
IS 95 forward link:
forward link:
• The first code Wo is used in the
pilot channel. It is all zeroes and
causes no spreading.
• The middle code W32 is used in
syncnorization channel. It has 32
zeroes followed by 32 ones.
• Pilot channels use codes W2‐
W8.

• In the reverse link, the 64 Walsh

codes are used for orthogonal 64’ary 
modulation.

2
 12/14/2010

Forward Link Channels
The forward link consists
of four types of logical
Channels:
‐ Pilot channel.
‐ Synchronization
channel.
‐ Paging channel.
‐ Forward traffic
channel

Pilot Channel
• One pilot Channel in the forward link.
• Transmitted constantly by the base station.
• Used by the mobile station for initial system acquisition.
• 4‐6 dB stronger than all other channels.
• The use of short PN sequence offsets allows for up to 512 distinct Pilots
per CDMA channel.

Walsh I PN
Function 0
1.2288
1 2288
Mcps

(All 0’s)

Q PN

3
 12/14/2010

Synchronization channel

• One synchronization Channel in the forward link.

• Used to acquire initial timegsynchronization. c0
0
• Synch message includes system ID, network ID, the offset of the PN short
code.
Data Code
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Symbol
Bit Output
Input Bits Symbols Chips
Walsh Function 32 I PN

g1 c1
Convolutional Block
1200 bps Encoder and  Interleaver
Repetition 4800 sps 4800 sps 1.2288 Mcps
R = 1/2 K=9

Q PN

Paging Channel
• Up to 7 paging channels in the forward
Symbols are link.
16 Columns
Written
Written In
In
• Used to page the MS in case of an incoming
1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169 193 217 call,
call or 289
241 265 to carry
313 337the
361 control
2
26 50 74 98 122 146 170 194 218 242 266 290 314 338 362
messages for3 call
27 set
51 up.
75 99 123 147 171 195 219 243 267 291 315 339 363
4 28 52 76 100 124 148 172 196 220 244 268 292 316 340 364
5 29 53 77 101 125 149 173 197 221 245 269 293 317 341 365 Symbols are
6 30 54 78 102 126 150 174 198 222 246 270 294 318 342 366
7 31 55 79 103 127 151 175 199 223 247 271 295 319 343 367 Read Out
8 32 56 80 104 128 152 176 200 224 248 272 Walsh 296 320 344 368
I PN
9 33 57 81 105 129 153 177 201 225 249 273 Function W1‐W7
297 321 345 369
24 Rows

10 34 58 82 106 130 154 178 202 226 250 274 298 322 346 370
11 35 59 83 107 131 155 179 203 227 251 275 299 323 347 371
19.2
12Convolutional
36 60 84 108 132 156 180 204 228 252 276 300 324 348
Scrambling 1.2288 
372
9600 bps 13 37 61 85 109 133 157 181 Ksps205 229 253 277 301 325 349 Mcps373
Encoder & Block
14 38 62 86 110 134 158 182 206 230 254 278 302 326 350 374
Repetition
p Interleavingg
15 39 63 87 111 135 159 183 207 231 255 279 303 327 351 375
4800 bps 16R = 1/2 K=9
40 64 88 112 136 160 184 208 232 256 280 304 328 352 376
17 41 65 89 113 137 1.2288 
161 185 209 233 257 281 19.2305 329 353 377
Paging Channel18 42 66Long PN Code
90 114 138 162Mcps186 210 234 258 282 Ksps306 330 354 378
91 115 139 163 187 Decimator
Address Mask 19 43 67Generator 211 235 259 283 307 331 355 379
20 44 68 92 116 140 164 188 212 236 260 284 308 332 356 380 Q PN
21 45 69 93 117 141 165 189 213 237 261 285 309 333 357 381
22 46 70 94 118 142 166 190 214 238 262 286 310 334 358 382
23 47 71 95 119 143 167 191 215 239 263 287 311 335 359 383
24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 336 360 384

4
 12/14/2010

Forward traffic Channel

• At least 55 forward traffic channels in the forward link.

• Used for the transmission of user data and signaling
information to a specific mobile station during a call.

bits symbols chips

I PN
Power
9600 bps Control Walsh
function
4800 bps Bit
2400 bps Convolutional
19.2 M 1.2288 
ksps Scrambling
1200 bps
1200 bps E
Encoding and
di d Block U Mcps
Repetition Interleaving
X

19.2
1.2288  ksps Q PN
User Address Long PN Code Mcps
Decimator Decimator 800 Hz
Mask Generation
(ESN‐based) 

Reverse Link Channels
The reverse link
consists of two
types of logical
Channels :

‐ Access channel.

‐ Reverse traffic 
channel.

5
 12/14/2010

Access Channel

• Used byy the mobile station Code Symbols

g0 to initiate communication with the
(
(OUTPUT))
base station and to respond to Paging Channel messages.
44 35 + Walsh Lookup Table
Walsh Chip within a Walsh Function

11 11 1 1 1 1 2
1 22 2 22 2 23 3 33 3 33 4
3 444 44 4 45 5 55 5 55 6
5 66 6
0 1 2 43 5 6 8
7 90 2
1 34 6 5 78 09 12 4
3 56 8
7 90 2
1 34 6
5 78 0
9 124
356 87 90 2
1 34 6
5 78 0
9 12 3

Information bits 1 0 1 1 0 0   1 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 000 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0
1 0 1 0 01 1 0 1
0 10 1
0 10 1
0 10 1
0 10 1
0 10 1
0 10 1
0 10 1
0 10 1
0 100
110 1
0 10 1
0 10 1
0 10 1
0 10 1
2 0 0 1 01 0 1 1
0 01 1
0 01 1
0 01 1
0 01 1
0 01 1
0 01 1
0 01 1
0 01 1
0 010
101 1
0 01 1
0 01 1
0 01 1
0 01 1
3 0 1 1 00 1 1 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 110 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 0
4 0 0 0 10 1 1 1
0 00 0
1 11 1
0 00 0
1 11 1
0 00 0
1 11 1
0 00 0
1 11 1
0 001
011 1
0 00 0
1 11 1
0 00 0
1 11 1

1 2 3 4 5 5
6
7
8
0
0
0
0
1 0 11 0 1
0 1 11 1 0
1 1 10 0 0
0 0 00 0 0
0
0
1
0
0
1
6
10
01
11
11
1
1
0
1
1
01
10
00
11
0
0
1
0
1
0
10
01
11
00
1
1
0
1
0
01
10
00
00
0
0
1
0
0
1
10
01
11
11
1
1
0
1
1
01
10
00
11
0
0
1
0
1
0
7
10
01
11
00
1
1
0
1
0
01
10
00
00
0
0
1
0
0
1
101 01
011 10
111
000
111 11
0
0
1
0
1
0
10
01
11
00
1
1
0
1
0
01
10
00
00
0
0
1
0
0
1
10
01
11
11
8
1
1
0
1
1
01
10
00
11
0
0
1
1

(INPUT) 9
10
11
12
13
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 0 01 1 0
0 1 01 0 1
1 1 00 1 1
0 0 10 1 1
1 0 11 0 1
0 1 11 1 0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
01
10
00
11
01
10
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
01
10
00
00
10
01
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
10
01
11
00
10
01
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
10
01
11
11
01
10
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
01
10
00
11
01
10
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
01
10
00
00
10
01
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
10
01
11
00
10
01
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
10
01
11
11
01
10
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
011
001
101
010
001 00
110
100
010 10
100 01
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
10
01
11
00
10
01
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
10
01
11
11
01
10
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
01
10
00
11
01
10
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
01
10
00
00
10
01
0
0
1
0
1
1
I PN (No Offset)
Symbols
15 0 1 1 10 0 0 1 00 0
1 11 0 11 1
0 00 1 00 0
1 11 0 11 1
0 00 1 000
111 0 11 0
1 00 1 00 0
1 11 0
W 16 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 00 0 00 0
1 11 1 11 1 11 1 11 1
0 00 0 00 0 000 00 0
1 11 1 11 1 11 1 11 1
a 17 0 1 0 01 1 0 1
0 10 1
0 10 1 01 0
1 01 0
1 01 0
1 01 0 10 1
0 10 1
0 100
110 1 01 0
1 01 0
1 01 0
1 01 0
l 18 0 0 1 01 0 1 1
0 01 1
0 01 1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0 01 1
0 01 1
0 010
101 1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0

R = 1/3 s 19
h 20
21
0
0
0
1 1 00 1 1
0 0 10 1 1
1 0 11 0 1
0
0
1
0
11
00
10
0
1
0
1
11
11
01
0
1
1
1
0
00
11
01
1
0
1
0
00
00
10
1
1
0
1
00
11
01
1
0
1
0
00
00
10
1
0
0
0
1
11
00
10
0
1
0
1
11
11
01
0
0
1
0
110 11
001
011
101 01
0
1
1
1
0
00
11
01
1
1
0
0
00
00
10
1
1
0
1
00
11
01
1
0
1
0
00
00
10
1
0
1
F 22 0 0 1 11 1 0 0 01 1 10 1
0 10 0 01 1 10 0 01 0
1 01 1 10 0 011 10 1
0 10 0 01 1 10 0 01 1

4.8 kpbs 28.8 28.8

u 23
n 24
c 25
0
0
0
1 1 10 0 0
0 0 00 0 0
1 0 01 1 0
0
1
0
1
1
11
11
01
1
0
1
0
1
00
11
01
1
1
0
1
00
11
01
0
1
1
0
1
11
11
01
1
0
1
0
0
00
00
10
0
1
0
1
0
11
00
10
0
0
1
0
11
00
10
1
0
0
1
0
00
00
10
0
1

307.2
0
1
1
111
000
111 11
011
001
1
1
0
1
00
11
01
1
0
1
0
1
11
11
01
1
0
1
0
0
00
00
10
0
1
0
1
0
1.2288
11
00
10
0
0
1
t 26 0 0 1 01 0 1 1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0 01 1
0 01 1
0 01 1
0 01 1 101
010 0
1 10 0
1 10 0 01 1
0 01 1

Convolutional ksps Orthogonal Mcps

+
i 27 0 1 1 00 1 1 0
1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1
0 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 0
1 001 00 1 00 1 00 1
0 11 0 11 0

ksps Block
o 28
n 29
0
0
0 0 10 1 1
1 0 11 0 1
1
1
0
11
01
0
1
0
00
10
1
0
1
11
01
0
1
0
00
10
0
0
1
00
10
1
0
1
11
01
0
1
0
00
10
1
0
1
kcps
11
01
1
1
0
110
100
010 10
1
0
1
11
01
1
0
0
00
10
0
0
1
00
10
1
0
1
11
01
1
0
1/2 PN
64 Chip
64 Chip Pattern of
Encoder
Encoder && Pattern of
30

n 32
0

Modulation
I 31 0
0
0 1 11 1 0
1 1 10 0 0
0 0 00 0 0
1
0
1
0
10
00
00
0
0
1
0
01
11
00
1
1
0
0
10
00
00
0
0
1
0
01
11
00
0
1
0
0
01
11
00
1
1
0
0
10
00
00
0
0
1
0
1
01
11
11
1
1
0
1
10
00
11
1
0
1
1
100 01
000
111
111 11
1
1
0
1
10
00
11
0
1
0
1
01
11
11
0
1
0
1
01
11
11
1
1
0
1
10
00
11
0
1
1
Chip
h
Interleaver
d 33 0 1 0 01 1 0 0
1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 1 01 1
0 01 1
0 011
001 1
0 01 0
1 01 1
0 01 1
0 01 0
e 34 0 0 1 01 0 1 0
1 01 0
1 01 0
1 01 0
1 01 0
1 01 0
1 01 1 10 1
0 10 1
0 101
010 1
0 10 0
1 10 1
0 10 1
0 10 0

Walsh Code # 35 g1 (64 – ary) Code Symbols

x 35 0 1 1 00 1 1 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 1
0 00 1 00 1 001 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1

Repetition 36
37
38
0
0
0
0 0 10 1 1
1 0 11 0 1
0 1 11 1 0
1
0
0
0
00
10
01
0
1
1
1
11
01
10
1
0
0
0
00
10
01
0
1
1
1
11
01
10
1
0
0
0
00
10
01
0
1
1
1
11
01
10
1
0
1
0
1
11
01
10
1
0
0
0
00
10
01
0
1
1
1
110
100
010 10
100 01
0
1
1
1
11
01
10
1
0
0
0
00
10
01
0
1
1
1
11
01
10
1
0
0
0
00
10
01
0
1
1
Delay
39 0 1 1 10 0 0 1
0 11 0
1 00 1
0 11 0
1 00 1
0 11 0
1 00 1 00 1
0 11 0
1 000
111 0
1 00 1
0 11 0
1 00 1
0 11 0
40 0 0 0 00 0 0 0
1 11 1 11 1
0 00 0 00 0
1 11 1 11 1 11 1 11 1
0 000 00 0
1 11 1 11 1
0 00 0 00 0

D
(OUTPUT)
41 0 1 0 01 1 0 1 01 0
1 01 0 10 1
0 10 1 01 0
1 01 0
1 01 0
1 01 0 100
110 1 01 0
1 01 0 10 1
0 10 1
42 0 0 1 01 0 1 1 10 0
1 10 0 01 1
0 01 1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0 010
101 1 10 0
1 10 0 01 1
0 01 1
43 0 1 1 00 1 1 0
1 00 1 00 1
0 11 0 11 0
1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1
0 110 11 0
1 00 1 00 1
0 11 0 11 0
44 0 0 0 10 1 1 1 11 1
0 00 0 00 0
1 11 1 11 1
0 00 0
1 11 1
0 00 0 001
011 1 11 1
0 00 0 00 0
1 11 1
45 0 1 0 11 0 1 0
1 01 0 10 1
0 10 1 01 0
1 01 0 10 1 01 0 10 1
0 101 01 0
1 01 0 10 1
0 10 1 01 0
46
47
48
0
0
0
1.2288
0 1 11 1 0
1 1 10 0 0
0 0 00 0 0
0
1
1
0
10
00
00
0
1
0
0
01
11
00
1
0
0
0
1
01
11
11
1
0
1
1
10
00
11
0
1
1
1
10
00
11
0
1
0
1
01
11
11
1
0
1
1
10
00
11
0
1
0
1
01
11
11
1
0
0
1
011 10
111
000
111 11
0
1
1
1
0
10
00
00
0
1
0
0
01
11
00
1
0
0
0
01
11
00
1
0
1
0
10
00
00
0
1
0

+
49 0 1 0 01 1 0 1
0 10 1
0 10 1 01 0
1 01 0
1 01 0
1 01 0
1 01 0
1 01 0
1 011
001 0 10 1
0 10 1
0 10 1
0 10 1

Access Channel
50 0
Mcps
0 1 01 0 1 1
0 01 1
0 01 1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0
1 101
010 0 01 1
0 01 1
0 01 1
0 01 1

1 0 0 0 1 . . . 1 1 0 1 0Long PN Code
51 0 1 1 00 1 1 0 11 0 11 0
1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 001 00 1
0 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 0
52 0 0 0 10 1 1 1
0 00 0
1 11 1 11 1
0 00 0
1 11 1
0 00 0
1 11 1
0 00 0
1 110
100 0 00 0
1 11 1
0 00 0
1 11 1
53 0 1 0 11 0 1 0 10 1 01 0
1 01 0 10 1 01 0 10 1 01 0 10 1 010 10 1
0 10 1 01 0 10 1 01 0

Long Code Mask Generator
54
55
56
57
0
0
0
0
0 1 11 1 0
1 1 10 0 0
0 0 00 0 0
1 0 01 1 0
0
1
0
0
1
1
01
11
11
01
1
0
1
1
0
1
10
00
11
01
0
1
1
1
0
1
10
00
11
01
0
1
0
1
0
1
01
11
11
01
1
0
1
1
0
0
10
00
00
10
0
1
0
0
1
0
01
11
00
10
1
0
1
0
1
1
10
00
11
01
0
1
0
1
0
1
01
11
11
01
1
0
1
1
0
0
100 01
000
111
000 00
100
110
1
0
0
0
1
0
01
11
00
10
1
0
1
0
1
0
10
00
00
10
0
1
0
0
1
1
01
11
11
01
1
0
1
1
0
1
10
00
11
01
0
1
1
0
Q PN (No Offset)
58 0 0 1 01 0 1 1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0
1 10 0 01 1
0 01 1 10 0
1 10 0 010
101 1
0 01 1
0 01 1 10 0
1 10 0

g2
59
60
61
62
63
0
0
0
0
0
1 1 00 1 1
0 0 10 1 1
1 0 11 0 1
0 1 11 1 0
1 1 10 0 0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
00
11
01
10
00
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
00
00
10
01
11
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
00
11
01
10
00
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
00
00
10
01
11
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
11
00
10
01
11
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
11
11
01
10
00
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
00
11
01
10
00
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
00
00
10
01
11
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
110 11
001
011
101 01
011 10
111
000
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
11
00
10
01
11
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
11
11
01
10
00
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
00
11
01
10
00
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
00
00
10
01
11
1
0
1
1
0
Code Symbols
(OUTPUT)

Reverse traffic channel

• It is used to carryy speech,

p , user data and control data between
the MS and the BS.

I PN
9600 bps R=1/3 (no offset)
4800 bps 1.2288
2400 bps 28.8 28.8 307.2 Mcps
1200 bps Convolutional ksps ksps Orthogonal kcps Data Burst 1/2 PN
Block Chip
Encoder & Modulation Randomizer
Interleaver Delay
Repetition
D
1.2288 Q PN
Long Mcps (no offset)
User Address
Mask PN Code
Generator

6
 12/14/2010

IS – 95  advantages
Spread Spectrum
ƒ Avoid interference arising from jamming signal or multi‐path effects (rake
receiver)
receiver).
ƒ Difficult to detect (noise like).
ƒ Impossible to Eavesdrops on the signal expect using the same PN sequence.
Variable Rate Vocoder
• CDMA uses superior variable rate vocoder Qualcomm (QCELP):
‐ Highest data rate during active speech.
‐ Lowest data rate during pauses
pauses.
‐ Intermediate data rate for different speech modes.
So…….High voice quality & Increased capacity

Rake Receiver

d1
d2

d3

transmission receiving
combination

t t t

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Simple Network Planning

2 1 1
4 1 1 1
3 1 1 1 1
4 2 3 4 1 1 1 1
1 4 2 1 1 1
2 3 1 1 1 1 1
4 2 3 1 1
4 1 1

Example: N = 4  CDMA: N = 1
Frequency reuse Frequency reuse

Enhanced coverage

‐ The coverage radius is 2 times

of standard GSM.

‐ Under the same coverage

conditions the number of
conditions,
BTS 's is greatly decreased.

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Soft & Softer Handoff

Connection first and disconnection afterwards in handoff.

BSC

BSC MSC
SC

Soft handoff: adjacent Softer handoff: same BS &

cells of the same frequency, between different
frequency. sectors.

Power Control

Reverse Open Loop
Power Control

Mobile BTS BSC

or
Reverse Closed Loop Signal Strength Adjust Fwd.
Power Control Measurement power

FER Setpoint
Reverse Outer 
Loop Power  FER
Control

Forward Link Power Control

• All types of power control work together to minimize power

consumption at the mobile stations, and increase the overall
capacity of the system.

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Green Handset

Low transmission power: Accurate
power control, handoff control.

Mean Max
Systems transmission transmission
power power
GSM 125 mW 2W
CDMA 2 mW 200 mW

2.  3G CDMA MOBILE SYSTEMS

W‐CDMA (UMTS) & CDMA2000
Some standards and systems such as WCDMA or
UMTS are implemented in the new 3G spectrum
(
(e.g., in Europe).
) While
h l other
h standards
d d and d systems
such as CDMA2000 also known as IMT‐CDMA
Multi‐Carrier or IS‐2000 can introduce 3G services
in spectrums already used by second generation
(2G) systems (e.g., Is’95 in North America).

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A. CDMA2000

• CDMA2000  is backward compatible with existing 2G IS‐95

systems. This backward compatibility gives IS‐2000 two
important advantages:
‐ Ability to support the reuse of existing IS‐95 infrastructure
equipment.
‐ lower implementation risk when transitioning to 3G.

• Spreading Rate1 of CDMA2000. 
• it uses one times the chip rate of IS’95 (i.e., 1.2288 Mcps)

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€ Spreading Rate 3: (also known as “3x”) is used when higher data

rates are desired. it has two implementation options: direct
spread (DS) or multicarrier (MC).
€ On the forward link, Spreading Rate 3 uses the MC option by utilizing three
separate RF carriers, each spread using a chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps. In this case, the
user data is multiplexed onto three separate RF carriers that are received by the
mobile.
bil

€ On the reverse link, Spreading Rate 3 uses the DS option. The DS option allows the
mobile to directly spread its data over a wider bandwidth using a chip rate of
3.6864 Mcps, a Spreading Rate 3 signal can have 625 kHz of guard band on each
side resulting in a total RF bandwidth of 5 MHz.

• A mobile can also receive at Spreading Rate 3 and transmit at Spreading

Rate 1 since data rates required for down‐streaming are typically higher
than those required for up‐streaming.
• Wider bandwidth options such as 6x, 9x, and 12x are under
consideration for even higher data rate applications.
• As far as 3G systems are concerned, Spreading Rate 3 satisfies all the
performance requirements as set forth by IMT‐2000.

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€ Since the requirement of 3G and IS‐2000 is transmitting and receiving at a

higher data rate, two types of improvements are needed to enable data rates
at or above 144 Kbps: improvements in signaling and improvements in
transmission.
€ IS‐2000 needs to dynamically acquire and release air link resources, and to
perform quick acquisitions and releases of these resources. These new
signaling mechanisms include:
‐On the forward link, quick paging channel (F‐QPCH), forward common control
channel (F‐CCCH), broadcast control channel (F‐BCCH), common power control
channel (F‐CPCCH), and common assignment channel (F‐CACH).

‐ On the reverse link, dedicated control channel (R‐DCCH), enhanced access channel
(R‐EACH), and reverse common control channel (R‐CCCH).

‐On both the reverse and the forward links, there are shorter signaling messages. IS‐
2000 can transmit shorter 5‐ms frames on the enhanced access channel (R‐EACH).
This is done to reduce the probability of access collision on the forward
fundamental channel.

Introduction
• The F‐DCCH is a dedicated signaling channel because this channel, once assigned, is
only used by one user. The remaining signaling channels are common signaling
channels because they are shared among multiple users.

Physical
Channel

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Radio Configurations
• In CDMA2000, each traffic channel (i.e., forward fundamental channel,
forward supplemental code channel, forward supplemental channel, and
forward dedicated control channel) can assume different configurations to
implement different data rates.

Channel Structure 

a gain for that physical channel is applied (the gain is determined by forward
power control)

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Modulation
€ After demultiplexing, the I and the Q symbols are channelized and 
spread by a Walsh code (or quasi‐orthogonal function) assigned to
that physical channel. The Walsh code (or quasi‐orthogonal
function) runs at the chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps for Spreading Rate
1
1.

€ After channelization, the chip stream is spread by the short PN

codes. Similar to IS‐95, there are two short PN codes (pI and pQ)

€ pI and pQ are different short PN codes in that they are produced by
two different generator polynomials but they start at the same
time and are offset by the same amount of chips. This is important
because each base station sector is uniquely identified by its short
PN code offset.

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If Q is zero (as in the case of IS-95), the modulation collapses back to that of
IS-95. In this case, I is the only symbol stream, which is duplicated on both the
in-phase and the quadrature branches of the QPSK modulator. In fact, Radio
Configurations 1 and 2 are implemented in CDMA2000 by zeroing out the Q
symbol stream.

Capacity Gain: Forward Link

• CDMA2000 has a higher physical layer capacity than IS‐95 is

because it uses QPSK whereas IS‐95 uses BPSK. QPSK
encodes two chips‐per‐symbol whereas BPSK encodes only
one chip‐per‐symbol. By transmitting two independent
symbol streams in two dimensions, QPSK can double the
data rate using the same bandwidth.

• CDMA2000 also increased the maximum length of its Walsh

codes from 64 to 128 (Spreading Rate 1). The increased
length means that there are now more Walsh codes
available.

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Introduction
€ On the reverse link, user channels are used to carry user information from the
mobile back to the base station.

Radio Configurations
• The reverse link traffic channels (i.e., reverse fundamental channel, reverse
supplemental code channel, reverse supplemental channel, and reverse
dedicated control channel) can assume different configurations to implement
different data rates..
• Radio Configurations 1 and 2 use the 64‐ary orthogonal modulation to be
compatible with ISIS‐95
95, while Radio Configurations 3 through 6 use the coherent
binary phase shift keying (BPSK). The use of coherent modulation is now
possible in CDMA2000 because of the addition of the R‐PICH.

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Modulation

€ the symbol stream of a

physical channel (except the
reverse pilot channel) is
multiplied and spread by its
assigned Walsh code for
channelization.
h l The
h Walsh
lh
code runs at the chip rate of
1.2288 Mcps for Spreading
Rate 1.
€ After channelization, the chip
streams of the reverse pilot
channel, reverse dedicated
control channel, and the
second reverse supplemental
channel are added together,
and the chip streams of the
reverse fundamental channel
and enhanced access channel,
reverse common control
channel, or the first reverse
supplemental channel are
added together.

• These two summations undergo another layer of spreading by a pair of

spreading codes: sI and sQ. These two spreading codes are derived from the
long PN code, which in turn is derived from the mobile’s unique identity.
• The Walsh codes provide channelization of the different physical channels 
transmitted by the mobile, while the long PN code provides identification of 
the mobile to the base station.

Capacity Gain: Reverse Link

• Because CDMA2000 now has a pilot on the reverse link, it is able to coherently
demodulate BPSK signals. For a given probability of bit error, coherent BPSK
requires less Eb/N0 than 64‐ary orthogonal modulation, and a lower required
Eb/N0 means higher RF capacity in a direct sequence spread spectrum system.

• The existence of a pilot on the reverse link allows Walsh codes to be used for
channelization this means that CDMA2000 can now have multiple channels
active at the same time (whereas IS‐95 can only have one channel active at a
time) on the reverse link.

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B. Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

(UMTS)
• The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is a third
generation (3G) mobile communications system that provides a range of
broadband services to the world of wireless and mobile communications.
€ The UMTS takes a phased approach toward an all-IP network by
extending second generation (2G) GSM/GPRS networks and using Wide-
band Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology.

UMTS-operation
modes:

FDD and TDD

Introduction
€ The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is a third
generation (3G) mobile communications system that provides a range of
broadband services to the world of wireless and mobile communications.
€ The UMTS takes a phased approach toward an all-IP network by
extending second generation (2G) GSM/GPRS networks and using Wide-
p Access ((CDMA)) technology.
band Code Division Multiple gy
UMTS-operation modes: FDD and TDD

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UMTS-operation modes- Cont.

• In both modes of operation, the information is transmitted usually in

10 ms frames.
• In FDD, two distinct frequency bands, separated by a guard band, are
used one for the uplink and the other for the downlink transmission.
• In TDD, on the other hand, the same frequency band is used for
transmissions in both directions.
• In TDD mode each frame consists of a number of synchronized time
slots, some of which are dedicated to uplink and the rest to downlink
transmission.
• The UMTS has been allocated a bandwidth of 120 MHz in the FDD mode and
35 MHz in the TDD mode.
• When operating as paired bands the transmitter and receiver frequencies in all
user equipment (U
(UE)) must
ust be spaced apa
apartt by 190
90 M
MHz..
• Because one of the goals of 3G systems is to provide multimedia and high-
speed data services at rates up to 2 Mb/s, the nominal channel bandwidth is 5
MHz.
• The center frequency must be an integer multiple of 200 kHz.
• The chip rate for spectrum spreading is 3.84 Mc/s.

Uplink Physical

C
Common D di t d
Dedicated

Physical Random Access Channel Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channels

(PRACH) (DPDCH)

Fast Uplink Signalling Channel

(FAUSCH)

Physical Common Packet Channel

(PCPCH)

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Downlink Physical Channels

Common Dedicated

Primary Common Control Synchronization Physical Downlink Downlink Dedicated

Physical Channel Channel Shared Channel Physical Channel
(PCCPCH) (SCH) (PDSCH) (DDPCH)

Secondary Common Control Acquisition Indication Physical Shared Channel

Physical Channel Channel Control Channel
(SCCPCH) (AICH) (PSCCCH)

Page Indication
Ch
Channel l
(PICH)

Scrambling Code
• Scrambling code is need to separate base stations from each other.
• It use on top of spreading so it doesn't change in signal BW but only
makes signal from different sources separated from each other.
• Chip rate is already achieved in the spreading by the channelization
code ,the symbol rate does not affected by of the scrambling code.

Channelization code (OVSF)
• Transmissions from a single source are separated by channelization code
• The channelization code of UTRA are based on OVSF technique or Walsh
sequence.
• These codes are constructed with the elements of a row of an orthogonal
matrix, whose entries are either +1 or ‐1, so that when channels are
spread with different OVSF codes, they become mutually orthogonal.
• Different data rates are supported on a physical channel by simply
changing the spreading factor of the associated code.

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OVSF

• Recursive rule

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4-Zone Concept in UMTS

• UMTS, in the terrestrial component, has three types of cells:

– Macro Cell
– Micro Cell
– Pico Cell (with a minimum of 5 MHz of bandwidth by Cell).

‘Indoor’ Pico Cell
‘Urban’ Micro Cell
‘Suburban’ Macro Cell
‘Global’ World Cell Celgrootte: enkele
Celgrootte: 50 ‐
Celgrootte:
g 350m ‐ 10m’s
Celgrootte: 10 ‐ 300m
20km Kantoor/Thuis
1000km’s ‘Hot spots’
randstad/platteland Lage mobiliteit (< 10
‘Mobile Satellite (binnenstad,
Hoge mobiliteit (120‐ km/h)
System’ (MSS) stadions,
500km/h) ≤ 2Mbps
Zeer hoge mobiliteit stations,
144 ‐ 385kbps
(≤ 1000km/h) luchthavens,
≤ 144 kbps etc.)
Matig mobiliteit (10
‐ 120km/h)

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