Applied DC & AC Machines

Assignment No. : ( 1 )
Assessor Name : Dr. M. M. Gouda
Internal verifier Name : Dr. Ramy

Name : Ramez Raymon Samir Shawky

Department : Renewable energy
Second Year
Sec. ( 1 )

1
 Table of Contents :
Determine in details the different types of DC machines and their applications (5-15)
Carry out the appropriate instruments in the Machine Lab, to show the difference in torque speed
performance characteristics for DC machines (series, shunt and separately) and plot the curve
characteristics of each type showing the relation of ia,N & ia,T & N,T (16-21)
Select 3 different applications, mention the appropriate DC machines, assess its efficiency and
determine the
equivalent circuit of each type……(22-25)
Calculate the power rating, the energy, the force, and the torque of the motor used in the electric lift
that is used to raise a load of 12 ton through a height of 50 m at 50 rpm. The time required to raise the
load in 30 minutes, assume the efficiency of the motor at 87 %............ (26-27)
Compute using Matlab, Simulate a DC shunt motor with a full load efficiency of 85% for the same
torque at a certain speed. The speed is reduced to 30% by adding resistance in the armature circuit,
Calculate the value of the added resistance and the efficiency of the motor when running at the
reduced speed, taking into your account: there are copper losses, and the value of the terminal voltage
is 500v, Rf= 400 Ω, and Ra= 0.25 Ω……….(28-30)
Compute the generated e.m.f, for A shunt generator in the Fig.1 which delivers 450 A at 230 V and the
resistance of the shunt field and armature are 50 Ω and 0.03 Ω respectively………..(30-31)
Identify in detail the different types and construction of single phase and three phase
transformers…(32-35)
Carry out and compute the transformer parameters open circuit and short circuit tests………….(36-40)
The efficiency of 200KVA, single phase transformer is 98% when operating at full load 0.8 lagging p.f
The iron loss in the transformer is 2000w. Compute full load copper loss, half load copper losses and
efficiency at half load........(41-42)
A 1000KVA, 2300/230 V, 50Hz transformer are given below:
R1 = 0.286Ω, R2=0.319Ω, X1=0.73Ω, and X2=0.73 Ω..........(42-43)
Asses the various connection methods for three phase transformers and make a suggestion for an
actual operational requirement………(43-44)
Reference…(46)

2
Abstract :
The older generation, which depends on the transmission of motion at fast speed, improves in
part due to the usage of machines. For these machines to determine their efficiency, power, and
torque speed under different load, certain rules and tests are used. This research focuses on the
experiments necessary to determine the characteristics of motors, constant-current generators,
and three- and single-phase transformers. Simple tests on some of these devices are used as a
check against the information that was previously studied this year.

3
Introduction :
DC Machines:-
An electro-mechanical energy conversion system is known as a DC machine. DC machines are
available in two types DC motors and DC generators. A DC motor transforms DC electrical power
into mechanical power, whereas a DC generator transforms mechanical power (T) into DC
electrical power (EI). The AC motor is always used in industry to convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy, while a DC motor is employed in applications where a wide range of speeds
and effective speed control are necessary, such as in electric traction systems in trains.
Transformer:-
One of the most common devices in an electrical system that connects circuits running at
different voltages is a transformer. These are used mostly in situations where the conversion of
AC voltage between different voltage levels is required.
By using a transformer in AC circuits, the voltage and currents may be changed depending on
the requirements of the connected electrical equipment, device, or load. Power,
instrumentation, and pulse transformers are just a few of the many applications for which a
wide range of transformers are used.

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 Task 1

Q1. • Determine in details the different types of DC machines and their applications.

There are two types of DC Machines :

1- Dc Motors.
2- Dc Generators.

5
1. DC Motor :

6
1. Permanent Magnet DC Motors

Permanent Magnet DC (PMDC) Motors are DC motors with poles built of permanent magnets.
The radially magnetized magnets are installed on the inside rim of the steel stator's cylindrical
body. The magnetic flux has a return path through the stator of the motor. The rotor features a
DC armature with brushes and commutator segments.
The magnetic field flux in the permanent magnet motor is produced by a permanent magnet.
Despite having a limited amount of beginning torque and strong speed control, this type of DC
motor is frequently used in low horsepower applications.
Applications on Permanent Magnet DC Motors:
PMDC motor is extensively used where small DC motors are required and also very effective
control is not required, such as in automobiles starter, toys, wipers, washers, hot blowers, air
conditioners, computer disc drives and in many more
Applications for the PMDC motors range from fractional to multiple horsepower. They are
created up to 200 kW or so for application in a variety of sectors. The applications listed here are
only a few :
• PMDC motors are mainly used in automobiles to operate windshield wipers and washers,
to raise the lower windows, to drive blowers for heaters and air conditioners etc.
• They are also used in computer drives.
• These types of motors are also used in toy industries.

7
 • PMDC motors are used in electric toothbrushes, portable vacuum cleaners, food mixers.
• Used in a portable electric tool such as drilling machines, hedge trimmers etc.

2. Series DC Motors

A large wire carrying the whole armature current is coiled in the field of a series DC motor in a
few revolutions. Series DC motors often provide a lot of beginning torque but are unable to
control speed and may even suffer damage if they run unloaded. They are not a suitable option
for variable speed drive applications because of these limitations.

Applications on Series DC Motors:

This is not to say that series wound DC motors are necessarily less useful than other electric
motor designs. Their non-linear speed and increased starting torque have been used most
effectively with large loads, such as cranes, winches, and other machines which must move
heavy loads slowly and lighter loads more rapidly. Its variable speed design allows it to be useful
for vacuum cleaners, sewing machines, power tools, tractions applications, elevators, and much
more. It is a workhorse of modern industry, and is a great machine when used under the correct
circumstances.

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3. Shunt DC Motors :

sewing machines

The field and armature windings are linked in parallel (shunt) in shunt DC motors. These motors
have great speed regulation because the shunt field may be activated independently of the
armature windings, which also makes it easier to manage reversing.

Applications on Shunt DC Motors:

These motors are very easy to install, with the ability to work with speed controllers. They are
most often used in the aforementioned power tool applications, as well as car windshield
wipers, car windows, computer fans, and more. While not as initially powerful as their series-
wound cousin, shunt DC motors do not falter when providing their mechanical output, providing
users with consistency over raw output power.

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4. Compound DC Motors :

A compound wound DC motor is basically formed by the amalgamation of a shunt wound DC

motor and series wound DC motor to achieve the better off properties of both these types. Like
a shunt wound DC motor is bestowed with an extremely efficient speed regulation
characteristic, whereas the DC series motor has high starting torque.

Applications on Compound DC Motors:

Wherever there is a requirement for a larger beginning torque and very steady speed,
compound wound motors are typically employed. Presses, shears, conveyors, elevators, rolling
mills, heavy planners, and other devices use compound DC motors

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5. Separately excited DC Motors:

Separately excited dc motor has field coils similar to that of shunt wound dc motor. The name
suggests the construction of this type of motor. Usually, in other DC motors, the field coil and
the armature coil both are energized from a single source. The field of them does not need any
separate excitation. But, in separately excited DC motor, separate supply Provided for excitation
of both field coil and armature coil. Figure below shows the separately excited dc motor.

Applications on Separately excited DC Motors:

Separately excited dc motors have industrial applications. They are often used as actuators. This
type of motors is used in trains and for automatic traction purposes.

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Types of DC Generators:

Permanent Magnet DC Generators:

The most basic type of generator is referred to as a permanent magnet DC generator because it
uses permanent magnets to produce flux in the magnetic circuit. A permanent magnet or
magnets are placed all around an armature. Due to the generator's design, this type cannot
produce a lot of power and is not used in industrial applications. Like dynamos in bikes,
permanent magnet DC generators are often used in small applications.

Separately Excited DC Generators:

When the field winding of a DC generator receives power from a separate external DC source,
that generator is said to be separately excited (like a battery). The speed of rotation of the
armature and the field current both affect how much voltage is created; hence, the higher the
speed and field current, the higher the voltage generated. The separately excited DC generators
are rarely used in real life.

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Self-Excited DC Generators :
1. Series Wound Generators

2. Shunt Wound Generators

3. Compound Wound Generators

Series Wound DC Generators :

In case of a series generator, the field winding is connected in series with the armature of the
generator so that whole armature current would flow through the field winding as well as the
load. Since the load current flows through the field winding of the generator, so the field
winding has a few turns of thick wire having low resistance. The DC series generators are used in
special applications like boosters.

Applications of Series DC Generators :

A series DC generator has limited applications. Some of the applications of a series DC generator
are as follows
• The rising characteristics of a series DC generator makes it suitable for voltage boosting
applications in the feeders in the various types of distribution systems.
• A series DC generator has the tendency to supply constant load current. Hence, several
series generators can be connected in series to provide high voltage DC power
transmission at constant load current.
• The series DC generators are also used in supplying field excitation current in DC
locomotives for regenerative breaking.
• The series generators also find applications in series arc lightening.

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Shunt Wound DC Generators :

In case of a shunt generator, the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature of the
generator so that terminal voltage of the generator is applied across it. The shunt field winding
has many turns of thin wire having high resistance so that only a fraction of armature current
flows through the shunt field winding and the rest flows through the load.

Applications of Shunt DC Generators :

A shunt DC generator produces constant terminal voltage for small distance operations.
Therefore, these are used in following applications
• They are used for battery charging applications.
• Shunt DC generators with field regulators are used for lighting and power supply
purposes.
• Use for giving excitation to the alternators.

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Compound Wound DC Generators :
In case of a compound generator, there are two field winding on each pole – one is in series and
the other is in parallel with the armature. The DC compound generators are of two types :

Short Shunt Compound Generator :

In a short shunt generator, only shunt field winding is

connected in parallel with the armature.

Long Shunt Compound Generator :

In a long shunt generator, the shunt field winding is

connected in parallel with both series field and armature
winding.

Applications of Compound DC Generators :

The compound DC generators are used in following applications :
• The over compounded generators have ability to compensate voltage drop in the
transmission lines and tends to maintain constant voltage at the consumer’s end.
Therefore, the over compounded generators are used in supplying loads through long
transmission lines.
• Cumulative compound generators are used for supplying power to DC motors.
• Cumulative compound generators are used for lighting, power supply purposes and for
heavy power services, etc.
• The differential compound generators are used for arc welding purposes where a large
voltage drop and constant current is required. [1]

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Q2 • Carry out the appropriate instruments in the Machine Lab, to show the difference in torque
speed performance characteristics for DC machines (series, shunt and separately) and plot the
curve characteristics of each type showing the relation of ia,N & ia,T & N,T
1. DC Shunt Motor :

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Torque & Armature Current Characteristics :

Τ ∝ Ia

Speed and Armature Current Characteristics :

1
N∝
𝐼𝑎

Speed and Torque Characteristics :

1
N∝
𝑇

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18
2. DC Series Motor :

19
Torque and Armature Current Characteristics :

Τa ∝ Ia

Speed and Armature Current Characteristics :

1
N∝
𝐼𝑎

Speed and Torque Characteristics :

1
N∝
𝑇

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3. DC Separately Excited Motor :

𝟏
N∝
𝑰𝒂

Τa ∝ Ia

𝟏
N∝
𝑻

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Q3. • Select 3 different applications, mention the appropriate DC machines, assess its
efficiency and determine the equivalent circuit of each type.

Air compressors use DC Series motor Because of their advantages which are:

• Producing a high starting torque

• Being cost-effective
• Easy assembly and design
• Easy maintenance.

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Lifts use DC Shunt motors Because of their advantages which are:
• The power supply of the DC motor is any way cheap.
• Shunt would motor able to runs at a predetermined speed.
• The speed of a dc shunt motor is sufficiently constant.
• Direct current machines can be used for heavy industrial applications where
the torque and speed wider range.

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Actuators in industrial machinery use Separately excited DC Motors because it can operate in
stable condition with any field excitation and gives a wide range of output voltage.
Advantages:
• Conductor content – load dependent.
• Magnetic steel -mainly constant.
• Thermal design – mainly load dependent.
• Aerodynamic design – constant.
• Manufacture and quality control – constant.

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Losses in DC machines (motor and generator) include friction, windage and electrical losses.
Friction is present in all rotating machinery. Windage is present because of air resistance to
rotating components, and in fans added to ensure forced circulation of air for cooling purposes.
In electrical machines the term ‘other losses’ comprises copper losses, iron losses, magnetic
leakage and other lesser factors. Together the losses are wasted energy which should be
reduced as much as possible, often by simple good maintenance.

DC Motor Efficiency
The theoretical approach to the efficiency of a DC motor is similar to the DC generator method.
Armature resistance is considered as one component and the winding as another.

DC Generator Efficiency
For analysis purposes it is usual to assume that all the armature resistance is concentrated into
one component and not distributed throughout the windings.

[2]

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26
Q4. • Calculate, the power rating, the energy, the force, and the torque of the motor used in
the electric lift that used to raise a load of 12 ton through a height of 50 m at 50 rpm. The time
required to raise the load in 30 minutes, assume the efficiency of the motor at 87 %.

𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 = 𝒎 × 𝒈 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟐𝟎 N

𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 × 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟐𝟎 × 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 Joule
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 = 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 × 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟐𝟎 × 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟖𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐉𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐞
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝟓. 𝟖𝟖𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 = = = 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = =
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟎
𝟖𝟕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝟖𝟕 × 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟎
∵ = ∴ 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒕 = = 𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟒. 𝟗 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝝅𝑵 𝟐𝝅×𝟓𝟎
𝝎= = = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟒 rad/sec.
𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎

𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟒. 𝟗
𝑻𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 = = = 𝟓𝟒𝟑. 𝟑𝟒 𝑵. 𝒎
𝝎 𝟓. 𝟐𝟒

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Q5. Compute using MATLAB, Simulate a DC shunt motor with a full load efficiency of 85% for
the same torque at a certain speed. The speed is reduced to 30% by adding resistance in the
armature circuit, Calculate the value of the added resistance and the efficiency of the motor
when running at the reduced speed, taking into your account: there are copper losses, and the
values of the terminal voltage is 500v, Rf= 400 Ω, and Ra= 0.25 Ω.

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Givens :
η = 85%
RF = 400 Ω
Ra = 0.25 Ω
N1 = 2098
Ia = 22.22 A
T = 50 N.m

Sol. :
Case 1 :
𝑉𝐿 500
ISh = = = 1.25 A
𝑅𝑆ℎ 400

Eb1 = VT – IaRa = 500 – (22.22 × 0.25) = 494.445 V

IL = ISh + Ia = 125 + 22.22 = 23.47 A
Case 2 :
N2 = 70% N1 = 30% × 2098 = 1468.6 A
∵ Torque is Constant
𝐸𝑏1 𝑁1
∴ =
𝐸𝑏2 𝑁2
494.445 2089
∴ =
𝐸𝑏2 1468.6
629.4 × 494.445
∴ Eb2 = = 346.11 V
2098

∵ T1 = T 2
∴ Ia1 = Ia2 = 22.22 A
∵ Eb2 = VT – Ia (Ra + Rx)
∴ 346.11 = 500 – 22.22 × (0.25 + Rx )
∴ Rx = 6.68 Ω
Pin = VL × IL = 500 × 23.47 = 11735 watt
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 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡1 85 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡1
∵ η1 = ∴ =
𝑃𝑖𝑛 100 11735
85 ×11735
∴ Pout1 = = 9974.75 Watt
100

PCu2 = Ia2 (Ra+Rx) + IF2 RF = (22.22)2 (0.25 + 6.93) + (1.25)2 × 400

PCu2 = 4170 Watt
PCu1 = Ia2 Ra + IF2 RF = (22.22)2 × 0.25 + (1.25)2 × 400
PCu1 = 748.43 Watt
PLosses1 = Pin – (PCu1 + Pout1) = 11735 – (738.43 + 9974.75)
PLosses1 = 1011.82 Watt
𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠1 𝑁1 1011.82 2098
∵ = ∴ =
𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠2 𝑁2 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠2 1468
𝑁2 × 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠1 1468 × 1011.82
∴ PLosses2 = = = 708 Watt
𝑁1 2098

POut2 = Pin – (PCu2 + PLosses2) = 11735 – (4170+708) = 6857 Watt

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡2 6857
∴ η2 = = = 0.584 = 58.43 %
𝑃𝑖𝑛 11735

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Q6. • Compute the generated e.m.f, for A shunt generator in the Fig.1 which delivers 450 A at
230 V and the resistance of the shunt field and armature are 50Ω and 0.03 Ω respectively

Sol. :

230
𝐼𝑠ℎ = = 4.6𝐴
50
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼 + 𝐼𝑆𝐻 = 450 + 4.6 = 454.6𝐴
Armature voltage drop = Ia R a = 454.6 × 0.03 = 13.6 V
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 + 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 = 230 + 13.6 + 243.6 𝑉

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 Task 2

Q1.• Identify in details the different types and construction of single phase and three phase
transformers.

Single Phase Transformer:

Single Phase Transformer Types:

• Audio Transformer
• Autotransformer
• Buck-Boost
• Constant-Voltage Transformer (CVT)
• Constant-Current Transformer (CCT)
• Distribution Transformer
• Flyback Transformer
• Generator Step-up Transformer
• Harmonic Mitigating Transformer
• Impedance-Matching Transformer
• Industrial Control Transformer
• Interface Transformer
• Isolation Transformer
• Leakage Transformer (Stray-Field Transformer)
• Lighting Transformer
• Medical Transformer

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Principle
The single-phase transformer operates based on the principle of Faraday’s induction law of
Electromagnetic. Generally, the mutual induction between secondary and primary windings is
responsible for the working of the transformer in an electrical transformer.

This transformer is a high-efficiency part of electrical equipment, and its wastes are very low
since there isn’t any mechanical friction involved in its function

Core-type
In this form of production, only half of the windings are layered cylindrically around each part of
a transformer to improve magnetic coupling, as presented in the figure below. This form of
construction guarantees that the magnetic path of force flows through both the windings
simultaneously. The noticeable disadvantage of the core-type transformer is the leakage flux
that happens based on the flow of a low proportion of magnetic lines of force outside the
device.

Shell-type
In this form of structure, the primary and secondary sections are installed cylindrically on the
center core resulting in twice the cross-sectional region than the outer parts. There are two near
magnetic paths in this kind of construction, and the outer leg has the magnetic flux “ɸ/2”
moving. Shell-type device overcomes the leakage flux, decreases core wastes, and improves
efficiency.

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Three-phase transformers :

Types of Three-phase transformers :

Core-type:
In core-type three-phase transformers, the core has three limbs within the same plane. Each
limb contains primary and secondary windings, and these windings are evenly split among the
three limbs. It's not uncommon to hear of high voltage (HV) and low voltage (LV) windings.
As a low voltage winding is easier to insulate, these windings are closer to the core than the
higher voltage coils. The latter windings wrap around the former, with insulative material
between them. This construction has the windings magnetically linked with one another, with
one winding using the other pair of limbs as return paths for its magnetic flux.
Shell-type:
The shell-type 3-phase transformer is three separate 1-phase transformers. The three phases of
this transformer have their magnetic fields virtually independent, and this transformer's core
has five limbs.
The HV and LV windings exist around the three main limbs. Like the core-type 3-phase device,
the low voltage coil is nearest to the core. The two outermost limbs serve as the flux's return
paths.
Magnetic flux divides in two as the field approaches the yoke. It's common for the outer limbs
and the yoke to be half the size of the main limbs. You can decrease the transformer's height by
reducing the yoke's size.

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Principle:
transformer which consists of three-pairs of transformer windings placed in a three-section iron
core, where each section contains a pair of a primary winding and a secondary winding, and is
used to step-up or step-down the three-phase alternating voltage is known as a three-phase
transformer.
However, a three-phase transformer can also be designed by using three identical single-phase
transformers and this type of three-phase transformer is known as bank of three transformers.
The three-phase transformers are widely used in electric power system for transmission and
distribution of electric power. As a single 3-phase transformer can supply three single-phase
circuits, hence it is economical than a single-phase transformer. In practice, most of the
distribution transformers used in urban areas are the three-phase transformers. Also, there are
several three-phase loads such as 3-phase induction motors, synchronous motors, etc. which are
supplied by using 3-phase transformers.

[3]
35
Q2. • Carry out and compute the transformer parameters open circuit and short circuit tests
are performed on 10KVA, 220V/110V,60Hz transformer, and both tests are performed with
the instrument on the high-voltage side, and the following data are obtained: Open- circuit
test: input voltage=220v, input current=3.16A, Input power=500W. Short- circuit test: input
voltage=65v, input current=10A, Input power=400W. Obtain the approximate equivalent
circuit, referred to the a) High voltage side b) low voltage side.

Open Circuit and Short Circuit Test on Transformer

Open Circuit or No-Load Test on Transformer

This test is performed to find out the shunt or no-load branch parameters of equivalent circuit
of a transformer. This test results the iron losses and no-load current values, thereby we can
determine the no load branch parameters with simple calculations. As the name itself indicates,
secondary side load terminals of the transformer are kept open and the input voltage is applied
on the primary side. Since this test is carried out without placing any load, this test is also named
as No Load Test.
How to Perform Open Circuit Test?
The open circuit (OC) test is carried out by connecting LV side (as primary) of the transformer to
the AC supply through variac, ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter instruments. The secondary
side or HV side terminals are left open and in some cases a voltmeter is connected across it to
measure the secondary voltage. The primary side voltmeter reads the applied voltage to the
transformer, ammeter reads the no load current, wattmeter gives the input power and the
variac used to carry the voltage applied to transformer so that rated voltage is applied at rated
frequency. When a single-phase supply is given to the transformer, the rated value of the
primary voltage is adjusted by varying the varec. At this rated voltage, the ammeter and
wattmeter readings are to be taken. From this test, we get rated voltage VO, input or no-load

36
current IO and input power WO. We know that, when the transformer is on no load, the no load
current or primary current is very small, typically 3 to 5 percent of the rated current value. Thus,
the copper loss in the primary winding is negligible. In OC test, transformer is operated at rated
voltage at rated frequency so the maximum loses will be the flux in the core. Since the iron or
core losses are at rated voltage, the power input is drawn to supply the iron losses by the
transformer under no load.

37
Short Circuit Test on Transformer

This test is performed to find series branch parameters of an equivalent circuit such as
equivalent impedance (Zo1 or Zo2), total winding resistance (Ro1 or Ro2) and total leakage
reactance (Xo1 or Xo2). Also, it is possible to determine copper losses at any desired load and
total voltage drop of the transformer referred to primary or secondary. In this test, usually LV
winding is shorted by a thick wire. And the test is conducted on the other side, i.e., HV side (as
primary).
How to Perform Short Circuit Test?
In Short Circuit (SC) test, the primary or HV winding is connected to the AC supply source
through voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and a variac as shown in figure. This test is also called
as Reduced Voltage Test or Low Voltage Test. As the secondary winding is short circuited, at
rated voltage, the transformer draws a very large current due to its very small winding
resistance. Such high current can cause overheating and also burning of the transformer. Thus,
to limit the high current, the primary winding must be energized with a low voltage, which is just
enough to produce the rated current in the primary of the transformer. The SC test is conducted
on HV side due to the two main reasons. The first one is, the SC test conducted by applying
rated current and the rated current of the HV side is much less than that of the LV side.
Therefore, the rated current is easily achieved at HV side (due to the low current value) as
compared to the LV side. On the other hand, if we short the HV terminals by connecting
measuring instrument on LV side, voltage in the secondary is zero. Therefore, the current flow
through HV side is very high (as VA rating is constant) compared to the LV side and hence it will
cause to burn the transformer. During this test, by varying the variac slowly, we apply a low
voltage to the primary typically 5 to 10 percent of the rated voltage to cause a rated current to
flow in both primary and secondary windings that we can observe on ammeter reading (in some
cases, the secondary is shorted through an ammeter). At this rated current, we have to record
the voltmeter (Vsc), ammeter (Isc) and wattmeter (Wsc) readings. In this test, the current flow is
rated value and hence no load current is very small and is 3 to 5% of the rated current. In other
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words, the voltage applied to the primary winding is very low, thereby the flux level in the core
is very small. In turn there is negligible core loss. Therefore, the no load shunt branch is
considered as absent in equivalent circuit of this test as core loss is negligible. As the iron or core
losses are function of voltage, these losses are very small. Therefore, the wattmeter reading
shows the power loss or I2 R loss equal to the full load copper losses of the whole transformer.

[4]

39
Open Circuit : I/P Voltage = 220 V
High Voltage : I/P Current = 3.16 A
𝑣02 2202
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = = = 96.8 𝛺 I/P Power = 500 Watt
𝑝0 500

𝑣02 2202
𝑥𝑚 = = = 0.45 Ω
√(𝑉−𝐼0 )2 −𝑃𝑜2 √(220−3.16)2 ×5002

Low voltage
𝑣2 110
𝑘= = = 0.5
𝑣1 220
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = (𝑅𝑒𝑞 )𝐻.𝑣 × 𝑘 2

𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 96.8 ×. 52 = 24.2 𝛺

𝑘𝑚 = (𝑥𝑚 )𝐻.𝑣 × 𝑘 2 = 224.4 × .52 = 0.1125 𝛺

Short circuit
High voltage :
𝑝𝑠 400
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = = = 4𝛺
𝐼𝑠2 1002

𝑣𝑠 65 I⁄ Voltage=65v
𝑧𝑒𝑞 = = = 6.5𝛺 P
𝐼𝑠 10
I⁄ Current = 10A
2 − 𝑅 2 = √(6.5)2 − (4)2 =5.12𝛺
P
𝑥𝑒𝑞 = √𝑧𝑒𝑞 𝑒𝑞
I⁄ Power = 400w
Low voltage : P

𝑅𝑒𝑞 = (𝑅𝑒𝑞 )𝐻.𝑣 × 𝑘 2 = 4×.52 = 1 Ω

𝑥𝑚 =(𝑥𝑒𝑞 )𝐻.𝑣 × 𝑘 2 = 5.12 ×. 52 = 1.28 𝛺

40
Q3. The efficiency of 200KVA, single phase transformer is 98% when operating at full load 0.8
lagging p.f the iron loss in transformer is 2000w. Compute full load copper loss, half load
copper losses and efficiency at half load.

Full load :
Power rating = 200kVA = 200 × 103 Watt
Power factor = cosθ = 0.8
Iron losses = 2000 Watt (pi)
η = 98%
(VA rating)cosθ2
η=
VA rating cosθ2 + pi + copper losses
98 (200 × 103 ) × 0.8
=
100 ((200 × 103 ) × (0.8)) + 2000 + copper losses
98 160000
=
100 162000 + copper losses
100 × 160000
copper losses + 162000 =
98
copper losses + 162000 = 163265.31
copper losses = 1265.31

Half load :
N=0.5
half load copper losses = N 2 × full load copper losses
half load copper losses = 0.52 × 1265.31
half load copper losses = 316.3275 watt
VA ratting half load = n × VA ratting full load
VA ratting half load = 0.5 × 200 × 103 = 100 × 103 watt

41
 (VA ratting) × cosθ2
η=
((VA ratting) × cosθ2 ) + iron losses + copper losses
100 × 103 × 0.8
η= = 97.2%
(100 × 103 × 0.8) + 2000 + 316.327

42
Q4. • A 1000KVA, 2300/230 V, 50Hz transformer are given below: R1 = 0.286Ω, R2=0.319Ω,
X1=0.73Ω, and X2=0.73 Ω Find the equivalent resistance and leakage reactance as referred to
high voltage winding.

Sol. :
V2 230
K= = = 0.1
V1 2300
R 2 0.319
R′ 2 = = = 31.9
K2 12
R eq = R1 + R′ 2 = 0.286 + 31.9 = 31.886 Ω
XL2 0.73
XL2 ′ = = = 73
K2 0.12
Xeq = XL1 + X ′ L2 = 0.73 + 73 = 73.73 Ω

43
Q5. • Asses the various connection methods for three phase transformers and make a
suggestion for a an actual operational requirement

Three phase transformers connections:

• Star-Star (Y-Y)
• Delta-Delta (Δ-Δ)
• Star-Delta (Y-Δ)
• Delta-Star (Δ-Y)

The more advantageous option among the many connection types is :

The most common three-phase transformer connection is delta-star. As opposed to being

completely placed on one winding as with a four-wire delta secondary, the single-phase load can
now be spread throughout the three phases to neutral thanks to the star-connected secondary.
[5]

44
Conclusion :
In conclusion, we discovered that there are two types of DC machines. The motor is one, while
the generator is the other. We also learnt about the characteristics of DC motors and viewed
some of their uses.
Secondly, we studied about the many types, designs, and connections of single and three phase
transformers.

45
References :

[1] : https://www.electrical4u.com/compound-wound-dc-motor-or-dc-compound-
motor/
[2] : https://www.elprocus.com/dc-series-motor-components-circuit-diagram-
applications/
[3] : https://www.tutorialspoint.com/difference-between-single-phase-and-three-
phase-transformer
[4] : https://circuitglobe.com/open-circuit-and-short-circuit-test-on-transformer.html
[5] : https://www.tutorialspoint.com/difference-between-single-phase-and-three-
phase-transformer

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