Chapter 1

1.1 Introduction

Why a Weather Station?

Imagine you are residing at a place that is far away from the meteorological department. In
such a case, the weather predictions you get may not be the most precise. This is where home
weather stations become more advantageous. This small weather station can provide accurate
data regarding the weather parameters of where you live.

Today, data on localized weather, known as microclimates, is the new frontier for more precise
and accurate weather forecasting. As a result, the collection of weather data is becoming
increasingly smaller and gridded.

PURPOSE OF USING

• Weather is a one of the kind thing which cannot be predicted …

• Human cannot change the weather but can forecast it…

• By forecasting a weather we may plan our work according to it..

• And because of this we may protect our selves from natural disasters like
Tsunamis,Cyclones,Hurricanes e.t.c

• In order to predict all these we need a weather station that is what you are going to see.
1.2 objective

"Weather" is short for meteorology, which means the measurement of the state of the atmosphere.
And it's pretty broad: indoor air quality, outdoor atmosphere, outdoor pollution weather
forecasting, pollution… all these variables fall within the scope of meteorology. The weather
station is a device that can measure these elements with sensors and provide you with all the data
on a screen. A weather station is also called a weather station, weather park, or weather shelter.
It is a measuring device, consisting of different sensors and fulfilling different functions.

While there are massive, highly sophisticated ones used by national meteorological services,
some are dedicated to the general public. A weather station can act as a thermometer, clock,
sound level meter, hygrometer, anemometer, barometer, etc. in the home barometer, it can also
provide information on air quality, moon phase, or indoor pollution levels. Everything you
need to get your own weather forecast!

The use of weather stations in private homes has become more widespread in recent years. It
has become a fashionable object (especially the connected weather station, the flagship of IoT,
and connected objects). Gardeners, farmers, sailors, navigators, hikers, mountain bikers,
carpenters, labourers… anyone who needs accurate weather information can benefit greatly
from a weather station. Or even for a person who just wants to know if the weather will be bad
or if they do not want o miss out on the sunshine!

But that's not all: many weather stations also provide data related to the atmosphere inside the
house, such as air quality, indoor air pollution humidity, and temperature.

So, why use a weather station at home? It's simple, to better predict the weather and to analyse
the quality of the atmosphere at home. This makes it possible to control the interior
environment of the house, but also to better anticipate the exterior environment and climatic
hazards.
Now let's get into the details of the functions of a weather station.
Wind, pressure, temperature, humidity levels, weather forecasts, atmospheric quality… what
does a weather station measure?

The variables that a weather station measures depend on the individual station. More
importantly, they can be divided into two broad categories: variables in the external
environment (such as weather) and those in the internal environment (such as air quality).
Let's start with the external variables:

• The outside temperature

• Atmospheric pressure
• Wind speed and direction
• Rain gauge
• Hygrometer (humidity level)
• Precipitation forecasts
• The height and type of clouds
• The dew point
• Visibility
Now let's move on to the variables inside the house:

• Time
• Indoor temperature
• The indoor humidity level
• Air quality
• The level of pollution (especially NO2, CO2, fine particles)
• The noise level

Combining these data gives you the power to act on them by regulating them. Using a
weather station to make these measurements is the first step, but the real question is what
youwilldowithit.
As mentioned, there is not just one type of weather station. There are many of them!

What are the different types of weather stations and how do I choose?

Wired or wireless, connected or not, with or without a display, with one function or another…
there is no single model of weather station.

Note that we are talking about home (or business but commercially available) weather stations
here and not professional models.
So first of all, to choose your ideal weather station, you need to define the use you will have of
it. Why do you need a weather station? To improve your air quality at home? For sailing? For
gardeners? To farm? For reliable weather information? All of the above?

The more you depend on the weather, the more important it is that you can predict it accurately.
The more sensitive the people in your home are to air pollution, the more important it is to
maintain good indoor air quality. So which weather station is right for you?
There are 2 main types of weather stations: the classic weather station with sensors and the
connected weather station or smart weather station.

The classic weather station (with sensors)

This is the entry-level weather station model. Efficient but limited, it uses sensors to provide
the collected data on a screen. The display remains in real-time despite a very affordable price.

The connected weather station

The connected weather station is the most advanced and is a truly connected object. It also uses
sensors to collect real-time data from the screen, but in addition, it transmits this information
to your smartphone or tablet. Using wifi, the connected weather station also provides data
directly from your national meteorological services.
It is a more complete, more precise, and more practical device… but more expensive. However,
for effective data measurement both inside and outside the home, and to get an accurate weather
forecast this is still the best solution.
You now know everything about the weather station: what it is, its functions and its different
variations. All you have to do is assess your needs, compare the offers and choose the product
that meets all your requirements!

1.3 Literature Survey

The key gathering of the information is done through the internet from the different websites
like wikipidea, Quora, The instructables e.t.c gained knowledge on the equipement used in
the weather station prepared the notes on the different parameters of the devices used like
input and output voltages, operating current, power rating e.t.c
Weather Monitoring Station (WMS) is one of the most crucial instruments installed in
Solar PV Power plants. A weather monitoring station can be immensely helpful in
monitoring the efficiency and performance of any solar power plant. The data from the
WMS can be used to get many insights about the plant operation and possible avenues to
increase the plant output. As we are aware, even a small decline in the plant efficiency can
significantly affect the energy output and hence the ROI. This article tries to enlist all the
possible benefits from a WMS to the plant owners. t is very important to understand that a
WMS cannot help you change the weather parameters, but it helps you to analyze and
predict them so as to get maximum output from your solar plant. Photovoltaic (PV) system
performance depends on both the quality of the system and the weather. As the weather
varies, the output of the PV system changes. The key factor affecting the PV system
performance is the solar radiation data. But along with solar radiation data, the weather
parameters like ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction,
atmospheric pressure, and rain are the other important factors affecting the performance. The
air temperature, relative humidity, and module temperature have a significant influence on
the efficiency of solar modules. The performance of solar modules is temperature-dependent.
Module temperature gives an indication of a change in the efficiency of the modules. If the
module surface temperature rises beyond the specified limit of the manufacturer, the
efficiency of the panels will be reduced. This will give the poor generation and will affect the
plant performance. Data about amount and frequency of precipitation (rainfall) can help to
explain low energy yields at high solar radiation. If we can accurately measure the total
useable incident radiation under any environmental conditions then, we will be able to
calculate if the PV system is generating electricity as per the expectations. The data of all
these sensors can be used to schedule the maintenance of the plant. Typically, a weather
monitoring station monitors parameters such as solar radiation, other weather conditions such
as wind velocity, wind direction, humidity, module temperature etc. Weather stations also
calculate performance ratio (PR) of the solar power plant using all the captured data.
The performance ratio (PR) for a solar power plant is defined in IEC 61724 [1] and is a
metric commonly used to measure solar photovoltaic (PV) plant performance for acceptance
and operations testing. The PR measures how effectively the plant converts sunlight collected
by the PV panels into AC energy delivered to the load to what would be expected from the
panel rating. This data can be accessed over the cloud as well.
How Does A WMS Help Improve The Plant Performance?
Data from the WMS helps in planning out the maintenance activities. For optimum operations,
it is necessary that the solar panels are cleaned periodically. The decline in efficiency, observed
in the WMS data can prompt the user to carry out these maintenance activities. Weather data
and weather prediction can help in scheduling the maintenance and repairs. Doing maintenance
and repairs at the wrong time could prove to be a costly affair.
Wind velocity is important from the plant safety perspective. The heavy wind loads at a site
may cause damage to the PV modules. With accurate wind speed and direction data, a user
can take the necessary steps to prevent damages and loss. Various types of sensors, like cup
type mechanical sensors and ultrasonic type sensors, are available and depending upon the
requirements, one can choose the correct sensor.
Trending Topics

1.5 Basic Idea of solar Weather station

Remote sensors used in wireless weather stations are powered by one of two sources of energy;
batteries or solar power systems. Remote sensor and batteries will eventually be depleted and
must be replaced on a regular basis. Unfortunately data can be lost during those times. Many
wireless weather stations have to be completely reset when replacing sensor batteries, which
typically means you will have to remove the batteries from the indoor console as well (always
power up the weather sensors first before turning on the indoor console). A solar powered
weather station has the advantage of being able to provide energy for long periods of time. The
downside is that over time, solar power systems collector panels degrade and will eventually
have to be replaced. Overall, solar power systems are the most dependable source of power for
remote sensors.

Typically, solar powered weather stations are made up of several components. The solar
panels power the sensors during the hours of daylight and at the same time recharge an
attached battery pack, which is then used for sensor power after the sun goes down. In some
professional weather stations, such as the Davis Vantage Pro2, the solar panels charge up a
capacitor that then discharges during nighttime providing power to the sensors. This system
also relies on a lithium battery pack for backup power should the capacitive discharge
component be depleted. Rechargeable lithium batteries are also highly recommended for use
as as opposed to rechargeable alkaline batteries. Lithium batteries last longer and are much
less susceptible to failure in cold temperatures. After following the weather station set
up guidelines elsewhere on this site, there may be times during the day (early in the morning
and late in the afternoon) when nearby buildings and landscaping throw the area your solar
powered weather station sensors are placed into shadow. You may also live in a location that
is prone to a significant number of cloudy days or long periods of darkness such as Alaska.
Should any of these scenarios be the case, before you purchase your solar powered weather
station it would be prudent to investigate the effectiveness of the solar energy system in being
able to power the sensors during those conditions. This would definitely be an issue to
discuss with a technical support representative.

Flexibility, Automation, Integration for the Solar Industry

Three turnkey meteorological (met) monitoring systems provide options suitable for solar
energy projects of any scale. Our standard systems can be customized to suit most
requirements.

• – Professional-grade sensors
• – Various solar radiation sensor classes
• – Multiple panel temps option

Multiple interfaces and monitoring options (Modbus RTU, Modbus TCP, BacNet, Browser
Interface and more) automate data collection and integrate with SCADA or other plant
monitoring systems.

Easy Installation and Operation Saves Money for PV Plants

CWS weather stations are preferred for ease of installation. The systems come complete, tested
and pre-configured to facilitate easy installation by your local site electrician or electrical
contractor. They do not require programming or special training to install, operate and
maintain.

No long-term contract required. You own the equipment and the data. We are readily available
for free technical assistance in the unlikely event it is required.

Parameters for Weather Monitoring at Solar Farms

Environmental monitoring is critical to optimizing the efficiency of solar power generation.

• – Solar radiation (irradiance): The most important measurement, key to monitoring

availability of sunlight.
• – Temperature (ambient/panel): Critical relative to performance as increasing
temperatures correlate to decreased efficiency.
• – Wind speed/direction: Less critical, however, wind is a cooling factor which affects
efficiency.
 • – Precipitation: May interfere, especially in solid form.

Experienced in Weather Monitoring

We’ve been in the weather monitoring business for 40 years and working specifically with
the solar energy industry since 2009. We’ve provided weather stations to hundreds of solar
energy projects from small to utility-scale.
1.5.1 Devices

ESP 8266

The ESP8266 WiFi Module is a SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give any
microcontroller access to your WiFi network. The ESP8266 is capable of either hosting an
application or offloading all WiFi networking functions from another application processor.
Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an AT command set firmware, meaning,
you can simply hook this up to your Arduino device and get about as much WiFi-ability as a
WiFi Shield offers (and that's just out of the box)! The ESP8266 module is an extremely cost
effective board with a huge, and ever growing, community.

This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and storage capability that allows it
to be integrated with the sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs with
minimal development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its high degree of on-chip
integration allows for minimal external circuitry, including the front-end module, is designed
to occupy minimal PCB area. The ESP8266 supports APSD for VoIP applications and
Bluetooth co-existance interfaces, it contains a self-calibrated RF allowing it to work under all
operating conditions, and requires no external RF parts.

There is an almost limitless fountain of information available for the ESP8266, all of which
has been provided by amazing community support. In the Documents section below you will
find many resources to aid you in using the ESP8266, even instructions on how to transform
this module into an IoT (Internet of Things) solution

DHT 11

DHT11 is a low-cost digital sensor for sensing temperature and humidity. This sensor can be
easily interfaced with any micro-controller such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi etc… to measure
humidity and temperature instantaneously.

DHT11 humidity and temperature sensor is available as a sensor and as a module. The
difference between this sensor and module is the pull-up resistor and a power-on LED. DHT11
is a relative humidity sensor. To measure the surrounding air this sensor uses a thermistor and
a capacitive humidity sensor. DHT11 sensor consists of a capacitive humidity sensing element
and a thermistor for sensing temperature. The humidity sensing capacitor has two electrodes
with a moisture holding substrate as a dielectric between them. Change in the capacitance value
occurs with the change in humidity levels. The IC measure, process this changed resistance
values and change them into digital form.
For measuring temperature this sensor uses a Negative Temperature coefficient thermistor,
which causes a decrease in its resistance value with increase in temperature. To get larger
resistance value even for the smallest change in temperature, this sensor is usually made up of
semiconductor ceramics or polymers.

The temperature range of DHT11 is from 0 to 50 degree Celsius with a 2-degree accuracy.
Humidity range of this sensor is from 20 to 80% with 5% accuracy. The sampling rate of this
sensor is 1Hz .i.e. it gives one reading for every second. DHT11 is small in size with
operating voltage from 3 to 5 volts. The maximum current used while measuring is 2.5mA.

GY 8511

The ML8511 breakout is an ultraviolet light sensor which is easy to use. The MP8511 UV
(ultraviolet) Sensor works by outputing an analog signal in relation to the amount of UV light
that’s tested. This breakout can be very handy in creating devices that warn the user of
sunburn or test the UV index as it relates to weather conditions.

The effective light wavelength can be measured by this sensor is 280-390nm. This is
categorized as part of the UVB (burning rays) spectrum and most of the UVA (tanning rays)
spectrum. It outputs an analog voltage that is linearly related to the measured UV intensity
(mW / cm2). If your microcontroller can do an analog to digital signal conversion then you
can test the level of UV! This sensor detects 280-390nm light most effectively. This is
categorized as part of the UVB (burning rays) spectrum and most of the UVA
(tanning rays) spectrum.

Rain drop sensor

Raindrop Sensor is a tool used for sensing rain. It consists of two modules, a rain board that
detects the rain and a control module, which compares the analog value, and converts it to a
digital value. The raindrop sensors can be used in the automobile sector to control the
windshield wipers automatically, in the agriculture sector to sense rain and it is also used in
home automation systems. The control module of the raindrop sensor has 4 outputs. VCC is
connected to a 5V supply. The GND pin of the module is connected to the ground. The D0 pin
is connected to the digital pin of the microcontroller for digital output or the analog pin can be
used. To use the analog output, the A0 pin can be connected to the ADC pin of a
microcontroller. In the case of Arduino, it has 6 ADC pins, so we can use any of the 6 pins
directly without using an ADC converter. The sensor module consists of a potentiometer,
LN393 comparator, LEDs, capacitors and resistors. The pinout image above shows the
components of the control module. The rainboard module consists of copper tracks, which act
as a variable resistor. Its resistance varies with respect to the wetness on the rainboard. The
below fig shows the rain board module.

Solar panel

When the sun shines onto a solar panel, energy from the sunlight is absorbed by the PV cells
in the panel. This energy creates electrical charges that move in response to an internal
electrical field in the cell, causing electricity to flow. Solar Photovoltaic Technology BasicsThe
amount of sunlight that strikes the earth's surface in an hour and a half is enough to handle the
entire world's energy consumption for a full year. Solar technologies convert sunlight into
electrical energy either through photovoltaic (PV) panels or through mirrors that concentrate
solar radiation. This energy can be used to generate electricity or be stored in batteries or
thermal storage.

Below, you can find resources and information on the basics of solar
radiation, and technologies, electrical grid , and the non-hardware aspects of solar
energy. You can also learn more about how to and the . In addition, you can dive deeper into
solar energy and learn about how the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energy Technologies
Office is driving innovative in these areas. Solar radiation is light – also known as
electromagnetic radiation – that is emitted by the sun. While every location on Earth receives
some sunlight over a year, the amount of solar radiation that reaches any one spot on the Earth’s
surface varies. Solar technologies capture this radiation and turn it into useful forms of energy.

18650 Battery
The 18650 battery has a voltage of 3.6v and has between 2600mAh and 3500mAh (mili-amp-
hours). (Osborne, 2019) These batteries are used in flashlights, laptops, electronics and even
some electric cars because of their reliability, long run-times, and ability to be recharged
hundreds of times over. The lithium-ion battery was first invented in the 1970’s by an Exxon
researcher named Michael Stanley Whittingham. His pioneering work to create the first version
of the lithium ion battery then set in motion decades more research to finetune the battery to be
as efficient and safe as possible. Then in 1991, a team of researchers and scientists named John
Goodenough, Rachid Yazami, and Akira Yoshino worked together to develop and bring to
market the lithium ion cell. The very first lithium ion battery cells were mass produced and
sold by Sony. (Neverman et al., 2020) Since then, tweaks and enhancements have been made
to extend the output and lifespan of the battery. Each of these changes resulted in a more
efficient battery and in turn, a higher demand for their use and applications in the market.
Today, lithium-ion batteries dominate the battery industry and have become ubiquitous in many
household products we use everyday. There’s a very good chance you own many products
powered by 18650 batteries, whether you realize it or not. As of 2011, lithium-ion batteries
account for 66% of all portable rechargeable battery sales. There are two types of 18650
batteries: protected and unprotected. As a rule of thumb, we always recommend using protected
18650 batteries. 18650 protected batteries have an electric circuit embedded within its
packaging. This circuit protects the battery from “over charges” and “over discharges.” Both
are situations you want to avoid. When a battery over charges, it can overheat, burst or catch
fire.

It doesn’t take much imagination to understand how this malfunction can cause some serious
problems for both the user and the manufacturer of the batteries. In fact, In 2016, Samsung
released its newest smartphone, the Galaxy Note 7. It didn’t take long for reports to begin
coming that the phones were exploding while charging. There had been a flaw in the design of
the phone’s lithium ion battery that caused it to short circuit and catch fire.

Two separate recalls were put in place by the The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission,
covering 1.9 million phones in the United States. Globally, to date, 96 percent of the 3 million
phones that were sold have been returned. The debacle cost Samsung a pretty penny and a
damaged reputation because of the number of fires and injuries the phones caused. It should be
noted that the batteries within these phones were not specifically 18650, they were a larger,
different type of 3500mAh lithium ion battery.
But for how widely used these batteries are, it seems like it is one of those easily overlooked
technologies that we take for granted. From the moment we wake up to the moment we go to
bed, there’s a very good chance we used some kind of 18650 battery. We don’t really realize
how much they really do for us throughout our daily lives. Perhaps it’s because lithium-ion
batteries are rarely seen on their own, instead they’re always encased inside the object they are
charging. Not a lot of people take the time to consider how their electric toothbrush works, let
alone how the batteries powering the toothbrush work.

There is actually a lot going on inside the battery’s tiny, colorful packaging. While the battery
is being charged, the positive electrode lithium-cobalt oxide gives up some of it’s lithium ions
which travel through the electrolyte to the negatively charged graphite electrode on the opposite
side of the battery. The ions remain there until the battery is in use, during which the lithium
ions travel back to the positive electrode, producing energy and powering the battery as it does
so. In both the charging and discharging instances, electrons are flowing in the opposite
direction of the ions around the outer circuit of the battery. (Osborne, 2019) The flow of ions
through the electrolyte and electrons through the outer circuit are an interconnected process.
One does not and can not happen without the other. Thus, should the battery completely
discharge and the ions stop moving through the electrolyte, the electrons can’t make their way
through the outer circuit and power is lost.

In the same way, should you turn off the object your battery is powering, the electrons will stop
flowing through the circuit and so too will the ions. In essence, the battery stops discharging at
a high rate. It should be noted that the battery will still continue to discharge at a very slow
rate, regardless of whether the appliance is connected. Hence why you should always check
the power level of your batteries every month or two in appliances that get more infrequent
use.

What makes lithium-ions different from more simplistic batteries is their electronic controllers.
These can be found only in the aforementioned “protected” batteries. Electronic controllers are
built-in systems that regulate how the battery charges and discharges. It’s meant to prevent any
overcharging or overheating that can, in some cases like the Galaxy Note 7 incident, cause
lithium-ion batteries to explode. Using an unprotected lithium-ion battery can be tricky
business to the uninitiated battery user. They are designed much more simply, meaning there
is less of a chance for something to malfunction and are a bit smaller than protected batteries
so they can fit into tighter spaces. However, the lack of protection opens the door to higher
risks of overheating and explosion. Using unprotected batteries will, in general, yield the same
performance but require more vigilance when it comes to charging and discharging.

Solar panel

Definition: Solar panels are those devices which are used to absorb the sun's rays and convert
them into electricity or heat.

Description: A solar panel is actually a collection of solar (or photovoltaic) cells, which can
be used to generate electricity through photovoltaic effect. These cells are arranged in a grid-
like pattern on the surface of solar panels.

Thus, it may also be described as a set of photovoltaic modules, mounted on a structure

supporting it. A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged and connected assembly of 6×10
solar cells.

When it comes to wear-and-tear, these panels are very hardy. Solar panels wear out extremely
slow. In a year, their effectiveness decreases only about one to two per cent (at times, even
lesser).

Most solar panels are made up using crystalline silicon solar cells.

Installation of solar panels in homes helps in combating the harmful emissions of greenhouse
gases and thus helps reduce global warming. Solar panels do not lead to any form of pollution
and are clean. They also decrease our reliance on fossil fuels (which are limited) and
traditional power sources. These days, solar panels are used in wide-ranging electronic
equipments like calculators, which work as long as sunlight is available. However, the only
major drawback of solar panels is that they are quite costly. Also, solar panels are installed
outdoors as they need sunlight to get charged.

PCB
All of the components you added in the schematic should be there, stacked on top of each other,
ready to be placed and routed. Drag the components by grabbing on its pads. Then place it
inside the rectangular borderline.

Arrange all the components in such a way that the board occupies minimum space. The smaller
the board size, the cheaper will be the PCB manufacturing cost. It will be useful if this board
has some mounting holes on it so that it can be mounted in an enclosure.

Now you have to route. Routing is the most fun part of this entire process. It’s like solving a
puzzle! Using the tracking tool we need to connect all the components. You can use both the
top and the bottom layer for avoiding overlap between two different tracks and making the
tracks shorter.

You can use the Silk layer to add text to the board. Also, we are able to insert an image file, so
I add an image of my website logo to be printed on the board. In the end, using the copper area
tool, we need to create the ground area of the PCB. Now the PCB is ready for manufacturing.

Resistors – (2 x 1K, 1 x 10K, 3 x 4.7K, 1 x 27K, 1 x 100K)

A Resistor is a passive element that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In

electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, divide
to voltage, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-
power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part
of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors
have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable
resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer),
or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical network and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous
in electrical equipement. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various
compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.

The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors
are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude . The nominal value of
the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.
Electrolytic Capacitor - 1 x 100uF

Capacitor technology serves a variety of functions in circuitry projects, from basic to

complex applications. Two main parameters define a capacitor's type―form factor and
dielectric material. Let's explore the difference between and capacitors, one of which is
form-factor driven while the other is dielectric-distinguished.
Electrolytic capacitors use an oxide layer formed on the capacitor's anode as their
dielectric. In concept, this method is similar to how rust forms on an iron plate. The
thin dielectric layer allows for high capacitance values in a relatively small package.
However, the capacitor must be polarized to perform correctly, which is why
electrolytic capacitor polarity is often distinctively marked on the body. Electrolytic
capacitors are well known for their high capacitance values and can be identified by
their cylindrical shape. Other dielectric materials include mica, paper, film, and
ceramic, all of which present varying characteristics and advantages in different
applications. Given their higher capacitance values and voltage compatibilities,
electrolytic capacitors are generally considered through-hole capacitors. However,
even if you have limited board space that seemingly requires a small SMD c apacitor,
you may be able to find an electrolytic capacitor that can do the job.

1.5.2 Ease of Programming

To use the ESP32 board with the Arduino library, you'll have to use the Arduino IDE with
ESP32 board support. If you haven't already done that yet, you can easily install ESP32 Board
support to your Arduino IDE by following this tutorial by Sparkfun.

Install Libraries:

Before uploading the code install the following libraries :

1. ESP 8266

2. Blynk

3. DHT11

4. Adafruit_GY11145 _Library

5. BH1750

6. One Wire
7. Dallas Temperature

How to Install the Libraries?

You can read this tutorial by Sparkfun to install the Arduino libraries.

In my earlier version, there are two separate codes for Blynk and Thinspeak but in this version,
we have written a single piece of code. The user has to only comment out a single line of code
for Blynk or Thingspeak. For example, if you are using it for Blynk App, the code should be
as below:

Steps to Install the New Software:

1. Download the code from the above GitHub link. Ensure you download from the MASTER
branch. James is actively working on DEVELOP.

2. First, you have to unzip the downloaded code and then save it somewhere on your PC or
Laptop. Remove the word master from the folder name, the final name shall be " weather "

3. Rename sec.h to secrets.h (this file contains WiFi details, API keys for internet data
destinations, and configuration options ).

1.5.3 APPLICATIONS

These devices have an array of uses that have made them quite popular. Professionally,
weather stations are utilized to garner data and provide weather information of a certain area.
However, home weather stations take a more practical approach and provide information that
you would need.

For instance, a home weather station can give you information on the temperature so that
you can dress accordingly. If you’re planning a BBQ party on the weekend, you can use the
device to know whether the weather will be conducive that day. There are numerous
applications of these gadgets and all can help you be better prepared for any kind of weather
condition.

A weather station can act as a thermometer, clock, sound level meter, hygrometer,
anemometer, barometer, etc. in the home barometer, it can also provide information on air
quality, moon phase, or indoor pollution levels. Everything you need to get your own weather
forecast!

1.6 Advantages

As of today’s date, home weather station has become a trend and a worthy purchase for
intelligent homes. You might be a weather enthusiast, a hobbyist, or keen on knowing the
timely weather updates to schedule your work, etc., it matters not as home weather stations are
on a roll.

The market is filled with various models and designs. Read on to know the benefits and
drawbacks of the weather station, which will help you understand what kind of weather station
to buy.

Accuracy & Dependability

The home weather stations are very accurate and reliable. While watching on the television,
the meteorologist will tell you about the weather conditions of the whole area, like a city, state,
or region. But in the case of a home weather station, you will get the specific area information
in which you reside. The weather report of your weather station will focus entirely on the
conditions around your home.

Great Investment

Home weather stations are highly durable and highly reliable. This makes it worth the money
as it lasts for a long and never misses to give you the right weather report. The report generated
by the weather station can be digital or analog.

Contributing To A Weather Network

Today, there are more than 250,000 weather stations all around the world. Amongst these
weather stations, one of the famous weather networks is. Many weather enthusiasts share their
weather information sitting in different corners of the world. You can contribute too. You get
to experience a global community platform that will enhance the forecasting future.

Access Data Anywhere In Real-time

The most significant advantage of owning a weather station can access its data from anywhere
in real-time. The sensors will collect the data for you and transmit it through the central unit.
This can further be viewed on your smartphone, tablet, computer, etc. This gives you real-time
access to the weather conditions whenever you want and wherever you want.

Real-time Alerts

Another significant feature and a great advantage of having a home weather monitoring system
are getting real-time alerts. This helps you in planning your day better. All kinds of extremities
like heat waves, strong winds, or any other emergency will be readily alerted. You can then
easily avoid any mishaps that might happen due to extreme weather.

Wireless Interaction

Wireless interaction of a weather station is one of the undermined advantages. Other home
automation gadgets can be integrated with the weather station, making it extra functional.
1.7 Disadvantages

Compact Instrument

Today, people have not felt, seen, or experienced anything in a weather station that can be
termed a disadvantage or a drawback. The only thing is since the home weather stations are
small and compact, they may not be able to fetch complete weather details like a full-
blown, professional weather station. Yet again, this is not an issue to bother about. You will
get more than the required information and reading through a personal weather station.

The invention of home weather stations goes down in history, with multiple advanced models
available today. Each model has the essential benefits mentioned above and, along with that,
various additions to technology. The list of benefits is very exhaustive. You can visit our
website for a thorough knowledge about the weather station.
 Chapter 2

Hardware Components

2.1 Solar weather station components

Components Used:

1. ESP8266

2. UV Index Sensor - GY1145

3. Resistors

4. Electrolytic Capacitor

5. Ceramic Capacitors

6. RJ11 Connector

7. Male / Female Headers

8. Jumper Cap

9. Screw Terminal-2P - 5.08mm pitch

10. Screw Terminal -3P -3.5mm pitch

11. Solar Panel - 5V / 1.2Watt ( 110 x 69 mm

12. 18650 Battery

13. 18650 Battery Holder

14. 22 AWG Wires

15. Jumper Wires M-F

16. Slide Switch

17. PCB
2.2 Circuit Diagram and Description
2.3 Esp8266

The ESP8266 WiFi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that
can give any microcontroller access to your WiFi network. The ESP8266 is capable of either
hosting an application or offloading all WiFi networking functions from another application
processor. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an AT command set firmware,
meaning, you can simply hook this up to your Arduino device and get about as much WiFi-
ability as a WiFi Shield offers (and that's just out of the box)! The ESP8266 module is an
extremely cost effective board with a huge, and ever growing, community.

This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and storage capability that allows it
to be integrated with the sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs with
minimal development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its high degree of on-chip
integration allows for minimal external circuitry, including the front-end module, is designed
to occupy minimal PCB area. The ESP8266 supports APSD for VoIP applications and
Bluetooth co-existance interfaces, it contains a self-calibrated RF allowing it to work under all
operating conditions, and requires no external RF parts.
There is an almost limitless fountain of information available for the ESP8266, all of which
has been provided by amazing community support. In the Documents section below you will
find many resources to aid you in using the ESP8266, even instructions on how to transform
this module into an IoT (Internet of Things) solution!

2.3.1Features

• 802.11 b/g/n
• Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP
• Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
• Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
• Integrated PLLs, regulators, DCXO and power management units
• +19.5dBm output power in 802.11b mode
• Power down leakage current of <10uA
• 4MB Flash Memory
• Integrated low power 32-bit CPU could be used as application processor
• SDIO 1.1 / 2.0, SPI, UART
• STBC, 1×1 MIMO, 2×1 MIMO
• A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4ms guard interval
• Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms
• Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)

2.32 Pin out Module of ESP 8266

ESP 8266 module pinout

The pin out is as follows for the common ESP-01 module:

1. GND, Ground (0 V)
2. GPIO 2, General-purpose input/output No. 2
3. GPIO 0, General-purpose input/output No. 0
 4. RX, Receive data in, also GPIO3
5. VCC, Voltage (+3.3 V; can handle up to 3.6 V)
6. RST, Reset
7. CH_PD, Chip power-down

2.3.3 SDK
In October 2014, Espressif Systems released a software development kit (SDK) for
programming the chip directly, which removed the need for a separate microcontroller.[9] Since
then, there have been many official SDK releases from Espressif; Espressif maintains two
versions of the SDK — one that is based on FreeRTOS and the other based on callbacks.[10]
An alternative to Espressif's official SDK is the open-source ESP-Open-SDK[11] that is based
on the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) toolchain, maintained by Max Filippov.[12] Another
alternative is the "Unofficial Development Kit" by Mikhail Grigorev.[13][14]
Other SDKs, mostly open-source, include:

• Arduino — A C++-based firmware. With this core, the ESP8266 CPU and its Wi-
Fi components can be programmed like any other Arduino device. The ESP8266
Arduino Core is available through GitHub.
• ESP8266 BASIC — An open-source BASIC-like interpreter specifically tailored
for the Internet of Things (IoT). Self-hosting browser-based development
environment.
• ESP Easy — Developed by home automation enthusiasts.
• ESPHome — ESPHome is a system to control your ESP8266/ESP32 by simple yet
powerful configuration files and control them remotely through home automation
systems.
• Tasmota - open-source firmware, for home automation.
• ESP-Open-RTOS — Open-source FreeRTOS-based ESP8266 software
framework.
• ESP-Open-SDK — Free and open (as much as possible) integrated SDK for
ESP8266/ESP8285 chips.
• Espruino — An actively maintained JavaScript SDK and firmware, closely
emulating Node.js. Supports a few MCUs, including the ESP8266.
• ESPurna — Open-source ESP8285/ESP8266 firmware.
• Forthright — Port of Jones Forth to the ESP8266 microcontroller.
• MicroPython — A port of MicroPython (an implementation of Python for
embedded devices) to the ESP8266 platform.
 • Moddable SDK — includes JavaScript language and library support for the
ESP8266
• Mongoose OS — An open-source operating system for connected products.
Supports ESP8266 and ESP32. Develop in C or JavaScript.[15]
• NodeMCU — A Lua-based firmware.
• PlatformIO — A cross-platform IDE and unified debugger, which sits on top of
Arduino code and libraries.
• Punyforth — Forth-inspired programming language for the ESP8266.
• Sming — An actively developed asynchronous C/C++ framework with superb
performance and multiple network features.
• uLisp — A version of the Lisp programming language specifically designed to run
on processors with a limited amount of RAM.
• ZBasic for ESP8266 — A subset of Microsoft's widely-used Visual Basic 6, which
has been adapted as a control language for the ZX microcontroller family and the
ESP8266.
• Zerynth — IoT framework for programming ESP8266[16] and other
microcontrollers in Python.
• IOTBAH - is An operating system (OS) for Espressif ESP8266

ESP-WROOM-02

This is the series of ESP8266-based modules made by Espressif:

Acti
Form LE Anten Shield Dimensio
Name ve Pitch Notes
factor Ds na ed ns (mm)
pins

FCC ID
ESP- 2×9
1.5 m PCB 2AC7Z-
WROO 18 castellat No Yes 18 × 20
m trace ESPWROOM0
M-02[17] ed
2.
 FCC ID
2AC7Z-
ESPWROOM0
2D. Revision of
ESP-
2×9 ESP-
WROO 1.5 m PCB
18 castellat No Yes 18 × 20 WROOM-02
M- m trace
ed compatible
02D[18]
with both 150-
mil and 208-mil
flash memory
chips.

Differs from
ESP-
ESP- WROOM-02D
2×9
WROO 1.5 m U.FL in that includes
18 castellat No Yes 18 × 20
M- m socket an U.FL
ed
02U[18] compatible
antenna socket
connector.

FCC ID
ESP- 2×10
1.5 m PCB 2AC7Z-
WROO 20 castellat No Yes 16 × 23
m trace ESPWROOMS
M-S2[19] ed
2.

In the table above (and the two tables which follow), "Active pins" include the GPIO and ADC
pins with which external devices can be attached to the ESP8266 MCU. The "Pitch" is the
space between pins on the ESP8266 module, which is important to know if the device will be
used on a breadboard. The "Form factor" also describes the module packaging as "2 × 9 DIL",
meaning two rows of 9 pins arranged "Dual In Line", like the pins of DIP ICs. Many ESP-xx
modules include a small onboard LED which can be programmed to blink and thereby indicate
activity. There are several antenna options for ESP-xx boards including a trace antenna, an
onboard ceramic antenna, and an external connector that allows an external Wi-Fi antenna to
be attached. Since Wi-Fi communications generate a lot of RFI (Radio Frequency
Interference), governmental bodies like the FCC like shielded electronics to minimize
interference with other devices. Some of the ESP-xx modules come housed within a metal box
with an FCC seal of approval stamped on it. First and second world markets will likely demand
FCC approval and shielded Wi-Fi devices.

2.3.4 Advantages of Esp8266

Advantage of ESP8266 over other competitors like Arduino

The main advantage is the embedded wireless technology that is web friendly with no use
of shields or any peripherals, as is required for Arduinos. The price and size are the USP of
the module with the added advantage of good speed and processing power.

2.3.5Disadvantages of ESp8266

The ESP8266 is a 3.3V microcontroller, so its I/O operates at 3.3V as well. The pins are not
5V tolerant, applying more than 3.6V on any pin will kill the chip. The maximum current
that can be drawn from a single GPIO pin is 12mA.

2.4 DHT11
 This DFRobot DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature &
humidity sensor complex with a calibrated digital signal output. By using the
exclusive digital-signal-acquisition technique and temperature & humidity sensing
technology, it ensures high reliability and excellent long-term stability. This sensor
includes a resistive-type humidity measurement component and an NTC temperature
measurement component, and connects to a high- performance 8-bit microcontroller,
offering excellent quality, fast response, anti-interference ability and cost-
effectiveness.

2.4.1 Specifications
• Sensor: DHT11

• Working Voltage: 3.3V-5.5V

• Temperature

o Resolution : 1°C

o Accuracy : ±2℃

o Measuring range : 0°C ~ 50°C

• Humidity

o Resolution : 1%RH

o Accuracy : ±5%RH (0~50°C)

 o Measuring range : 20%RH ~ 90%RH (25°C)

• Operating voltage : 3.3V ~ 5.5 V

o Recommended storage condition

o Temperature : 10°C ~40°C

o Humidity : 60%RH or below

• Fixed Hole Size: 2.0mm

2.4.2Technical Specifications:
2.4.3Typical Application

Note: 3Pin – Null; MCU = Micro-computer Unite or single chip Computer When the
connecting cable is shorter than 20 metres, a 5K pull-up resistor is recommended; when the
connecting cable is longer than 20 metres, choose a appropriate pull-up resistor as needed.

2.4.5Power and Pin

DHT11’s power supply is 3-5.5V DC. When power is supplied to the sensor, do not send any
instruction to the sensor in within one second in order to pass the unstable status. One
capacitor valued 100nF can be added between VDD and GND for power filtering.

2.4.6Communication Process: Serial Interface

Single-bus data format is used for communication and synchronization between MCU and
DHT11 sensor. One communication process is about 4ms. Data consists of decimal and integral
parts. A complete data transmission is 40bit, and the sensor sends higher data bit first. Data
format: 8bit integral RH data + 8bit decimal RH data + 8bit integral T data + 8bit decimal T
data + 8bit check sum. If the data transmission is right, the check-sum should be the last 8bit
of "8bit integral RH data + 8bit decimal RH data + 8bit integral T data + 8bit decimal T data".
When MCU sends a start signal, DHT11 changes from the low-power-consumption mode to
the running-mode, waiting for MCU completing the start signal. Once it is completed, DHT11
sends a response signal of 40-bit data that include the relative humidity and temperature
information to MCU. Users can choose to collect (read) some data. Without the start signal
from MCU, DHT11 will not give the response signal to MCU. Once data is collected, DHT11
will change to the lowpower-consumption mode until it receives a start signal from MCU again.
 Chapter 3

Design and Implementation

3.1 Design of solar weather station

If there is one topic that consistently comes up in small talk, it is the weather. In many of
those conversations a huge topic is the unreliability of weather forecasts. In reality, there can
be a marked difference in weather even the short distance between me and the nearest
government weather station. The standard reporting time tends to be hourly, but weather
conditions often can change far more rapidly.
The previous day’s weather also consistently raises questions. How hot or cold did it get? Did
it rain at your house? That wind was crazy last night, wasn’t it? At times, weather systems can
be localized, and while my house may have had no rain, a friend’s house a few kilometers away
might have gotten a small flood.

I have always had an interest in the weather, maybe because I live in an area where the
temperature can range from -40°C to +40°C, where we get among the most hours of sunlight
in India, but we can get crazy summer thunderstorms rolling across the prairies and raging
blizzards in the winter. After paying attention to the weather, it is apparent that many official
sources are slow to update and not always accurate to my exact location.

At a technology conference five years ago, when the idea of Internet-connected devices aiding
everyday life was becoming more popular, I attended a workshop on the Internet of Things
(IoT). At the end of the workshop, there was a giveaway for the Intel Edison developer boards
that had been used in the workshop, and I was lucky enough to get one. I was amazed that, with
this small system, I could do so much.

When I arrived home, I started to look into what I could do with this new technology, and found
a SparkFun Dht11 breakout board that could measure temperature, pressure and humidity.
After hooking up the sensor, it did what it advertised, telling me the local temperature. This
spurred me to order more parts to build a complete weather station. The parts arrived and
promptly got sidelined in a box, due to competing time priorities and frustrations with my lack
of knowledge about microcontrollers (MCUs) and electronics, and how to get this project
outdoors and, ironically, to survive the weather it was measuring.

Three things recently happened to renew my interest in completing this project. First, for
Christmas I received some Adafruit components, allowing me to learn more about MCUs and
discovering Adafruit IO. Second.

3.1.1DESIGN OVERVIEW
While designing the weather station I had three main objectives. The first was to enable the
project to run remotely, with no wires connecting it to power or network. Second was to have
the project send the measured data to the Internet so that it could be visualized and consumed
by other projects. And third was to reuse mostly components that I already owned.

To achieve these objectives, I made three key decisions about the weather station. The project
would be built using an Adafruit Feather M0 Wi-Fi. The project would run off a battery,
recharged by solar power utilizing a SparkFun Sunny Buddy. The project would use Wi-Fi to
connect to the Internet using Adafruit IO cloud service as the receiving server.

The free Adafruit IO service offers pre-built Arduino libraries to store data to their services,
dashboards and charts to display the data, and has sufficient capacity to store the amount of
data required. A subscription service called Adafruit IO+ is also available, with increased data,
storage and feeds.

The sensors for the project include a SparkFun BME280 for temperature, pressure and
humidity readings, and the SparkFun Weather Meters to measure wind speed, direction and
rain amounts. The Adafruit Feather M0 has a built-in circuit to read the current battery voltage.

The weather station’s flow purposely was kept as simple as possible. The Feather M0 wakes
up every minute to read the attached sensors and transmit the data to Adafruit IO. Not all
measurements are sent every minute, since some need more data to be useful. After the
measurements are sent, the processor goes into a deep sleep mode to wait for the next minute.
To recover from any unexpected errors that may lock up the weather station, a watchdog timer
is enabled that is reset every 10 seconds.
The electronics in the weather station are relatively straightforward. There are two main
systems: the processing system, consisting of:

1) a Feather M0 hooked to the DHT11, weather gauges and a reset button; and 2) the power
system, comprising a Sunny Buddy solar charger hooked up to the solar cell, battery and power
switch. The power system load output is connected to the battery port on the Feather

3.1.2THE POWER SYSTEM

The Sunny Buddy solar charger requires setup before it is connected to any of the other
components. It requires soldering the connector to attach the solar panel, and configuring the
potentiometer for optimal solar charging. For full details see the SparkFun guide at [2] to set
yours up.

The power switch is connected to either one of the load terminals on the Sunny Buddy. Use a
wire long enough to allow the switch to be mounted on the side of the electronics enclosure.
The other side of the power switch and a wire from the other load terminal are connected to a
two-wire JST connector. This JST connector plugs into the Feather battery connector. The
battery plugs into the battery connector on the Sunny Buddy.

Note: Do not plug the Feather M0 into USB power while the load wires are also connected.
The Feather has a built-in Li-Po charger that attempts to charge the attached battery when it
has USB power. But in this setup, there is no battery. Instead, there are the load wires going to
the Sunny Buddy. If you need to hook up the M0 via USB for any reason, first disconnect the
power connector going to the Feather from the Sunny Buddy.

While the 3D-printed enclosures should prevent most water from getting on the electronics,
there is still a possibility water could get into the case. As an extra layer of water protection, I
applied the anti-corrosion spray CorrosionX (Corrosion Technologies) to the electronics. Be
careful when spraying the BME280 module to prevent a small hole in its center (visible in
Figure 3) from clogging. I covered the hole with a small piece of tape while I sprayed the rest
of the circuit board, then removed the tape after I wiped away the excess spray.
3.2 Software

Here the software used for performance of the solar weather station is Aurdino software IDE
which is in C++ language . which is taken from different sources this code also consists of
variables which ha sto be compiled to different sensors so necessary changes made in the code.

To use Wemos D1 with the Arduino library, you'll have to use the Arduino IDE with ESP8266
board support. If you haven't already done that yet, you can easily install ESP8266 Board
support to your Arduino IDE by following

Following settings are preferable :

PU

Frequency:
80MHz 160MHz

Flash Size: 4M (3M SPIFFS) – 3M File system size 4M (1M SPIFFS) – 1M File system size

Upload Speed: 921600 bps

Arduino Code for Blynk App

Sleep Mode

The ESP8266 is a pretty power hungry device. If you want your project to run off a battery for
more than a few hours, you have two options:

1. Get a huge battery

2. Cleverly put the Thing to sleep.

The best choice is the second option. Before using the deep sleep feature, Wemos D0 pin must
be connected to the Reset pin.
. CODE:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(10,11,4,5,6,7);

const char* ssid = "iotserver";

const char* password = "iotserver123";

char res[130];

#include<dht.h>

#define dht_dpin A5

dht DHT;

int temperature, humidity,Temp,fire1,uvIntensity;

int UV_OUT = A0; //Sensor Output

int REF_3V3 = A1; //3.3V power on the Arduino board

const int RAIN=2;

const int buzzer=13;

const int light=8;

const int fan=9;

int val;

int TEMP;

int gas;

int TEMP1;
float time=0;

int distance=0;

void serialFlush(){

while(Serial.available() > 0) {

char t = Serial.read();

int hbeat=0,tempe=0,hum=0,ecg=0,raj=0;

char check(char* ex,int timeout)

int i=0;

int j = 0,k=0;

while (1)

sl:

if(Serial.available() > 0)

res[i] = Serial.read();

if(res[i] == 0x0a || res[i]=='>' || i == 100)

{
 i++;

res[i] = 0;break;

i++;

j++;

if(j == 30000)

k++;

//Serial.println("kk");

j = 0;

if(k > timeout)

// Serial.println("timeout");

return 1;

}//while 1

if(!strncmp(ex,res,strlen(ex)))

//Serial.println("ok..");

return 0;

}
 else

i=0;

goto sl;

char buff[200];

void upload1();

void setup() {

int i=0;

char ret;

pinMode(RAIN,INPUT);

pinMode(light,INPUT);

pinMode(buzzer,OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);

Serial.begin(9600);

lcd.begin(16,2);

lcd.clear();lcd.setCursor(0, 0);lcd.print("WELCOME");

delay(3000);

serialFlush();
st:

Serial.println("ATE0");

ret = check((char*)"OK",50);

Serial.println("AT");

ret = check((char*)"OK",50);

if(ret != 0)

delay(100);

delay(100);

goto st;

delay(1000);

Serial.println("AT+CWMODE = 1");

ret = check((char*)"OK",50);

lcd.clear();lcd.setCursor(0, 0);lcd.print("CONNECTING");

cagain:

delay(1000);

serialFlush();

Serial.print("AT+CWJAP=\"");

Serial.print(ssid);

Serial.print("\",\"");
 Serial.print(password);

Serial.println("\"");

if(check((char*)"OK",300))

lcd.clear();lcd.setCursor(0, 0);lcd.print("CONNECTING");

goto cagain;

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();lcd.setCursor(0, 0);lcd.print("CONNECTED");

Serial.println("AT+CIPMUX=1");

delay(1000);delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

unsigned long int duration = 0;

int upload=0,count=0;

void loop() {

DHT.read11(dht_dpin);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);
 lcd.print("H=");

lcd.print(humidity=DHT.humidity);

lcd.print("%");

lcd.setCursor(8,0);

lcd.print("T=");

lcd.print(temperature=DHT.temperature);

lcd.print("C");

delay(100);

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

int uv_Level = analogRead_average(UV_OUT);

int ref_Level = analogRead_average(REF_3V3);

//Use the 3.3V power pin as a reference to get a very accurate output value from sensor

float output_Voltage = 3.3 / ref_Level * uv_Level;

float uvIntensity = mapfloat(output_Voltage, 0.99, 2.8, 0.0, 15.0); //Convert the voltage to a
UV intensity level -numbers from datasheet-

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("UV(uW/cm^2)=");

lcd.print(uvIntensity);

lcd.print(" ");

TEMP1=uvIntensity;
 delay(500);

upload = 1;

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

if(temperature >34)

digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);

delay(3000);

digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);

upload = 1;

if(digitalRead(RAIN) == 0)

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);lcd.print("RAIN DETECTED");

digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);

delay(3000);

digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);

ecg = 100;

upload = 1;

else

ecg = 0;
}

delay(500);

upload = 1;

count++;

if(upload == 1||count == 2)

count =0;

upload = 0;

upload1();

int analogRead_average(int pinToRead)

int NumberOfSamples = 8;

int runningValue = 0;

for(int x = 0; x < NumberOfSamples; x++)

 runningValue += analogRead(pinToRead);

runningValue /= NumberOfSamples;

return(runningValue);

float mapfloat(float x, float in_min, float in_max, float out_min, float out_max)

return (x - in_min) * (out_max - out_min) / (in_max - in_min) + out_min;

void upload1()

delay(100);

Serial.println("AT+CIPSTART=4,\"TCP\",\"184.106.153.149\",80");

delay(1000);

serialFlush();

Serial.println("AT+CIPSEND=4,100");

delay(500);
 serialFlush();

Serial.print("GET /update?api_key=NXDPOYOI4MLJ43YZ&");

sprintf(buff,"&field1=%04u",temperature);

Serial.print(buff);

sprintf(buff,"&field2=%04u",humidity);

Serial.print(buff);

sprintf(buff,"&field3=%04u",ecg);

Serial.print(buff);

sprintf(buff,"&field5=%04u",uvIntensity);

Serial.print(buff);

sprintf(buff,"&field4=%04u",TEMP1);

Serial.print(buff);

delay(500);

Serial.println("AT+CIPCLOSE");

}//>

}//Linked

}
3.2.1 Aurdino IDE

Arduino UNO is a low-cost, flexible, and easy-to-use programmable open-source

microcontroller board that can be integrated into a variety of electronic projects. This board
can be interfaced with other Arduino boards, Arduino shields, Raspberry Pi boards and can
control relays, LEDs, servos, and motors as an output

The Arduino programming language is used to program microcontroller boards such as the
Arduino Uno to interact with sensors, actuators, and other devices connected to the board. In
fact, the language is based on C++, and it is designed to be easy to use for beginners and non-
programmers
Port registers allow for lower-level and faster manipulation of the i/o pins of the
microcontroller on an Arduino board. The chips used on the Arduino board (the ATmega8
and ATmega168) have three ports: B (digital pin 8 to 13) C (analog input pins) D (digital pins
0 to 7)
3.2.2 steps to install Aurdino Uno software
1. Step 1 − First you must have your Arduino board (you can choose your favorite board)
and a USB cable. ...
2. Step 2 − Download Arduino IDE Software.
3. Step 3 − Power up your board.
4. Step 4 − Launch Arduino IDE.
5. Step 5 − Open your first project.
6. Step 6 − Select your Arduino board.
7. Step 7 − Select your serial port.
8. Step 8 − Upload the program to your board.
3.3 Thingspeak website
What is the use of ThingSpeak?

ThingSpeak allows you to aggregate, visualize, and analyze live data streams in the
cloud. ThingSpeak provides instant visualizations of data posted by your devices or
equipment. Execute MATLAB code in ThingSpeak, and perform online analysis and
processing of the data as it comes in.
ThingSpeak is available as a free service for non-commercial small projects (<3 million
messages/year or ~8,200 messages/day). For larger projects or commercial applications, four
different annual license types are offered: Standard, Academic, Student and Home.
ThingSpeak™ is an IoT analytics platform service that allows you to aggregate, visualize,
and analyze live data streams. Once you send data to ThingSpeak from your devices, you can
create instant visualizations of live data without having to write any code. With MATLAB®
analytics inside ThingSpeak, you can write and execute MATLAB code to perform more
advanced preprocessing, visualizations, and analyses. Get started with building your IoT
systems without setting up servers or developing web software. Visit Thing speak.com for
more information.

The Integration with The Things Network allows you to seamlessly forward data from The
Things Network to ThingSpeak for analysis and visualization. ThingSpeak is an open
source software written in ruby which allows users to communicate internet enabled
devices It facilitates data access, retrieval and logging of data by providing an API to both the
devices and Social Networks websites. ThingSpeak was originally launched by iot bridge in
2010 as a service in support of IoT applications.

ThingSpeak has integrated support from the numerical computing software MATLAB from
Math works allowing ThingSpeak users to analyze and visualize uploaded data using
MATLAB without requiring the purchase of a MATLAB license from MathWorks.

ThingSpeak includes a Web Service (REST API) that lets you collect and store sensor data in
the cloud and develop Internet of Things applications. It works with Arduino, Raspberry Pi
and MATLAB (premade libraries and APIs exists) But it should work with all kind of
Programming Languages, since it uses a REST API and HTTP.
3.3.1ThingSpeak Key Features
ThingSpeak allows you to aggregate, visualize and analyze live data streams in the cloud. Some
of the key capabilities of ThingSpeak include the ability to:

• Easily configure devices to send data to ThingSpeak using popular IoT protocols.
• Visualize your sensor data in real-time.
• Aggregate data on-demand from third-party sources.
• Use the power of MATLAB to make sense of your IoT data.
• Run your IoT analytics automatically based on schedules or events.
• Prototype and build IoT systems without setting up servers or developing web software.
• Automatically act on your data and communicate using third-party services like Twilio
or Twitter

3.3.2 Advantages of Thingspeak

ThingSpeak allows you to aggregate, visualize and analyze live data streams in the cloud. Some
of the key capabilities of ThingSpeak include the ability to: Easily configure devices to send
data to ThingSpeak using popular IoT protocols. Visualize your sensor data in real-time. What
are the advantages of ThingSpeak from other IoT platformThingSpeak allows you to
aggregate, visualize, and analyze live data streams in the cloud. ThingSpeak provides
instant visualizations of data posted by your devices or equipment. Execute MATLAB code in
ThingSpeak, and perform online analysis and processing of the data as it comes in.

3.3.3What are the applications of ThingSpeak software?

ThingSpeak enables engineers and scientists to prototype and build IoT systems without
setting up servers or developing web software.

• Get Started. ...

• Configure Accounts and Channels. ...
• Write Data to Channel. ...
• Read Data from Channel. ...
• Prepare and Analyze Data. ...
• Visualize Data. ...
• Act on Data. ...
• Specialized Analysis with MATLAB.
3.4 INSTALLING THE Thing speak

1. git clone [email protected]:mchwalisz/thingspeak.git.

2. curl -OL https://github.com/mchwalisz/thingspeak/tarball/master # optionally,
zipball is also available (for Windows users).
3. python setup.py install.

3.4.1 Creating an Account in Thing speak

1. Visit www. thing speak.com

2. Click "Sign Up".

3. Fill the following mandatory fields: User ID, E-mail, Time Zone, Password and
Password Confirmation.
4. Click "Create Account".
5. Click "Create New Channel".
6. Click the "Channel Settings" tab.

7. Fill Fields 1 to 6 with the following values: Left Wheel, Right Wheel, Vacuum,
Bumper, Cliff and Battery.
8. Click "Update Channel".
9. Click the "API Key" tab to get the API key required by the installer.
3.4 General Steps For connection

Step 1: open the thing speak website

Step 2: click on Channels and open my channel

Step 3: After opening My channel with your login credentials open your channel

Step 4: with the proper internet connection make the weather station to get connected to internet

Step 5: After it is connected make sure it is displayed on the Led screen

Step 6: Once it displayed just test the all sensors

Step 7: After testing of all sensors look into your Thing speak account to observe the different
parameters graphs

Step 8: Now we can observe the changes in the parameter graphs..

 CHAPTER -4

4.1 Working Procedure

Solar weather station are different from typical weather stations in that many of their
instruments require little human involvement. They are usually digital and send data online and
can be part of a bigger network of weather stations. Because of its accessibility, it is one of the
most common types of weather stations. Many meteorology and weather bureaus around the
world use an online weather station for quick and easy forecasts and measurements.

Working of an solar Weather Station

1.Temperature Sensor

Temperature sensors work by providing readings via electrical signals. Sensors are composed
of two metals that generate an electrical voltage or resistance when a temperature change occurs
by measuring the voltage across the diode terminals. When the voltage increases, the
temperature also increases.

2. Humidity sensor

Humidity sensors work by detecting changes that alter electrical currents or temperature in the
air. There are three basic types of humidity sensors: capacitive, resistive and thermal. All three
types will monitor minute changes in the atmosphere in order to calculate the humidity in the
air.

3.UV sensor

A photodiode-type UV sensor measures illuminance. When light strikes the photodiode, it

energizes the electrons, which causes an electric current. The electric current will be stronger
in response to brighter light. The electrical current can then be measured and transformed into
a digital or analog output
4.Rain drop sensor

It works on the principle of resistance. The raindrop sensor measures the moisture via analog
output pins and it provides a digital output when a threshold of moisture exceeds. The module
is based on the LM393 op amp. It consists of an electronics module and a printed circuit board
that “collects” the rain drops.

5.ESP 8266

The ESP8266 WiFi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack that
can give any microcontroller access to your WiFi network. The ESP8266 is capable of either
hosting an application or offloading all WiFi networking functions from another application

processor.

6.LCD display

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD
each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. The 16 x 2 intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix
display is capable of displaying 224 different characters and symbols. This LCD has two
registers, namely, Command and Data.

7.Solar panel

When sunlight strikes a solar cell, electrons in the silicon are ejected, which results in the
formation of “holes”—the vacancies left behind by the escaping electrons. If this happens in

the electric field, the field will move electrons to the n-type layer and holes to the p-type layer.

8.Battery
The movement of the lithium ions creates free electrons in the anode which creates a charge at
the positive current collector. The electrical current then flows from the current collector
through a device being powered (cell phone, computer, etc.) to the negative current collector.

4.2 Result

Weather stations record climatic conditions including air temperature, wind speed, wind
direction and barometric pressure. They record water temperatures at various depths and the
amount of above-water photosynthetically active radiation. A small number of stations also
include above and below-water cameras.
Being able to forecast and plan for the future when it comes to the local climate is a major
advantage when it comes to planning tourism facilities. The transport sector can also benefit,
as infrastructure can be set up to measure road surface conditions to improve traffic safety.
What are important facts about weather?

The strongest ever recorded wind was on Mt Washington, New Hampshire, USA at an
amazing 231mph. Stormy Weather facts: Nearly 2,000 thunderstorm cells are estimated over
the planet at any given time. The U.S. has over 100,000 thunderstorms every year, with over
16 million taking place across the world in a year.
 Chapter 5

Conclusion and Future Scope

This White Paper on the Future of Weather and Climate Forecasting is a collective endeavour
of more than 30 lead scientists and experts to analyse trends, challenges and opportunities in
a very dynamic environment. The main purpose of the paper is to set directions and
recommendations for scheduled progress, avoiding potential disruptions and leveraging
opportunities through public-private engagement over the coming decade. This is done
through a description of three overarching components of the innovation cycle: infrastructure,
research and development, and operation. The paper presents the converging views of the
contributors but also accounts for some variations of those views in areas where different
options exist for advancing our capacity to predict weather and climate. Thus, it informs and
provides for intelligent choices based on local circumstances and resources.

The advancement of our ability to predict the weather and climate has been the core aspiration
of a global community of scientists and practitioners, in the almost 150 years of international
cooperation in meteorology and related Earth system sciences. The demand for weather and
climate forecast information in support of critical decision-making has grown rapidly during
the last decade and will grow even faster in the coming years. Great advances have been made
in the utilization of predictions in many areas of human activities. Nevertheless, further
improvements in accuracy and precision, higher spatial and temporal resolution, and a better
description of uncertainty are needed for realizing the full potential of forecasts as enablers of
a new level of weather and climate-informed decision-making.
 References

ESP8266

https://youtu.be/dGrJi-ebZgI

DHT11

https://youtu.be/OogldLc9uYc

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone

https://www.geeetech.com/wiki/index.php/DHT_11_Humidity_%26_
Temperature_Sensor

GY1145

https://youtu.be/xcTVln-L5Pw

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_exposure

Rain drop sensor

https://youtu.be/qtqtMLmRqZI

https://robocraze.com/blogs/post/what-is-a-raindrop-sensor

Other References
https://www.instructables.com/Solar-P...