Modeling and

Simulation of
Industrial
System

Dr. Ahmed Bahgat

Introduction
Content
• Concept of a System • Deterministic vs. Stochastic
• Characteristics Of System Activities
• Characteristics Of System • Continuous vs. Discrete system
• Elements of a System • Sampled data system
• Types of Systems • Definition: “Modeling and
Analysis”
• Examples of “Dynamic
Systems” • Types of models
• Components of a system • Model Synthesis
• State of the system • Why Use Models?
• System Environment • Case Studies
Concept of a System

• System
• The word system is derived from the Greek word “systema”, which means
a organized relationship among the following unit or component. “ A
system is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked
together according to a plan to achieve a specific objective”.
• The study of system has some basic implications:
1.A system must be designed to achieve a predetermined objective.
2.Interrelationship and interdependence must be exit among the
components.
3.The objectives of the organization as a whole have a higher priority than
the objectives of its subsystems.
Characteristics Of System

• Organization : Organization implies structure and order. It is

the arrangement of components that helps to achieve
objectives. Hierarchical relationship starting with the president
on top and leading down ward to the blue collar worker
represent the organization structure.
• Interaction : Interaction refers to the manner in which each
component interact with other components of the system. In an
organization, for example purchasing must interact
with production, advertising with sales and payroll with
personnel.
Characteristics Of System

• Interdependence : Independence means that parts of the organization or

computer system depend on one another. They are coordinated and linked
together according to a plan. One subsystem depends on the input of
another subsystem for proper functioning; that is, the output of one
subsystem is the required input for another subsystem.
• Integration : Integration refers to the holism of system. Synthesis follows
analysis to achieve the central objective of the organization. Integration is
concerned with how a system is tied together. It is more than sharing a
physical part or a location. It means that parts of the system work together
within the system even though each part performs a unique function.
• Central Objective : Objective may be real or stated. Objective is
determined by higher management and user must be aware about
the central objective well in advance.
Elements of a System

1.Outputs and inputs

The major objective of the system is to produce
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Types of Systems

• Static System where are no changes over time

• Dynamic systems that are not static, i.e., their state evolves w .r. t.
time, due to:
• Input signals
• external perturbations
• or naturally.
• For example, a dynamic system is a system which changes:
• its trajectory → changes in acceleration, orientation, velocity, position.
• Its temperature, pressure, volume, mass, etc.
• its current, voltage, frequency, etc.
Examples of “Dynamic Systems”
Components of a system
Three basic components are:-
• Entity
• Attributes
• Activities

Entity: - It is used to denote an object of interest in a system.

Attribute: - It denotes a property of an entity.
Activity:-Any process that causes changes in the system is called as an
activity.
Components of a system

Example:-
In the factory system the entities are the department, orders,
parts and products. Attributes are such factors as the quantities for
each order, type of part or number of machines in a department. The
activities are the manufacturing process of the departments.
State of the system

It is used to mean a description of all the entities, attributes and

activities as they exist at one point of time.
Progress :-The progress of the system is studied by the system
following a change in the state of the system.
System Environment

A system is often affected by changes occurring outside the

system. Such changes occurring outside the system are said to occur
in the system environment. An important step in modelling system is to
decide upon the boundary between the system and its environment.
System Environment
The term endogenous is used to describe activities occurring within
the system.
Example: sports, cultural functions in a university system.
The term exogenous is used to describe the activities in the
environment that affect the system.
Example: strikes in a university system.
Based on these activities a system may be classified as open or
closed system.
A system for which there is no exogenous activity is said to be a closed
system.
A system that has exogenous activities is called as an open system.
Deterministic vs. Stochastic Activities

Deterministic
An activity is said to be deterministic where the outcome
of an activity can be described completely in term of its input,
Example: AND, OR, NOT operations.
Stochastic
An activity is said to be stochastic where the effects of the
activity vary randomly over various possible outcomes.
Example: Throwing a dice or tossing a coin.
Continuous vs. Discrete system
Continuous system
Systems in which the changes are predominantly smooth are called continuous
system.
Example:
The movement of the aircraft occurs smoothly so aircraft system is a
continuous system.
Discrete system
Systems in which the changes are predominantly discontinuous are called discrete
system.
Example:
Changes in the factory occur discontinuously so factory system is a discrete
system.
Sampled data system

There are also systems that are intrinsically continuous but information
about them is only available at discrete points of time. These are called
sampled data system.
Example:
Examination system
Definition: “Modeling and Analysis”

The field of science which formulates a mathematical representation Of

a system:
• for analysis / understanding ( unstable, stable, observable, controllable, etc.)
• simulation
• control purposes.

Usually, we have to deal with nonlinear time-varying system.

Definition: “Modeling and Analysis”
Types of models
Model Synthesis
Why Use Models?

• System analysis and synthesis

• Feed forward control systems
• Feed back control systems
Why Use Models?
Why Use Models?
Why Use Models?
Why Use Models?
Why Use Models?
Why Use Models?
Case Studies
Case Studies
Case Studies
System Simulation
System Simulation

It is defined as the technique of solving problems

by the observations of performance over time of a
dynamic model of system.
This definition includes the use of dynamic
physical models where the results are derived
from physical measurements rather than
numerical computations.
Another one !!!

System simulation is a set of techniques that uses

computers to imitate the operations of various real-world
tasks or processes through simulation. Computers are used
to generate numeric models for the purpose of describing or
displaying complex interaction among multiple variables within a
system.
System Simulation
It is considered to be a numerical technique used in conjunction with
dynamic models.
Models are of two types:
• Deterministic
• Stochastic
Static physical models:
They are used in ship buildings, deciphering of DNA molecules, Wind Tunnels and
Water Tanks in the course of designing air craft or ship. They are also used for
solving equations with particular boundary condition. Example: Scale models.
Dynamic Physical models:
They rely upon an analogy between the system being studied and some other
system
of a different nature.
Dynamic Physical models
Extension and contraction and shock
absorber that absorbs the damping force
proportional to the velocity of the mass. The
motion of the system can be represented by
the following differential equation.
Dynamic Physical models
• The figure represents an electrical circuit with a
resistance “R” and inductance “L” and capacitance
“C” connected in series with a voltage source that
varies in time according to the function E (t). Let “q”
be the charge on the capacitance. This system can be
represented by the following equation
Systems analogy
Static Mathematical Models:

A static model gives the relationship between the system

attributes when the system is in equilibrium. Example: In marketing
a commodity there is a balance between the supply and demand for
the commodity. Both factor depend upon price. The demand for a
commodity will be low when the price is high and it will increase as the
price drops.
Example
Dynamic Mathematical Model

It allows the changes of system attributes to be derived as a function of

time. This derivation may be made with analytical solution or with a
numerical computation depending upon the complexity of the model.
Principles used in Simulation

The guiding principle of Simulation are:

a. Block Building
b. Relevance
c. Accuracy
d. Aggregation
Block Building

The description of the system should be organized in a series of

block. Each block describes a part of the system that depends upon the
few input variables and results in few output variables. The system as a
whole can be described in terms of interconnection between the
blocks and can be represented graphically as a simple block diagram.
Example: The description of a factory is an example of a block
diagram where each department has been treated as a
separate block where the inputs and outputs being the work
passed from department to department.``
Relevance, Accuracy and Aggregation

Relevance
The model should only include those aspects of the system that are relevant to the
study of the objective. A relevant information should be excluded because it
increases the complexity of the model and causes more work in solving the model.
Accuracy
The accuracy of the information gathered for the model should be considered.
Aggregation
It is the extent to which the number of individual entities can be grouped together
into larger entities. In some studies it may be necessary to construct artificial
entities through the process of aggregation.
Example: An economic or social studies usually treats a population as a
number of social classes and conduct the study as each social class as a distinct
entity.
Application Areas of Simulation:

Simulation is an experimental technique. It is a fast and experimental

method of doing an experiment under computer. There is no specific
unifying theory of computer simulation and no principle guiding the
formulation of simulation model. Simulation may be applied for
system, there is difficult to predict like whether or public jam
where the system itself is complex or the theory is not sufficiently
regular. Simulation provides an alternative that is cheap and fast and
fills the gap between exact analysis and physical intuition.