Chapter 1

ANGLES
Learning Competencies:
• Define trigonometry;
• Define an angle;
• Identify the sense of an angle;
• Identify the kind of an angle according to size;
• Convert angle in degree measure to radian measure, and vice-versa; and
• Convert angle from degree to degree, minute, second

Trigonometry – came from the three Greek words, tri which means three, gono which means side,
and metron which means measure. In other words, trigonometry is basically the mathematics of
triangle measurement. It deals with the measurement of triangles and the interrelationship of the
sides of a triangle.
Angle – is a geometric figure formed by two rays having a common endpoint. It is considered as the
figure formed when two lines meet. Similarly, it is the figure formed by rotation of a ray about its
vertex. A positive angle rotates counterclockwise, otherwise, it is negative.

Vertex of an Angle – is the common endpoint and its sides are the rays forming the angle.
Size of an Angle – is given by the amount of rotation of the ray, expressed in degree or in radian
measure.
Degree Measure – is indicated by a tiny circle (°) placed at the upper right corner of the
number representing measure of the angle. The size of the angle produced by one complete
rotation is equal to 360°.

Radian Measure – one radian is an angle, which is placed with its vertex at the center of the
circle, subtends an arc equal to the radius of the circle. Thus, the radian measure of a central
angle of a circle, ϑ, (read theta, an angle formed by two radii, so its vertex is the center of the
circle and the radii are its sides) is the ratio of the intercepted arc, s, to the radius, r, as noted
in the figure below.
s = r𝜃 rad
𝜃 rad = s/r where: 𝜃 rad – central angle

Note: When no unit is specified, it is assumed that the angle measure is in radian.

360° = 1 revolution 360° = 2𝜋 rad

1° = 60 minutes = 60′ 1 rad =
180°
𝜋
1′ = 60 seconds = 60′′
180° = 𝜋 rad (or simply, 𝜋)
1° = 3600 seconds = 3600′′

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Examples:
A. Convert the following to radians. Express answer in terms of 𝜋.
1. 80°
𝜋 4𝜋
80° × 180° rad = 9

2. 120°
𝜋 2𝜋
120° × 180° rad = 3
3. -375
𝜋 25𝜋
-375° × 180° rad = − 12

4. 110°40′20′′
𝜋 1° 𝜋 1° 𝜋
110°( ) + 40′ ( )( ) + 20′′ ( )( ) = 0.6148 𝜋
180° 60′ 180° 3600" 180°

B. Convert the following to degrees.

4𝜋
1. rad
5
4𝜋 180°
× = 144°
5 𝜋

5𝜋
2. rad
3
5𝜋 180°
× = 300°
3 𝜋

7𝜋
3. rad
2
7𝜋 180°
× = 630°
2 𝜋

2𝜋
4. rad
5
2𝜋 180° 72
× =
5 𝜋 𝜋

C. Convert angles in radians to degrees, minutes, and seconds (° ′ ′′). Use 𝜋 = 3.1416
1. 2.69 rad = 154°7′31′′
180° 180°
2.69 × = 2.69 × 3.1416 = 154.1252°
𝜋

Convert the decimal points into minutes

60′
0.1252° = 0.1252 × = 7.512′
1°

Convert the remaining decimal points into seconds

60′
0.512′ = 0.512 × = 31′′
1°

2. 50.25 rad = 2879°6′22′′

180° 180°
50.25 × 𝜋
= 50.25 × 3.1416 = 2879.1062188°

Convert the decimal points into minutes

60′
0.1062188° = 0. 1062188 × = 6.373128′
1°

Convert the remaining decimal points into seconds

60′
0.373128′ = 0. 373128 × = 22′′
1°

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D. Word Problem.
1. Compute the arc length of a circle of radius 12 cm and whose central angle equals 60°.
Given: r = 12 cm
𝜋 𝜋
𝜃 = 60° = 60 × (180°) = 3
Formula: s = r𝜃 rad
Solution:
𝜋
s = 12( 3 ) = 4𝜋

2. Find the central angle, in radian, of the circle of radius 20.56 inches that subtends an arc of
length 42 inches.
Given: r = 20.56 in
s = 42 in
Formula: s = r𝜃 rad
Solution:
42 𝑖𝑛
s = 12(20.56) = 2.0428 rad

Problem Set No. 1

Direction. Answer the following problems. Show your complete solution.
A. Convert the following angles to radian measure. Express final answer in terms of 𝜋.
1. 390°
2. 240°
3. -1890°
4. 120°45’
5. -135°20’18’’
6. -240°18’30’’

B. Express the following angles to radian measure. Round-off answer up to four decimal places.
1. 485°
2. 28°45’5’’
3. -330°16’40’’
4. -135°12’25’’

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C. Change the following angles to degrees, minutes, and seconds (° ′ ").
𝜋
1. 3 4
𝜋
2. 7 6
𝜋
3. 11 2
4. −16𝜋
5. −7.238
6. −12.47

D. Identify the following angles according to size and draw the angle (use protractor).
1. 96º
2. 290º
3. 85º
4. 179º
5. 180º

E. Solve the following problems.

1. Find the angle in degrees, minutes, seconds subtended by arc 22 cm long of a circle of
radius 8 cm.
2. Through how many radians does the minute hand of the clock move in:
2.1.a half day?
2.2.18 hours?
2.3.33 hours?

References:
Catolos, E., Feniquito, I, Amado, M., Avecilla, L., Alba, M., & Valderama, J. (2013). Plane and
Spherical Trigonometry. Mutya Publishing House, Inc., Potrero, Malabon City.
https://www.mathsisfun.com/angles.html
https://byjus.com/maths/types-of-angles/