Abstract

The aims of this experiment were To investigate the magnetic effects of a bar magnet and To
investigate the laws of electromagnetic induction, focusing on Faradays Law and induced
electromotive force (e.m.f). The magnetic field lines were recorded from usong a bar magnet,
paper and iron filling for part A wheras in part B the circuit rom the manual was set up to get
results. The gradient was calculated to be 0.0035. The area of the coil's cross-section, A, directly
proportionally affects the induced e.m.f. The magnetic field's strength, B, within which the coil is
revolving determines how much induced e.m.f. is produced. The EMF in the secondary coil will
also increase with an increase in the number of turns there, and vice versa.

Introduction
Certain materials, including iron, cobalt, alloys, etc., show ferromagnetism, a distinctive magnetic
behavior. (“Ferromagnetism - Definition, Examples, Uses | Turito”) These materials either develop
attractive properties or permanent magnetism as a result. Moreover, it is explained as a process in
which some of the electrically uncharged materials exhibit substantial mutual attraction.
Ferromagnetism is a feature that considers a material's microstructure and crystalline structure and
chemical composition. (“Ferromagnetism - Definition, Examples, Uses | Turito”) Ferromagnetic
materials include those made of iron, nickel, and cobalt. Data is stored on a spinning disk in
computer hard drives using magnetism. Televisions, radios, microwave ovens, phone networks,
and computers are examples of more complicated applications. An electromagnetic crane used to
lift metal objects is an industrial application of magnetic force. A coil of wire surrounding a core
of magnetic material (such as soft iron), through which an electric current is sent to magnetize the
core. Since an electromagnet only generates a magnetic field when current flows through its coil,
it is known as a transient magnet. In the event that the current is cut off, the magnetic field
disappears. Electromagnet polarity is influenced by the flow of electricity through the coil.
A current is created by voltage production (also known as electromotive force) due to a shifting
magnetic field. According to Faraday's first law of electromagnetic induction, an electromotive
force is always induced whenever a conductor is exposed to a changing magnetic field. (“Faraday's
Law of Electromagnetic Induction - Careers360”) The term "induced current" refers to the current
that results from a closed conductor circuit. Two significant devices based on the use of
electromagnetic induction are electric generators and electric motors. It is also used to read and
write data from hard drives.
For part A the aim was to investigate the magnetic effects of a bar magnet, this would be achieved
by using iron fillings, a bar magnet and paper. For part B the aim was to investigate the laws of
electromagnetic induction, focusing on Faradays Law and induced electromotive force (e.m.f), this
would be achieved by setting up a circuit with wires, transformer, a variable resistor, ammeter, and
a solenoid connected in series.

Theory
𝑁
𝐵 = 𝜇0   𝐼
𝐿
Where B- magnetic field strength
𝜇0 − permeability constant

N- Number of turns on the main solenoid (300 turns)

L- length of the coil (0.3m)
I- current recorded at the start of the experiment (0.1A)
 Δ𝜙𝐵
𝜀 = −𝑁 
Δ𝑇
Where 𝜀 − Induced E.m.f
𝑁 − Number of turns on the secondary coil

Δ𝜙𝐵 − rate of change of magnetic flux linkage

Δ𝑇 − Change in time

Precautions: 1. It was ensure no expose wires were used when conducting the experiment to
prevent burns.
2. It was ensured everyting was connected before switching on the CRO to avoid
innaccurate results.
Results
Calculations
Calculating The Magnetic Flux
𝑁
𝐵 = 𝜇0   𝐼
𝐿
300
𝐵 = 4𝜋  × 10−7 𝑁𝐴−2   0.1𝐴
0.3𝑚
=𝐵 = 1.257 × 10−4

Rearranging equation 4 into 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

Δ𝜙𝐵
𝜀 = −𝑁 
Δ𝑡
Δ𝜙𝐵
𝜀=−  𝑁
Δ𝑡
𝑦=𝜀
Δ𝜙𝐵
𝑚= 
Δ𝑡
𝑥=𝑁
 0.10−0.02
Gradient (m)= 29−6

= 0.0035
Δ𝜙𝐵
∴  = 0.0035
Δ𝑡
Discussion
The specific objective for part A was, To investigate the magnetic effects of a bar magnet. The
expected direction of magnetic field lines around the North and Soth pole would point away from
the noth pole towards the south pole.
They create sealed loops. They never cross over one another. When the magnetic field is strong,
the magnetic field lines are tightly packed close to the pole and widely spaced apart when the field
is weak. Inside a magnet, they go from the south pole to the north pole, and outside, from the north
pole to the south pole. The distances between the magnetic field lines indicate how strong the
magnetic field is in that area. Stronger magnetic field strength is associated with closer magnetic
field lines, and vice versa. When moving away from a magnet, magnetic field lines are farther
apart than they are near the magnet's poles.
The specific objective for part B was to investigate the laws of electromagnetic induction, focusing
on Faradays Law and induced electromotive force (e.m.f). Two factors are Number of coil turns:
The induced emf is exactly proportional to the number of coil turns. and Coil area: The induced
emf and the coil area are inversely related.
The purpose of the rheostat was to alter the circuit's resistance in order to alter the current. The
amount of current flowing through the conductor is exactly proportional to the strength of the
magnetic field. There is no deflection in the galvanometer when the coil and magnet are both
motionless. So, it is evident from this activity that when a magnet moves in relation to a coil, an
induced potential difference results, which creates an induced electric current in the circuit. The
gradient obtained from graph 2 was 0.0035. This value indicated that as the number of turns in a
closed coil rises, so does the intensity of induced emf. The strength increases with the number of
coils. This is because as the number of coils increases, the magnetic field becomes more uniform,
increasing the strength of the induced emf and its magnitude.
Compared to DC generators in the same range, high voltage AC generators are much simpler and
less expensive. Sources of erros in this experiment would be systematic errors involviing the CRO
and human error when placing the coils in the right plae and connecting the wires may have
affected the results. One difficulty in his experiment would be handling the CRO as it is very
sensitive when it comes to turning the kno. One improvement would be using an electric CRO
instead to generate faster and accurate results.

Conclusion
The aims of the this experiment To investigate the magnetic effects of a bar magnet and To
investigate the laws of electromagnetic induction, focusing on Faradays Law and induced
electromotive force (e.m.f) were met. The area of the coil's cross-section, A, directly proportionally
affects the induced e.m.f. The magnetic field's strength, B, within which the coil is revolving
determines how much induced e.m.f. is produced. The EMF in the secondary coil will also increase
with an increase in the number of turns there, and vice versa.
Reference
“Ferromagnetism - Definition, Examples, Uses | Turito” n.d.,
https://www.turito.com/blog/physics/ferromagnetism.
“Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction - Careers360” n.d.,
https://school.careers360.com/physics/faradays-law-topic-pge.