Problems

1. Use the following business rules to create a Crow’s Foot ERD. Write all appropriate
connectivities and cardinalities in the ERD.
• A department employs many employees, but each employee is employed by only
one department.
• Some employees, known as “rovers,” are not assigned to any department.
• A division operates many departments, but each department is operated by only
one division.
• An employee may be assigned many projects, and a project may have many
employees assigned to it.
• A project must have at least one employee assigned to it.
• One of the employees manages each department, and each department is
managed by only one employee.
• One of the employees runs each division, and each division is run by only one
employee.

2. Create a complete ERD in Crow’s Foot notation that can be implemented in the relational model
using the following description of operations. Hot Water (HW) is a small start-up company that
sells spas. HW does not carry any stock. A few spas are set up in a simple warehouse so customers
can see some of the models available, but any products sold must be ordered at the time of the sale.
• HW can get spas from several different manufacturers.
• Each manufacturer produces one or more different brands of spas.
• Each and every brand is produced by only one manufacturer.
• Every brand has one or more models.
• Every model is produced as part of a brand. For example, Iguana Bay Spas is a
 manufacturer that produces Big Blue Iguana spas, a premium-level brand, and Lazy Lizard
spas, an entry-level brand. The Big Blue Iguana brand offers several models, including the
BBI-6, an 81-jet spa with two 6-hp motors, and the BBI10, a 102-jet spa with three 6-hp
motors.
• Every manufacturer is identified by a manufacturer code. The company name, address,
area code, phone number, and account number are kept in the system for every
manufacturer.
• For each brand, the brand name and brand level (premium, mid-level, or entrylevel) are
kept in the system.
• For each model, the model number, number of jets, number of motors, number of
horsepower per motor, suggested retail price, HW retail price, dry weight, water capacity,
and seating capacity must be kept in the system.

3. The Jonesburgh County Basketball Conference (JCBC) is an amateur basketball association.

Each city in the county has one team as its representative. Each team has a maximum of 12 players
and a minimum of 9 players. Each team also has up to 3 coaches (offensive, defensive, and physical
training coaches). During the season,each team plays 2 games (home and visitor) against each of the
other teams. Given those conditions, do the following:
• Identify the connectivity of each relationship.
• Identify the type of dependency that exists between CITY and TEAM.
• Identify the cardinality between teams and players and between teams and city.
• Identify the dependency between COACH and TEAM and between TEAM and
PLAYER.
• Draw the Chen and Crow’s Foot ERDs to represent the JCBC database.
• Draw the UML class diagram to depict the JCBC database
4. Create an ERD based on the Crow’s Foot notation using the following requirements:
• An INVOICE is written by a SALESREP. Each sales representative can write many
invoices, but each invoice is written by a single sales representative.
• The INVOICE is written for a single CUSTOMER. However, each customer can have
many invoices.
• An INVOICE can include many detail lines (LINE), each of which describes one product
bought by the customer.
• The product information is stored in a PRODUCT entity.
• The product’s vendor information is found in a VENDOR entity.
5. The Hudson Engineering Group (HEG) has contacted you to create a conceptual model whose
application will meet the expected database requirements for the company’s training program. The
HEG administrator gives you the following description of the training group’s operating
environment. (Hint: Some of the following sentences identify the volume of data rather than
cardinalities. Can you tell which ones?)
The HEG has 12 instructors and can handle up to 30 trainees per class. HEG offers 5 Advanced
Technology courses, each of which may generate several classes. If a class has fewer than 10
rainees, it will be canceled. Therefore, it is possible for a course not to generate any classes. Each
class is taught by one instructor. Each instructor may teach up to 2 classes or may be assigned to do
research only. Each trainee may take up to 2 classes per year.
Given that information, do the following:
a. Define all of the entities and relationships. (Use Table 4.4 as your guide.)
b. Describe the relationship between instructor and class in terms of connectivity,
cardinality, and existence dependence.
a.

b.
6. Automata, Inc., produces specialty vehicles by contract. The company operates several
departments, each of which builds a particular vehicle, such as a limousine, truck, van, or RV.
• Before a new vehicle is built, the department places an order with the purchasing
department to request specific components. Automata’s purchasing department is
interested in creating a database to keep track of orders and to accelerate the process of
delivering materials.
• The order received by the purchasing department may contain several different items. An
inventory is maintained so the most frequently requested items are delivered almost
immediately. When an order comes in, it is checked to determine whether the requested
item is in inventory. If an item is not in inventory, it must be ordered from a supplier. Each
item may have several suppliers.
Given that functional description of the processes at Automata’s purchasing department, do
the following:
a. Identify all of the main entities.
b. Identify all of the relations and connectivities among entities.
c. Identify the type of existence dependence in all the relationships.
d. Give at least two examples of the types of reports that can be obtained from the database.
7. United Helpers is a nonprofit organization that provides aid to people after natural disasters.
Based on the following brief description of operations, create the appropriate fully labeled Crow’s
Foot ERD.
• Volunteers carry out the tasks of the organization. The name, address, and telephone
number are tracked for each volunteer. Each volunteer may be assigned
to several tasks, and some tasks require many volunteers. A volunteer might be
in the system without having been assigned a task yet. It is possible to have tasks
that no one has been assigned. When a volunteer is assigned to a task, the system
should track the start time and end time of that assignment.
• Each task has a task code, task description, task type, and task status. For example, there
may be a task with task code “101,” a description of “answer the telephone,” a type of
“recurring,” and a status of “ongoing.” Another task might have a code of “102,” a
description of “prepare 5,000 packages of basic medical supplies,” a type of “packing,” and
a status of “open.”
• For all tasks of type “packing,” there is a packing list that specifies the contents of
the packages. There are many packing lists to produce different packages, such as basic
medical packages, child-care packages, and food packages. Each packing list has an ID
number, a packing list name, and a packing list description, which describes the items that
should make up the package. Every packing task is associated with only one packing list. A
packing list may not be associated with any tasks, or it may be associated with many tasks.
Tasks that are not packing tasks are not associated with any packing list.
• Packing tasks result in the creation of packages. Each individual package of supplies
produced by the organization is tracked, and each package is assigned an ID number. The
date the package was created and its total weight are recorded. A given package is
associated with only one task. Some tasks (such as “answer the phones”) will not produce
any packages, while other tasks (such as “prepare 5,000 packages of basic medical
supplies”) will be associated with many packages.
• The packing list describes the ideal contents of each package, but it is not always possible
to include the ideal number of each item. Therefore, the actual items included in each
package should be tracked. A package can contain many different items, and a given item
can be used in many different packages.
• Each item that the organization provides has an item ID number, item description, item
value, and item quantity on hand stored in the system. Along with tracking the actual items
that are placed in each package, the quantity of each item placed in the package must be
tracked as well. For example, a packing list may state that basic medical packages should
include 100 bandages, 4 bottles of iodine, and 4 bottles of hydrogen peroxide. However,
because of the limited supply of items, a given package may include only 10 bandages, 1
bottle of iodine, and no hydrogen peroxide. The fact that the package includes bandages and
iodine needs to be recorded along with the quantity of each item included. It is possible for
the organization to have items that have not been included in any package yet, but every
package will contain at least one item.
8. Using the Crow’s Foot notation, create an ERD that can be implemented for a medical clinic
using the following business rules:
• A patient can make many appointments with one or more doctors in the clinic, and a
doctor can accept appointments with many patients. However, each appointment is made
with only one doctor and one patient.
• Emergency cases do not require an appointment. However, for appointment management
purposes, an emergency is entered in the appointment book as “Unscheduled.”
• If kept, an appointment yields a visit with the doctor specified in the appointment. The
visit yields a diagnosis and, when appropriate, treatment.
• With each visit, the patient’s records are updated to provide a medical history.
• Each patient visit creates a bill. Each patient visit is billed by one doctor, and each doctor
can bill many patients.
• Each bill must be paid. However, a bill may be paid in many installments, and a payment
may cover more than one bill.
• A patient may pay the bill directly, or the bill may be the basis for a claim submitted to an
insurance company.
• If the bill is paid by an insurance company, the deductible is submitted to the patient for
payment.
9. Create a Crow’s Foot notation ERD to support the following business operations:
• A friend of yours has opened Professional Electronics and Repairs (PEAR) to repair
smartphones, laptops, tablets, and MP3 players. She wants you to create a database to help
her run her business.
• When a customer brings a device to PEAR for repair, data must be recorded about the
customer, the device, and the repair. The customer’s name, address, and a contact phone
number must be recorded (if the customer has used the shop before, the information
already in the system for the customer is verified as being current). For the device to be
repaired, the type of device, model, and serial number are recorded (or verified if the device
is already in the system). Only customers who have brought devices into PEAR for repair
will be included in this system.
• Since a customer might sell an older device to someone else who then brings the device to
PEAR for repair, it is possible for a device to be brought in for repair by more than one
customer. However, each repair is associated with only one customer. When a customer
brings in a device to be fixed, it is referred to as a repair request, or just “repair,” for short.
Each repair request is given a reference number, which is recorded in the system along with
the date of the request, and a description of the problem(s) that the customer wants fixed. It
is possible for a device to be brought to the shop for repair many different times, and only
devices that are brought in for repair are recorded in the system. Each repair request is for
the repair of one and only one device. If a customer needs multiple devices fixed, then each
device will require its own repair request.
• There are a limited number of repair services that PEAR can perform. For each repair
service, there is a service ID number, description, and charge. “Charge” is how much the
customer is charged for the shop to perform the service, including any parts used. The
actual repair of a device is the performance of the services necessary to address the
problems described by the customer. Completing a repair request may require the
performance of many services. Each service can be performed many different times during
the repair of different devices, but each service will be performed only once during a given
repair request.
• All repairs eventually require the performance of at least one service, but which services
will be required may not be known at the time the repair request is made. It is possible for
services to be available at PEAR but that have never been required in performing any
repair.
• Some services involve only labor activities and no parts are required, but most services
require the replacement of one or more parts. The quantity of each part required in the
performance of each service should also be recorded. For each part, the part number, part
description, quantity in stock, and cost is recorded in the system. The cost indicated is the
amount that PEAR pays for the part. Some parts may be used in more than one service, but
each part is required for at least one service.
10. Luxury-Oriented Scenic Tours (LOST) provides guided tours to groups of visitors to the
Washington, D.C. area. In recent years, LOST has grown quickly and is having difficulty keeping
up with all of the various information needs of the company. The company’s operations are as
follows:
• LOST offers many different tours. For each tour, the tour name, approximate length (in
hours), and fee charged is needed. Guides are identified by an employee ID, but the system
should also record a guide’s name, home address, and date of hire. Guides take a test to be
qualified to lead specific tours. It is important to know which guides are qualified to lead
which tours and the date that they completed the qualification test for each tour. A guide
may be qualified to lead many different tours. A tour can have many different qualified
guides. New guides may or may not be qualified to lead any tours, just as a new tour may or
may not have any qualified guides.
• Every tour must be designed to visit at least three locations. For each location, a name,
type, and official description are kept. Some locations (such as the White House) are visited
by more than one tour, while others (such as Arlington Cemetery) are visited by a single
 tour. All locations are visited by at least one tour. The order in which the tour visits each
location should be tracked as well.
• When a tour is actually given, that is referred to as an “outing.” LOST schedules outings
well in advance so they can be advertised and so employees can understand their upcoming
work schedules. A tour can have many scheduled outings, although newly designed tours
may not have any outings scheduled. Each outing is for a single tour and is scheduled for a
particular date and time. All things must be associated with a tour. All tours at LOST are
guided tours, so a guide must be assigned to each outing. Each outing has one and only one
guide. Guides are occasionally asked to lead an outing of a tour even if they are not officially
qualified to lead that tour. Newly hired guides may not have ever been scheduled to lead any
outings. Tourists, called “clients” by LOST, pay to join a scheduled outing. For each client,
the name and telephone number are recorded. Clients may sign up to join many different
outings, and each outing can have many clients. Information is kept only on clients who
have signed up for at least one outing, although newly scheduled outings may not have any
clients signed up yet.
a. Create a Crow’s Foot notation ERD to support LOST operations.
b. The operations provided state that it is possible for a guide to lead an outing of a tour even if the
guide is not officially qualified to lead outings of that tour. Imagine that the business rules instead
specified that a guide is never, under any circumstance, allowed to lead an outing unless he or she is
qualified to lead outings of that tour. How could the data model in Part a. be modified to enforce
this new constraint?