Chapter 2 SET THEORY
Chapter 2 SET THEORY
Chapter 2
SET THEORY
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
1. Define sets and identify the types/kinds of sets.
2. Demonstrate the operations on sets and relate them to Venn Diagram.
3. Solve practical problems involving sets and its operations.
2.0 SET
It is a well-defined collection of distinct objects. It is denoted by capital letters of the
English alphabet.
Example 1: A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
B = {1, 2, 3, …}
C = {colors of the rainbow}
D = {l, o, v, e}
E = {x ∈ R │x ≥ 10 }
Read: "The set of all x's that are a member of the Real Numbers, such that x is greater
than or equal to 10”
or “All Real Numbers from 10 upwards"
Note: The elements of sets A, B and C are well-defined because we could easily identity the
elements of each set. Also, each set have distinct objects because each member of a set is
different from one another and therefore cannot be written more than once in each set.
The following are examples are not well-defined collection of objects because the criterion for
determining them varies from person to person.
A = {Five most popular artists in Asia}
B = {10 most beautiful girls in the Philippines}
C = {The best pediatrician in Manila}
Members/Element of a set are objects that composed a set. It is represented by the symbol ∈.
Example 2: From sets A, B and C in the previous examples,
8 ∈ A, read “8 is an element of set A”
100 ∈ B, read “100 is a member of set B”
0 ∉ B, read “0 is not an element of set B”
Amber ∉ C read “Amber is not an element of set C
2.1 WAYS OF WRITING A SET
1. The Tabular or roster form is a method of writing a set by enumerating its elements within a
pair of braces and each element is separated by a comma.
Example 3: A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
B = {1, 2, 3, …}
2. The Rule form is a method of writing a set by describing the elements of a set.
Example 4: A = {set of all even numbers less than 11}
or A = {set of all even numbers between 0 and 11)
B = {set of positive integers}
or B = {set of counting numbers}
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SET-BUILDER NOTATION is a method of writing the rule form into symbolic form. It uses the
following symbols:
The following are commonly used symbols to express some type of numbers:
1. Whole numbers are numbers 0, 1,2,3 …
2. N- the set of counting numbers/Natural numbers are whole numbers without the zero, such as
1,2, 3, …
3. Z – the set of integers are whole numbers but includes the negative numbers, such as …, -2, -
1, 0, 1, …
4. Q – the set of rational numbers are numbers which can be expressed as ratio of integers such
as ½, 5/3, 100/23…
5. P – Irrational numbers are numbers which can’t be expressed as ration of integers such as √2,
𝜋, e, …
6. R – the set of real numbers are composed of both rational and irrational numbers, such 2/3,
3.5, 10, √2, 𝜋, …
2. Equivalent Sets
Sets A and B are equivalent, denoted by A ∼ B, if A and B have the same number of
elements.
K⊂M M⊄ M K⊄K
∅⊂ K ∅⊂ M ∅⊄{}
Take Note: 1. The empty set is a proper set of all sets except null set.
Power set, P(A) – is the set of all subsets of a given set and can be found by the formula:
2n where n is the number of elements in the given set.
The subsets are as follows: {1, 2, 3}; {1, 2}; {1, 3}; {2, 3}; {1}; {2;} {3}; { }
https://puzzlewocky.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/VennDiagramWithFourElements-1.jpg
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A B A B A B
A B A B
Example 14: A survey was conducted on the Television Channels the residents of one barangay
in Metro Manila have watched last during the last quarter of the year. There are 150 respondents,
and the result of the survey is as follows:
75 residents watched channel X
80 residents watched channel Y
95 residents watched channel Z
32 watched channels X and Y
48 watched channels X and Z
39 watched channels Y and Z
15 watched channels X, Y and Z
Illustrate the above information using a Venn diagram and answer the following questions.
1. How many residents watched channels X and Y only?
2. How many residents watched channels X and Z only?
3. How many residents watched channels Y and Z only?
4. How many residents did not watch any of the said channels?
Solution: First draw the Venn diagram as follows. Enter 15 to the intersection of the 3 channels
and see the computation below of other entries.
Draw the Venn diagram showing the above information. Give a summary of your findings in the
Venn diagram.
Solution:
Example 16: Each student in a class of 40 plays at least one indoor game chess, carrom and
scrabble. 18 play chess, 20 play scrabble and 27 play carrom. 7 play chess and scrabble, 12
play scrabble and carrom and 4 play chess, carrom and scrabble. Find the number of students
who play the following.
Solution:
40 = 18 + 20 + 27 - 7 - 12 - n(C ∩ A) + 4
40 = 50 - n(C ∩ A)
n(C ∩ A) = 10
Therefore, the number of students who play chess and carrom are 10.
Also, number of students who play chess, carrom and not scrabble.
= n(C ∩ A) - n(A ∩ B ∩ C)
= 10 – 4 = 6
Therefore, the number of students who play chess, carrom and not scrabble is 6
students
Example 18. A Venn diagram showing two sets is given below, find the indicated sets:
U
A B
1. A ∩ B 2. (A ∩ B)'
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3. A ∪ B' 4. A ∩ B'
5. B' 6. B - A
Solution:
II. Tell whether each of the following set is a well-defined set or not.
____________ 11. The set of whole numbers more than 407.
____________ 12. The set of all months with 31 day
____________ 13. The set of competent mathematicians in all state colleges and universities.
____________ 14. The set of all actors in the movie “Harry Potter”.
____________ 15. The set of excellent students in MMW class.
III. Using the Roster Method, list down the elements of each of the following sets described below.
1. A = { all elements that belong to the Halogen family }
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4. D = { all negative odd integers greater than − 13 but less than − 11}
IV. Using the Rule Method and the Set builder notation to describe each of the following sets
whose elements are listed below.
1. D = { Rudy, crocodile, } ___________________________________________________
2. A = { h, e, l, o } ___________________________________________________________
3. B = { 0 } _______________________________________________________________
4. C = { 2,4,6, … ,200 }________________________________________________________
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2. {𝑥 2 |𝑥 2 − 1|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍} 4. {𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ 𝑁}
1. A U B U C 2. A ∩ B ∩ C
3. A – ( B ∩ C) 4. ( A U B ) – C
5. A’ U B’ U C’ 6. A’ ∩ B’∩ C’
7. A – ( B ∩ C)’ 8. ( A U B )’ – C
9. ( A – B)’ 10. (B – C)’
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IX. Solve the following problems. Use Venn diagram to answer the questions below:
In the College of Engineering, 100 students were asked about their favorite subjects, the
result is as follows:
55 liked Algebra
48 liked Chemistry
53 liked English
25 liked both Algebra and Chemistry
26 liked both Algebra and English
22 liked both Chemistry and English
10 like all three subjects
a. How many students like Algebra and Chemistry but not English? ______________________
b. How many students like Algebra and English but not Chemistry? ______________________
c. How many students like English and Chemistry but not Algebra? ______________________
d. How many students like exactly 1 subject? ______________________
e. How many students did not like any subject? _____________________
X. The Mathematics Club is preparing for year end team building and outing. There are 50
members from which the members of standing committees are taken. There are 8 members of
Finance Committee, 5 are members of Program committee and 10 are members of planning
committees. Also 4 are also members of Finance and Program, 8 are both members of Finance
and Planning and 4 are also members of Program and Planning and 1 of whom was of whom is
in Finance too. How many members are on exactly 2 committees?
XI. Suppose a survey of 60 freshmen accounting students at the Main Campus of the Polytechnic
University of the Philippines produced the following results:
XII. Copy the Venn diagram below and shade the region or region corresponding to the given
set.
1. A’ 2. 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 3. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 4. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′ 5. 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵