BCA - 303 C++ || PYQ Solution - 2021 Learn With Harshit || 3801907094 Discuss the evolution of C++. Write down the features and applications of C++ in detail. Evolution of C++: C++ was created by Bjame Stroustrup in 1979 as an extension of the C programming language. C++ was initially called "C with Classes" and was designed to add object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts to C. C++ was first released in 1983 and has evolved over the years, with new features and improvements being added in each release. Stroustrup believed that these concepts could help developers write more modular, reusable, and maintainable code. The following are the major milestones in the evolution of C++: © 1983: The first version of C++ was released © 1993: The ANSI/ISO C++ standard was published, which helped to standardise the language and ensure its compatibility across different platforms. © 1998: The first official standard for C++ (known as C++98) was released, which included features such as namespaces, templates, and exception handling Features of C++: C+ is a high-level programming language that supports a wide range of features, including: 1. Object-oriented programming: C++ supports OOP concepts such as classes, objects, inheritance, and polymorphism, which make it easier to write modular and reusable code. 2. Templates: C++ templates allow developers to write generic code that can work with different data types, making it easier to write code that is flexible and reusable. 3. Operator overloading: C++ allows operators such as +, -,*, /, and = to be overloaded, which allows developers to write more natural and intuitive code. 4, Exception handling: C++ provides support for exception handling, which allows developers to handle errors and exceptional situations in a more structured way. 5, Standard library: C++ comes with a comprehensive standard library that provides a wide range of functions and data structures, making it easier to write code. Applications of C++: C++ is a versatile programming language that is used in a wide range of applications, including: 1. Operating systems: C++ is widely used in the development of operating systems, such as Windows, macOS, and Linux. 2. Video games: C++ is a popular programming language for developing video games, as it provides low-level access to hardware and can be optimised for performance. 3. Database systems: C++ is used in the development of database systems, such as MySQL and PostgreSQL. 4. Web browsers: C++ is used in the development of web browsers, such as Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox.BCA - 303 C++ || PYQ Solution - 2021 Learn With Harshit || 3801907094 5, Robotics: C++ is used in the development of robotics applications, as it provides. low-level access to hardware and can be optimised for performance. In conclusion, C+ is a powerful programming language that has evolved over the years to include a wide range of features and improvements. C++ is widely used in a variety of applications, including operating systems, video games, database systems, web browsers, and robotics. C++ provides developers with the tools they need to. write efficient, reusable, and maintainable code. What is a friend function? Write a C++ program to demonstrate the concept of friend function using a suitable example In C++, a friend function is a non-member function that has access to the private and protected members of a class. It can be declared inside or outside the class, and it's, declared using the friend keyword. A friend function can be useful in situations where we need to access private or protected members of a class but don't want to make them public. Here's an example program that demonstrates the concept of friend function: Hinclude using namespace std; class MyClass { Private: int privateData; Public: MyClass(int data) { privateData = fata; } friend void friendFunction(MyClass obj); // friend function declaration k Void friendFunction(MyClass obj) { // friend function definition cout << "The private data of MyClass object is: " << obj privateData << endl; } int main() { MyClass obj(10); friendFunction(obj); /! calling friend function return 0; } What is Operator Overloading in C++? Write a C++ program to overload unary operator (++) with suitable exampleBCA - 303 C++ || PYQ Solution - 2021 Learn With Harshit || 3801907094 Operator Overloading is a feature in C++ that allows operators to have different meanings when applied to different data types. This allows programmers to create their own data types and define how they should behave with built-in operators. Unary operator overloading refers to the ability to redefine the behavior of unary operators such as ++, --, +, and -. In C++, unary operator overloading is done by defining a member function with the operator keyword followed by the operator symbol. Here is an example program that demonstrates how to overload the unary operator (+4): #include using namespace std; class Counter { private: int count; public: Counter() : count(0) ) void operator++ () {// overloading ++ operator +ount; } void display() { cout << "Count: " << count << endl; } b int main() { Counter 1; ¢1.display(); // output: Count: 0 +401; // calling overloaded operator c1.display(); // output: Count: 1 +1; c1.cisplay(); // output: Count: 2 return 0; } In this program, we define a class Counter that has an integer count as its private member. We then overload the unary operator ++ by defining a member function with the same name as the operator symbol. Inside this function, we simply increment the count member variable. In the main function, we create an instance of Counter and call its display function to show its initial value of 0. We then call the overloaded ++ operator twice and call the display function again to show that the count value has been incremented by 1 each time. Output: Count: 0BCA - 303 C++ || PYQ Solution - 2021 Learn With Harshit || 3801907094 Count: 1 Count: 2 Write a C++ program to overload binary operator using friend function. Explain the pit falls of operator Overloading Hinclude using namespace std; class Complex { private: double real; double imag; public: Complex(double r = 0, double i = 0) : real(r), imag(i) friend Complex operator+ (const Complex& c1, const Complex& c2); void display() { cout << real <<" +" << imag << } << endl; k Complex operator+ (const Complex& c1, const Complex8 c2) { // overloading + operator using friend function return Complex(ct real + c2.real, c1.imag + 2.imag); } int main() { Complex ¢1(2.5, 3.7), 62(1.6, 4.3), ¢3; 3 = ct +02; cf.display(); // output: 2.5 + 3.71 c2.display(); // output: 1.6 + 4.3i €3.cisplay(); // output: 4.1 + 8.01 return 0; Explain array of object.Write a C++ program to enter n students name,roll no,and total marks . Display student name ,roll numbers and total no of marks using array of objects In C++, an array of objects is an array in which each element is an instance of a class or a structure. It is a way to create multiple instances of a class or a structure and store them in a contiguous block of memory. Here's an example C++ program that demonstrates how to create an array of objects to store information about n students:BCA - 303 C++ || PYQ Solution - 2021 Learn With Harshit || 3801907094 #include #include using namespace std; class Student { string name; int rollNo; int tolalMarks; public: void setData(string n, intr, int m) { name =n; rollNo = F; totalMarks = m; } void displayData() { cout << "Name: " << name << endl; cout << "Roll No: " << rallNo << endl; cout << "Total Marks: " << totalMarks << endl; } k int main() { int; cout << "Enter the number of students: "; cin >> n; Student students{n}; for (int i= 0; 1 <1; i++) { string name; int rollNo, totalMarks; cout << "Enter details of student " << i#1 <<"" << endl; cout << "Name: * cin >> name; cout << "Roll No: " cin >> rollNo; cout << “Marks: *; cin >> totalMarks; students.setData(name, rollNo, totalMarks); } for (inti=0;i using namespace std; class Baset { public: Base1(){ cout << "Base1 constructor called." << endl; } ~Baset() { cout << "Base1 destructor called." << endl;BCA - 303 C++ || PYQ Solution - 2021 Learn With Harshit || 3801907094 } k class Base2 { public: Base2() { cout << "Base2 constructor called." << endl; } ~Base2() { cout << "Base2 destructor called.” << endl; } k class Derived : public Base1, public Base2 { public: Derived() { cout << "Derived constructor called." << endl; } ~Derived() { cout << "Derived destructor called." << endl; } ’ int main() { Derived d; return 0; } In this program, we define two base classes Base1 and Base2 and a derived class Derived that inherits from both Base1 and Base2. We also define constructors and destructors for each class that print a message when they are called. In the main() function, we create an instance of Derived called d. When we create this instance, the constructors of Base1 and Base2 are called in the order in which they are listed in the Derived class definition. Finally, the Derived constructor is called. When the program terminates and d goes out of scope, the destructors are called in the reverse order: first the Derived destructor, then the Base2 destructor, and finally the Base’ destructor Output Base‘ constructor called. Base2 constructor called. Derived constructor called. Derived destructor called.BCA - 303 C++ || PYQ Solution - 2021 Learn With Harshit || 3801907094 Base2 destructor called, Base1 destructor called, Explain dynamic memory allocation in C++ Write a C++ program to enter n number in an array . Print the number in descending order using new and delete operator. Dynamic memory allocation in C++ allows us to allocate memory during program execution, as opposed to static memory allocation which is done at compile time. Dynamic memory allocation is useful when we don't know the size of the memory we need ahead of time, or when the size may change during program execution. In C++, we use the new operator to dynamically allocate memory, and the delete operator to free the memory when it is no longer needed. Here's an example C++ program that uses dynamic memory allocation to enter n numbers in an array and print them in descending order: Hinclude using namespace std; int main() { intn; cout << "Enter the number of elements: "; cin >> n; int *arr = new int{n]; // dynamically allocate memory for the array cout << "Enter the elements: "; for (inti = 0; i <1; i++) { cin >> aril } JI sort the array in descending order using bubble sort for (inti=0;i< n= 1; i#+) { for (int j= 0; j Hinclude using namespace std; int main() { ofstream myfile("example txt”); I/ create a text file if (myfile.is_open()) { // check if the file was opened successfully myfile << "Hello, World!" << endl; /! write some text to the file myfile << "This is an example file." << endl; myfile.close(); // close the file } else { cout << "Unable to open file." << endl; } ifstream readFile("example.txt"); // open the file for reading if (readFile.is_open()) { / check if the file was opened successfully string line; while (getline(readFie, line)) { / read each line of the file cout << line << endl; // display the line on the console } readFile.close(); // close the file } Ok else { cout << "Unable to open file." << endl; }BCA - 303 C++ || PYQ Solution - 2021 Learn With Harshit || 3801907094 return 0; } In this program, we create a text fle Is called example.txt using the ofstream class. We then check if the file was opened successfully, and if so, write some text to the file using the << operator. We then close the file and open it again for reading using the ifstream class. We again check if the file was opened successfully, and if so, read each line of the file using the getline() function and display it on the console. Note that the ofstream and ifstream classes are used to write to and read from files, respectively. Both classes inherit from the fstream class, which provides basic file handling operations. 10. Write notes on any two a, Destructor In C++, a destructor is a special member function of a class that is automatically called when an object is destroyed. The destructor has the same name as the class, preceded by a tilde (~) character. Here is an example of a class with a destructor: class MyClass { public: MyClass() {// constructor Il code to initialize the object } ~MyClass() { // destructor II code to release any resources acquired by the object } h b. command line arguments In C++,command line arguments can be passed to a program through the main function. The main function takes two arguments: argc and argv. The arge argument is an integer that represents the number of command line arguments passed to the program, The argv argument is an array of C-style strings, or character arrays, that contain the actual command line arguments. Here is an example of a program that uses command line arguments to print out the first n Fibonacci numbers: #include include // for atoi() int main(int arge, char* argvi)) { if (arge != 2) {BCA - 303 C++ || PYQ Solution - 2021 Learn With Harshit || 3801907094 std::cout << "Usage: " << argv[0] << "n" << std::endl; return 1; } int n = std::atoi(argv[1]); // convert the second argument to an integer inta=0,b=1; for (inti = 0; a) e Learn With Harshit @loarn.withharshit @leamwithharshit +91 9801907098