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Auto Transformer

An auto transformer has a single winding that is partially common to both the primary and secondary sides. It requires less copper than a two-winding transformer of the same kVA rating when the voltage transformation ratio k is close to 1. Power is transferred from the primary to the secondary both inductively, through transformer action, and conductively through the common winding. The closer k is to 1, the greater the savings in copper for an auto transformer compared to a two-winding transformer. While it requires less material, an auto transformer does not provide electrical isolation between primary and secondary sides.

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613 views20 pages

Auto Transformer

An auto transformer has a single winding that is partially common to both the primary and secondary sides. It requires less copper than a two-winding transformer of the same kVA rating when the voltage transformation ratio k is close to 1. Power is transferred from the primary to the secondary both inductively, through transformer action, and conductively through the common winding. The closer k is to 1, the greater the savings in copper for an auto transformer compared to a two-winding transformer. While it requires less material, an auto transformer does not provide electrical isolation between primary and secondary sides.

Uploaded by

Dawa Penjor
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit 3: Auto Transformer

Unit Outlines:
❖Definition,
❖autotransformer connection,
❖working principle,
❖ comparison of the amount of copper required for
auto-transformer with that of two winding
transformer of same kVA,
❖ merits and demerits of autotransformer and
❖ application of autotransformer.
Auto Transformer: is a transformer with one winding
only, part of this being common to both primary and
secondary.
❖Is used in cases when the k (step up/down) differs
little from 1
❖Primary and secondary are not electrically isolated
from each other, therefore power from primary is
transferred to the secondary conductively as well as
inductively
1. For step down auto transformer
I2>I1 therefore I2-I1 flows through common winding
2. For step up auto transformer
I1>I2 therefore I1 - I2 flows through common winding
❖In an ideal auto transformer, exciting current and
losses are neglected. For such transformers, as k
approaches 1, the value of current in the common
winding portion (I1-I2 or I2-I1) of the winding
approaches zero (I1=kI2 ; as k→ 1; 𝐼1 ≈ 𝐼2 )
❖Therefore for value of k nearly unity, the common
portion of the winding can be wound with wire of
smaller cross-sectional area. Thus auto transformer
requires less copper.
Theory of auto transformer:
Winding 1-3=pri wdg
Wdg 2-3=sec wdg
I1=input current
I2=output or load current
Portion of winding 1-2 has N1-N2 turns and voltage
across this portion of wdg is V1-V2
Equivalent circuit of an auto transformer is as shown
in fig
From equivalent circuit we have
𝑉2 𝑁2
=
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 𝑁1 − 𝑁2
𝑉2 𝑁1 − 𝑁2 = 𝑁2 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
𝑉2 𝑁1 − 𝑉2 𝑁2 = 𝑁2 𝑉1 − 𝑁2 𝑉2
𝑉2 𝑁1 = 𝑁2 𝑉1
𝑉2 𝑁2
= =𝑘
𝑉1 𝑁1
Also
(V1-V2)I1=(I2-I1)V2
V1I1-V2I1=V2I2-I1V2
𝑉2 𝐼1
V1I1=V2I2= = =𝑘 (V1I1=V2I2){input apparent
𝑉1 𝐼2
power=output apparent power}
Output:
Primary and secondary of an auto transformer are
connected magnetically as well as electrically, the power
from primary is transferred to secondary inductively (
transformer action) as well as conductively (conducted
directly from source to the load)
Output apparent power=V2I2
Apparent power transferred inductively=V2(I2-I1)
=V2(I2-kI2)
=V2I2(1-K)
=V1I1(1-k)
Therefore power transferred inductively=input * (1-K)
Power transferred conductively=input-input*(1-k)
=input[1-(1-k)]
=input*k
Savings of copper in auto transformer:

Figure: 2-wdg t/f figure: auto t/f


❖For same output and voltage transformation ratio
(k) an auto transformer requires less copper than an
ordinary 2-winding transformer.
❖The length of copper required in a winding is
proportional to the number of turns and the area of
cross-section of the winding wire is proportional to
the current rating. Therefore volume and hence
weight of copper required in a winding is
proportional to current*turns. (i.e) weight of
copper require in a winding ∝ current * turns
Two winding transformer:
Weight of copper required ∝ 𝑵𝟏 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑵𝟐 𝑰𝟐
Auto Transformer:
Weight of copper required in section 1-2 𝐼1 𝑁1 − 𝑁2
Weight of copper required in section 2-3 𝐼2 − 𝐼1 𝑁2
Total wt of cu required ∝ 𝑰𝟏 𝑵𝟏 − 𝑵𝟐 + 𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟏 𝑵𝟐
𝑤𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜 𝑡/𝑓
𝑤𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡/𝑓
𝐼1 𝑁1 − 𝑁2 + 𝐼2 − 𝐼1 𝑁2
=
𝑁1 𝐼1 + 𝑁2 𝐼2
𝐼1 𝑁1 − 𝐼1 𝑁2 +𝑁2 𝐼2 − 𝑁2 𝐼1
=
𝑁1 𝐼1 + 𝑁2 𝐼2

𝐼1 𝑁1 + 𝑁2 𝐼2 − 2𝑁2 𝐼1
=
𝑁1 𝐼1 + 𝑁2 𝐼2

2𝑁2 𝐼1
=1−
𝑁1 𝐼1 + 𝑁2 𝐼2

2𝑁2 𝐼1
=1− [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑁1 𝐼1 = 𝑁2 𝐼2 ]
2𝑁1 𝐼1
𝑁2
1− =𝟏−𝐤
𝑁1
𝑤𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜 𝑡/𝑓
=𝟏−𝐤
𝑤𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡/𝑓
∴wt of cu in auto t/f=(1-k) wt of cu in ordinary t/f
If Wa=wt of cu in auto t/f
W0= wt of cu in ordinary t/f
Then
Wa=(1-k)W0
Saving in copper=W0-Wa=W0-(1-k)W0=W0-W0+kW0
=kW0
Saving in copper=k*wt of cu in ordinary t/f
If k=0.1, cu saving is only 10%
k=0.9, cu saving is 90%
Therefore nearer the value of k to unity, greater is the
saving of cu.
Conversion of two winding transformer into auto
transformer:
Advantages:
❖Requires less copper than ordinary transformer of
similar ratings.
❖Operates at a higher efficiency than an ordinary
transformer of similar ratings
❖Has better voltage regulation than a two winding
transformer of same rating
❖Has smaller size than two winding transformer of
same rating
❖Requires smaller exciting current than a two
winding transformer of same rating.
Disadvantages:
❖Direct connection between primary and secondary.
Therefore, output is no longer dc isolated from input
❖Is not safe for stepping down a high voltage to low
voltage
❖Short circuit current is much larger than for two
winding transformer of same rating
Applications
❖As a booster transformer
❖Used for reducing the voltage supplied to ac motor
during starting period
❖Used for continuously variable supply
❖As interconnecting transformer in 132/33 kV systems
❖In control equipment for single and three phase
electrical locomotives.
References:
1. Principles of Electrical Machines VK metha and
Rohit Metha
2. Theory and Performance of Electrical Machines JB
Gupta
3. Electrical Machines I Tarlok Singh
4. Electric Machines IJ Nagrath and DP Kothari

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