Implementation of Digital Filters to Improve

Dynamic Response of A Single Phase PWM

Rectifier
Vinay Kumar Awaar M N Sandhya Rani D Kavya Kirthi
Department of EEE Department of EEE Department of EEE
GRIET GRIET GRIET
Hyderabad, India Hyderabad, India Hyderabad, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Ch Sindhu P Samanvita P Sai Keerthana

Department of EEE Department of EEE Department of EEE
GRIET GRIET GRIET
Hyderabad, India Hyderabad, India Hyderabad, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—In the realm of ac-dc power conversion, single- low-frequency ripple from output voltage measurement.
phase pulse width modulated (PWM) rectifiers are becoming However, due to their complex structure, these approaches
more popular. A single-phase, single-switch boost rectifier is a are prone to parametric changes and analog implementation
well-known structure in this field. A high bandwidth current is problematic [4].
control loop is typically used to achieve minimal input current
distortion and a high input power factor. The dynamic
response of such a rectifier system to the input voltage and load II. CONVENTIONAL BOOST RECTIFIER SYSTEM
disturbances is weak. A simple way to improve a rectifier's
dynamic response without harming its steady-state Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of an indirect current
performance is provided here. MATLAB/Simulink was used to regulated boost rectifier, with Ro representing the load. In
simulate this procedure. The voltage loop is designed using a continuous conduction mode, the boost rectifier operates.
fast controller with a digital filter that filters out low-frequency
ripple at the controller's output. This filter design has been
proven to be simple enough to improve the dynamic
responsiveness of a single-phase PWM rectifier.

Keywords—Dynamic response, AC–DC power conversion,

boost PWM rectifier, current control, digital control

I. INTRODUCTION

Single-phase pulse width modulation rectifiers are

increasingly being employed as pre-regulators for ac/dc
applications to maintain a high input power factor and low
current harmonic content. A Continuous conduction mode is
typically used for such an application [1] [2]. Usually, a high
bandwidth current control loop and a low bandwidth voltage
control loop in the 10-15 Hz region is used. Against input Fig 1. Conventional PWM boost rectifier system.
voltage and load disturbances, the dynamic response of such
a rectifier system is inadequate. The average input voltage and current of the diode
rectifier ig and vg are given by (1) and (2), where ω is the
Many control strategies are published in the literature to supply angular frequency.
address the aforementioned issues, broadly categorized into
three categories. The low-frequency ripple from the = sin ωt (1)
measured output voltage is removed before processing by the = sin ωt (2)
voltage loop in the first category, increasing the voltage
loop's bandwidth. To obtain a sinusoidal input current, the As shown in (1) and (2), average input and output
bandwidth of the voltage loop is kept low at a steady state in voltages can be connected to duty ratio D via boost converter
the second category. In the third category, feedforward analysis [5].
control increases the output voltage's dynamic response by = (1-D) (3)
introducing measured disturbance.
sin
The first category in this study is the control technique. = (1-D) = = = sin ωt (4)
A digital filter is attached to the output of a traditional
single-phase boost rectifier's rapid proportional-integral (PI) Although input voltage and load current are not necessary
controller [3]. Typically, a notch or comb filter removes for indirect current control at constant switching frequency
or the resistance emulation approach, they are required for

978-1-6654-8057-4/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE

feedforward control. Consider the resistance emulation = (14)
approach, in which the control goal is to make the dc-dc
converter's input current proportional to the input voltage,
resulting in a resistive impedance [6].
In other words, the average of the input current ig can be
controlled by duty ratio D, i.e
= (5)

For a large output capacitance Co, the output voltage Vo is Fig. 2. Frequency domain model of the conventional voltage loop
constant; hence, the output voltage of the voltage controller
vm is constant. Therefore,

= (6) C) SELECTION OF PI CONTROLLER PARAMETERS

From (4) to (6), the output of voltage controller ( i.e., PI

controller) vm is given by TPI = Tv can be used to adjust for the pole (1 + sTv) [9]. The
KPI parameter is selected, which is displayed as
= (7)
2
= (15)
From (3), (6) and (7), the duty ratio is obtained as given
in (8) Greater voltage-loop bandwidth is required to get a
satisfactory system dynamic responsiveness. However, this
D=1- (8) raises the ripple in vm and, as a result, the input current
distortion (16) shows how ITHD is affected by the voltage-
The modulator obtains the switch duty ratio D in (8), as loop bandwidth fBW.
shown in Fig.1[7].
1 1
= =( ) (16)
A) SELECTION OF PASSIVE COMPONENTS 8 4

D) SIMULINK MODEL OF THE CONVENTIONAL BOOST

The design equations and the calculated values of Lb and RECTIFIER
Co are given in the following equations, respectively.
2
As illustrated in Fig. 3, a single-phase boost rectifier is
= ( )
(9) developed in MATLAB/ Simulink using the specifications in
8 ( )
Table 1. The formulae above are used to compute the passive
The value of ∆Ig(max)⁄Igm at minimum output power under components. The model is run at different voltage loop
CCM, which occurs at the value of Lb is selected based on bandwidths (10Hz and 50Hz) better to understand the
dynamic behavior of the rectifier system.
the maximum.
The capacitance is the capacity of a device. Co transports
both low and high-frequency current components. The high- Table 1. Specification of Single Phase Rectifier
frequency current components may be ignored when
determining the value of Co. ΔVo(max)/Vo is designed for the 300W 0.2Ω
maximum potential peak to peak ripple. 156V 0.005
= 2 ( )
(10) 230V 40Ω
2 ( )
f 50Hz 176Ω
100kHz <5%
B) FREQUENCY-DOMAIN MODEL OF VOLTAGE LOOP
( ) <7.5% ( ) <4%

Fig. 2 shows the voltage loop's frequency-domain model

with the controller transfer function. (11) and (12) exhibit the
H1(s) and G(s) plant transfer functions, respectively [8]. (13) Specifications of the PI controller are calculated for Gv ≈ 67
and (14) shows Gv and Tv parameters, respectively. and Tv ≈ 26ms. For 10Hz bandwidth, KPI is 4.8 and for 50Hz
( ) bandwidth is 0.1219.
( )= (11)

( )
G(s) = = (12)
( )
.
= (13)
 Now the averaging can be calculated as given in (18).

1 4 4 4 4
( ) = ∫ + ∫ +
4 0 0

4 4 4 4
∫ + ∫ (18)
0 0
Fig. 3 Simulink diagram of Single-Phase Boost Rectifier

III. PWM RECTIFIER WITH DIGITAL FILTER An integrator may be employed to compute the average
value of vm over the first interval T1, as shown in (19). At the
For 50Hz voltage loop bandwidth, a digital filter is placed at end of T1, the right-hand side (RHS) of (19) is stored in X1
the output of the PI controller. The filter attenuates ripple in before resetting the integrator to zero.
vm to generate output vm(mean), a dc quantity containing
negligible ripple. The signal vm(mean) is fed to the modulator. 4 4
1 = ∫ (19)
0

Similarly, the following three consecutive average values

of vm over the intervals T2, T3, and T4 [see (18)] may be
obtained and stored in X2, X3, and X4, respectively.

Finally, at the end of T4, vm(mean) may be obtained using (20).

1
( ) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 (20)
4

Fig.4 Boost rectifier with digital filter [1] In practice, the average value as per (20) is conducted on a
running average basis. The integration shown by RHS of (19)
A) DESIGN OF THE FILTER is performed for every 2.5ms interval. At the end of this
The mean value of the output voltage of the PI controller can interval, X2 is first stocked in X1, then X3 is stocked into X2,
be obtained by averaging the signal vm over a time interval. X4 stored into X3, and finally, the integrator output is carried
The periodicity of the ripple in vm for supply frequency into X4 before resetting. The output vm(mean) (20) is updated
f=50Hz lacks half-wave symmetry. Therefore the smallest once every 2.5ms. Since vm is averaged over 10 ms, the
interval the signal can be averaged is 10ms. This can be window can start from any arbitrary instant without requiring
obtained by using integrator over the time interval of any synchronization with vm [10].
Tw= 10ms as given in (17). Fig. 6 shows the ideal block diagram of the filter. It is quite
1 sturdy as it does not depend on any circuit parameter except
( ) = ∫0 (17) for line frequency f. The filter is implemented digital with
fewer software resources.
The average value of the signal can be stored before the
integrator is reset before calculating for the next successive
10ms interval. This might introduce a significant delay in the
voltage loop. This can be overcome by dividing the interval
window into successive short time windows, i.e., the interval
of Tw is divided into four equal intervals T1-T4 each of 2.5ms
width, as shown in Fig. 5.

Fig 6. Conceptual block diagram of the filter

B) SIMULINK MODEL OF THE FILTER

The filter is designed by sample and hold and integrator with

minimum resources.
Fig. 5. Process of the filter
 9.(c)

Fig. 9. Waveforms of input current Is for voltage loop bandwidth

(a) 10Hz, (b) 50Hz without filter, (c) 50Hz with filter

Fig. 7. Simulink model of the digital filter

10.(a)
C) SIMULINK MODEL OF BOOST RECTIFIER SYSTEM WITH
FILTER
Fig. 8 shows the Simulink model of boost rectifier with
filter.

10.(b)

Fig.8 Simulink model of boost rectifier with filter 10.(c)

Fig. 10. Waveforms of output current Io for voltage loop
bandwidth (a) 10Hz, (b) 50Hz without filter, (c) 50Hz with filter

IV.SIMULATION RESULTS
A) STEADY-STATE RESPONSE
The rectifier system is now simulated with the help of
MATLAB/Simulink at full load over 300W for different
voltage loop bandwidths, namely, 10Hz and 50Hz. Fig. 9,
Fig. 10, and Fig.11 show the response of Is, Io and Vo for
voltage bandwidth 10Hz and 50Hz (without and with filter). 11.(a)

11.(b)

9.(a)

11.(c)

Fig. 11. Waveforms of output voltage Vo for voltage loop

9.(b)
bandwidth (a) 10Hz, (b) 50Hz without filter, (c) 50Hz with filter
 B) FFT ANALYSIS OF THE SYSTEM
Without the filter, the ripple content is higher for the
system with a bandwidth 50Hz than 10Hz. The THD of
output for bandwidth 50Hz is 17.52% and for 10Hz is 1.92%.
With filter, the ripple content for the 50Hz system is
reduced to 4.49%

Fig.12 FFT analysis of output for bandwidth 10Hz Fig. 15. Dynamic response of Is, Io and Vo for voltage loop
bandwidth 50Hz without filter

Fig.13. FFT analysis of output for bandwidth 50Hz (without filter)

Fig. 16. Dynamic response of Is, Io and Vo for voltage loop

bandwidth 50Hz with filter

V. CONCLUSIONS

A built digital filter at the output of the fast PI controller

improves the dynamic response of the boost rectifier system
while keeping output harmonic distortion below 5%. For a
300W output power, developed formulae calculate the power
Fig.14. FFT analysis of output for bandwidth 50Hz (with filter) circuit characteristics. The experimental result demonstrates
that the boost rectifier system's dynamic response for high
C) DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE SYSTEM voltage loop bandwidth has improved.

Fig. 15 and Fig.16 show the dynamic response of the VI. FUTURESCOPE
boost rectifier system for voltage loop bandwidth 50Hz
before boosting operation (i.e., 0 - 1sec) and after boosting
operation (i.e., 1 – 3). Simple integrator and sample & hold circuits will be used to
create the suggested filter in the analog domain.
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