THE PERCEPTION OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

ABOUT DEPRESSION IN SANTA CRUZ INSTITUTE

(MARINDUQUE) INC. 2023 – 2024

A Thesis Presented to:

MS. DONDEE PALMA

Practical Research

LAURENCE L. RIEGO

HUMSS 11
1. What is depression?

2. What are the causes of depression?

3. How do people with depression cope up?

1. What is depression?

1. Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical

illness that negatively affects how you feel the way you think and how you act.

Fortunately, it is also treatable

2. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/ or a loss of sadness and/ or loss

of interest in activities you once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of emotions and

can decrease your ability to function at work and at home.

3. People with depression may also experience an inability to concentrate,

feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, and recurrent thoughts of death a

suicide.

4. Depression is a common mental disorder Globality, it is estimated that 5% of

adults suffer from the disorder. It is characterized by persistent sadness and a

lack of interest or pleasure in previously rewarding or enjoyable activities.

5. It can also disturb sleep and appetite. Tiredness and poor concentration are

common.
 6. Depression is a leading cause of disability around the world and contributes

greatly to the global burden of disease

7. The effects of depression can be long–lasting or recurrent and can

dramatically affect a person’s ability to function and live a rewarding life.

8. The causes of depression include complex interactions between social, and

biological factors. Life events such as childhood adversity, loss, and

unemployment contribute to and may catalyze the development of depression.

9. Depression is a constant feeling of sadness and loss of interest, which stops

you from doing your normal activities.

10. Depression affects how you feel about yourself. It can make life more difficult

to manage from day to day.

2. What are the causes of depression?

1. Childhood trauma

2. Life events

3. Drugs

4. Alcohol

5. Abuse

6. Death or Loss

7. Conflict
 8. Genetics

9. Pressure

10. Personality traits

3. How do people with depression cope up?

1. Practice positive thinking by focusing your thoughts on your best qualities.

2. Exercise

3. Spending time with loved ones and friends

4. Doing what they love and makes them happy

5. Talk to a therapist

6. Boost your Self – Esteem

7. Depend on others

8. Make the food and mood connection

9. Don’t dwell on problems

10. Notice good things

 Chapter 1

The Problem and it’s Background

I.INTRODUCTION

Depression is a common disorder that impacts an individual’s ability to perform

life activities, including those required by the workplace. The leading cause of

depression as perceived by students is stress, followed by family conflict, followed by

school. The most common symptom of depression is a lack of energy followed by both

less sociability and a change in attitude at a tie, then a change in sleeping pattern. This

research is administered to address a specific issue, and this is to be done in a precise

and systematic manner to look for present evidence of the study, investigate and results

are true and valid.

Depression is a common and serves mental disease disorder caused by a

combination of genetic, social, psychological, and environmental factors. Globally the

prevalence of depression is increasing at an alarming rate. Depression disorders are

the most pressing public health problems associated with substantial impairment,

comorbidity, poor quality of life, and high mortality. It affects economic activity, learning

social, cultural life and people’s ability to participate in their communities. Depression

also poses a risk of suicide and suicide attemps in young adults. Depression is a

common illness worldwide, with an estimated 3.8% of the population affected including

5.0% among adults and 5.7% among adults older than 60 years (1). Approximately
280million people in the world have depression (1). Depression is different from usual

mood fluctuations and short lived emotional responses to challenge in every day life.

Especially when recurrent and with moderate or severe intensity, depression may

become a serious health condition. It can cause the affected person to suffer greatly

and function poorly at work, at school and in the family. At its worst, depression can lead

to suicide. Over 700,000 people die due to suicide every year. Suicide is the fourth

leading causes of death is 15-29 year olds.

Many studies suggest that young people are more prone to depression as seen

in the increasing prevelance of depression among university students. In various

countries they are in a ciritcal transitory period wherein they experienced some of the

most stressful times in one’s Life, in terms of psycholocgical and soicla aspects trying

to fit into a new Community, maintaining good grades, fearing failures, lacking money,

experiencing heartbreak and facing disaapointment from their family can cause young

people to experience the symptoms of depression. Many university students are afraid

to talk about their mental problems and to seek help leading to Deteriorating academic

performance, health compromising behaviors tand in extreme causes, suicide. The

Philippines, Mental illness such as depression is the third most common form of

disability in the country, with Filipinos especially the younger generations comprising the

largest number of depressed people in Southeast Asia. The statistics may even be

larger, as there is a social stigma associated with mental health among Filipinos that

ignores the problem and likely Contributes to its spread. However, some progress in

being made, such as the recent passing of the 2018 Mental Health Law which

integrates mental health in the national healthcare system. In line with this, our study
aims to increase awareness about the presence and prevalence of depression among

university - age Filipinos,and how institutions such as the family and the academic can

contribute to their improved mental wellness. Teend depression is a serious mental

health problem that causes a persistent feeling of sadress and loss of interest in

cativites. It affects how your teenager thinks, feels and behaves, and it can cause

emotional, functional and physical problems. Although depression can occur at any time

in life, symptoms may be different between teens and adults. Issues such as peer

pressure, academic expectations and changing bodies can bring lot of ups and downs

for teens. But for some teens, the lows are more than just temporary feelings they’re a

symptom of depression. Mental health problems can affect a student’s energy level,

concentration dependability, mental ability and optimism, hindering performance.

Depression is associated with lower grade point averages, and that co-occuring

depression and anxiety can increase this association. Depression has also been linked

to dropping out of scool. Teen depression isn’t a weakness or something that can be

overcome with willpower it can have serious consequences and requires long-term

treatment. For nost teens, depression symptoms ease with treatment such as

medication and psychological counseling.

II.THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

This study is supported by the theory of lauren alloy and lyn Yvonne abranson

are well researched, but suggest different venues of understanding the cognitive of

mood. In addition, much research is available about normative perceptions around

subsrance use and how those perceptions relate to behaviors. However, there are no
studies examming normative perceptions around depressed mood or how these

perceptions may relate to students own well being.

College students experience challenges as they navigate a potentially stressful

time in emerging adulthood including depressed moon related behaviors (Arnett, 2000,

2005;Kilmer&Bailic,2012) .In particular, depressed mood may lead to suicidality,

problematic drinking and other drug use and can exacerbate the consequences

experienced. Research has focused on understanding these concerns and designing

interventions and preventations programs for depressed mood. Two relevant areas of

research are social comparison and social learning theoriss (Bandura, 1977; Festinger,

1954). These theories have led to the understanding of how one’s own behaviors is

influenced by one’s normative perceptions that is perceptins about the behavior of

others. In particular,studies of normative perceptions of alcohol use among college

students have consistently shown that students over-estimate the quantity and

frequency of drinking (Neigbors. Et al., 2010) Neighbors, Lee, Lewing, Fossos&Larimer,

2007: Neighbors, et al, (20106). Interventions aimed at correcting these norms have

shown to reduce drinking problems (cronce& Larimer, 2011). It is possible that

normative perceptions of mood may serve a similar function. As with alcohol norms,

telling students that not everyone feels this way, or conversely, other feel similarity to

you, may provide both a change in behaviors (increase help seeking) and reduce

hopelessness and isolation by normalizing the experience of depression.

III.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of this study is to examine the perception of senior high school students

about depression in santa cruz institute. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following

questions.

1.What is depression?

2.What are the causes depression?

3. How do people with depression cope up?

3.1 HYPOTHESIS

Depression causes feelings of interest in activities.

IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Students. This may help to know how will depression affects their life.

Parents. The results of this study will help the parents to know the perception of

students about depression.

Future reaser. The result of this study will serve as the basis for future study on

the perception is students among depression.

Community. This will help the community how depression affects students life.

Teachers. The result of this study will help the teachers to know the perception of

students about depression and how it affect them.

V.SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The study is limited in determining the perception of senior high school students

about depression in santa cruz institute which is frequently experienced by some senior

high school student’s of santa cruz institute. The information needed

VI. DEFNITION OF TERMS

Psychomotor Retardation- is one of the main features of major depressive

disorder (MDD). Psychomotor retardation is the slowing down or hampering of your

mental or physical activites.

Activites performance- is the measurement of students achievement across

various academic subjects

Cognitive performance- the performance of the mental process of perception

learning, memory, understanding, judgement, intuition, and language.

Impaired- being an imperfect or weakend state or condition.

Diminish- make or become less

Initiative- the ability to asses and intiate things independently.

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

This chapter indicates the ideas relevant to present subject relating to the other

studies and is briefly discussed to provide foundation of the proposed study. In order to

develop a new method and procedure, careful review of related literature and related

studies done for the development of the study this the main purpose of this study.

I.FOREIGN LITERATURE

Bansal, Gayal, and Srivastava(2009)

A lot of physicians did not believe that depressive disorders existed in the youth

40 years ago. Nowadays, the youth are very prone to depression due to many factors

that can affect their emotional, mental, psychological state of mind in their everyday life

especially being a student. The statistics of National Institute of Mental Health(2014)

states that depression is the most often mental disorder that teens and adults in United

states have. According to their study, over 2.8million youth with age of 12-17 have

experienced at least one major depression. Another study from faculty .wasington.edu

(2003) states that depression can last longer and may last for a year or so. Depression

can be triggered in several ways like failures, lost loves ones, identity loss, and many

more. They dear that not everyone who experience these negative events catch on

depression. On the contrary, there are factors that make them vulnerable to into it is a

serve mental disorders that may last longer, but there are some people who can endure

it because they are aware of themselves.

 Nasrin(2016)

Depression and anxiety disorders are two of the most common mental disorders

in the United states. These disorders are prevalent among college students. The

findings from this study can provide useful information to nurses and other health care

providers. This study may have implications for a cost – effective treatment for

depression and anxiety.

Wei, chih – Hung, Erin(2015)

Stress coping strategies and depression are important factors to evaluate when

developing intervention programs targeting college underground students with internet

addiction. This study examined the association between stress–related coping

strategies and internet addiction and the moderating affect of depression in a sample of

Taiwanese college. Participants stress coping strategies and depressive symptoms

were measured using the coping Orientation to problems experienced and the Beck

depression inventory – 11, respectively. We used + and chi–square test to examine

differences in demographic characteristics, depression, and stress coping strategies

between participants with and without internet addiction. Significant variables were used

in a logistic regression model to examine the association between stress-coping

strategies and internet addiction and the association. Stress coping strategies and
depression are important factors to evaluate when developing intervention programs

targeting college undergraduate students with internet addiction.

II.LOCAL LITERATURE

John(2021)

The study examined a research model predicting the moderating effect of

interdependent self–construal on the relationship between internal self–criticism and

depression. The participants were 319 college students from the Philippines. Data were

collected using a self–reported questionnaire directly administered to the participants.

The findings revealed that internal self–criticism, but not interdependent self–construal,

predicted depression. Interdependent self–construal moderated the influence of internal

self – criticism on depression, and showed that the influence of self-criticism or

depression was weaker among individuals with high levels of interdependent self –

construal. The findings were discussed in the context of cultural orientation.

John(2014)

The target population included all students enrolled at the Saint Louis University

School of Medicine in Baguio City, Philippines, during school year 2012-2013. The

highest mean scores were along the areas of physical functioning (85.83) and bodily

pain (69.20), whereas the lowest mean scores were in the areas of vitality (51.72) and

role limitations due to emotional problems (51.36). Depression, stress and burnout were
associated with lower scores in most of the domains of HRQOL. Medical students in our

school are generally in a satisfactory state of functional health and well – being, but

have a lower level of mental health as compared with physical health.

Romeo, Madelene, Susana, Cristina(2013)

Over the years, the number of international university students has been

increasing the Philippines. Depression tends to be common among this demographic

sector, because of the varying challenges and expectations associated with studying

abroad. Depression can be prevented if its symptoms, particularly those at higher

levels, are identified and addressed early and effectively with higher levels of

depressive symptoms. One hundred twenty-six international university students were

interviewed using the University students depression inventory. Of the 13 factors

analyzed, 3 were found with statistically significant associations with more intense levels

of depressive symptoms. These factors were: level of satisfaction with one’s financial

condition, level of closeness with peers. In identifying international students with greater

risk for depression, characteristics related to their financial condition and primary group

relationships can be considered. There is a need to carry out more studies to confirm

this initial evidence. The findings can help guide further discourse, research and

program to benefit international students with higher levels of depressive symptoms.

III.FOREIGN STUDIES

Meifen, Paul, Michael(2007)

The present study examined whether maladaptive perfectionism (ie, discrepancy

between expectations and performance) and length of time United states moderated the

association between acculturative stress and depression data were collected through

online surveys from 189 Chinese international students from china and Taiwan

attending a midwestern university. Results from a hierarchical regression showed that

there were significant main effects two–way interactions, and a significant three-way

interaction, indicating that acculturative stress, maladaptive perfectionism and length of

time in the United states interacted to predict depression. Low Maladaptive

perfectionism buffered the effect of acculturative stress on depression only for those

who had been in the United States for a relative longer period o time. Implications for

counseling and future research directions are discussed.

Devin, Sharon, Nicolas(2016)

Although the United States faces a seemingly intractable divide between white

and African American academic performance, there remains a dearth of longitudinal

research investigating factors that work to maintain this gap. The present study

examined wether racial discrimination predicted the academic performance of African

American students through its effect on depressive symptoms. Structural equation

modeling revealed that experienced racial discrimination predicted increases in

depressive 1year later, which in turn, predicted decreases in academic performance the
following year. These results suggest that racial discrimination continues top lay a

critical role in the academic performance of African American students and, as such

contributes to the maintenance of the race-based academic achievement gap in the

United States.

Caleb, Roselyn,Karl(2014)

Depression is a common cause of morbidity but prevalence levels among

Kenyan university are poorly understand. A better understanding of depression and its

correlates is essential in planning for appropriate interventions in this population group.

University of Nairobi is the largest and oldest of the twenty-two public universities in

Kenya. The study shows that depression affects a large number of students and

identities groups of students who may be more at risk of developing depressive illness,

such as those in the first year of study or these who lived outside the campus and

students from poor family backgrounds. More studies are needed to explore the risks

and how they can be minimized.

IV.LOCAL STUDIES

Rey, Hidayat, Yulis(2021)

This study aimed to determine the depression, anxiety, and stress levels among

students amidst COVID-19 pandemic in Philippines. Methods: A cross – sectional study

was undertaken in Region 8, Eastern Visayas Philippines. A total of 311 tertiary

respondents randomly selected both private and government owned higher education

institutions. The data compilation was done using online questionnaires through Google

forms with validated version of the stress, anxiety and, depression with their

sociodemographic features Results: We revealed that depression, anxiety and stress

are insulted in 18.6%, 35.1% and 2.85% of students, respectively amidst the COVID-19

pandemics. The symptoms of disorders were moderate to extremely severe in

6.1% ,23.5% and 0.6% of the study sample, respectively. Age, gender, martial status

and family history of illness are significantly different with age group 20 and below,

females, singles, and families with no history of illness displaying high level of anxiety.

Results also established an association between anxiety and family’s monthly income

and history of illness. The higher the monthly income and no presence of illness of

families, the more anxious the person.

Jerome(2020)

This study was conceived within the context of increasing incidence of mental

health challenges observed among college adolescents in the Philippines. Being on

important social institution the school must be able to create a social environment in

order to faster better mental wellbeing and quality of life among its studies. This

research sought to examine the relationship among students involvement, mental health

and quality of life among college students in a Philippines university. This study utilized

a quatitative cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational design. Survey was administered

to 249 students in a private university. Result suggest that involvement in school

organizations was correlated to depression levels, general positive affect and life
satisfaction. Social interactions with entities in school was also related with quality of

life. All subscales of mental health were associated with quality of life among the

students respondents.

Leonard, Zypher, Rem(2021)

The COVID-19 pandemic declared by the WHO has affected many countries

rendering everyday lives halted. In the Philippines, the lockdown quarantine protocols

have shifted the traditional college classes to online. The abrupt transition to online

classes may bring psychological effects to college students and teachers. Our study

aims to assess Filipino college students mental health status and to estimate the effect

of the COVID-19 pandemic, the shift to online learning, and social media use on mental

health. In addition, facilitators or stressors that modified the mental health status of the

college students during the COVID-19 pandemic, quarantine, and subsequent shift to

online learning will be investigate. Online self-administered questionnaire (SAQ)

including Depression, anxiety, and stress scole (DASS-21) and brief- COPE will be

used. Moreover, socio-demographic factors, social media usage, shift to online learning

factors, family history of mental health and COVID-19, and other factors that could

affect mental health will also be included in the SAQ. KIIs will explore factors affecting

the student mental health behaviors, coping mechanism, current stressors, and other

emotional reactions to these stressors. Associations between mental health outcomes

and possible risks factors will be estimated using generalized linear models, while

athematic approach will be made for the findings from the KIIs.
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the discussion on the research design, the instrument to be

utilized in gathering data, presentation and distribution of respondents the subject of the

study, the research locate, the statistical tools to be employed in the analysis and

interpretation data gathered.

Research Design

The study research will be conducted through the use of descripted method

where researcher will collect data about the perception of senior high school students

about depression in Santa Cruz institute. Description method will be used because the

researcher wants to know the effects of depression.

Instrument of Gathering Data

The instrument used by researcher is checklist to determine the perception of

depression on the academic performance of the senior high school students in Santa

Cruz institute.
Presentation and Distribution of Respondents

Table 1

Respondents Number of Respondents Percent

Senior high school 30 100%
students
Total 30 100%

Table 1 shows the distribution of the respondents. The number of the

respondents that involves in the investigation in this study is 30 senior high school

students in Santa Cruz institute who perceived by depression

Research locals

The study entitled “The perception of senior high school about depression in

Santa Cruz institute” conducts in santa cruz institute located at Barangay Banahaw

santa cruz Marinduque.

Statistical Tool

The data gathering are treated by using statistical tools dealing with the

perception of senor high school students about depression in santa cruz institute. The

data will be analyzed and interrupted by using ranking method.

WM=TWF/N

WHERE,

WM=Weighted Mean

N=Total Number of Respondents