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Engineering Mechanics:
Dynamics in SI Units, 14e

Chapter 12
Kinematics of a Particle
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

12.6 Motion of Projectile

◼ Projectile’s acceleration always act vertically

◼ Projectile launched at (x0, y0) and path is defined
in the x-y plane
◼ Air resistance is neglected
◼ Only force is its
weight downwards
◼ ac = g = 9.81 m/s2

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12.6 Motion of Projectile

Horizontal Motion
◼ Since ax = 0,
 + 
→
 
v = v0 + ac t ; vx = (v0 ) x
1 x = x0 + (v0 ) x t
 + 
→
  x = x0 + v0t + ac t 2 ;
2 vx = (v0 ) x
 + 
→
  v = v0 + 2ac ( s − s0 );
2 2

◼ Horizontal component of velocity remain

constant during the motion

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12.6 Motion of Projectile

Vertical Motion
◼ Positive y axis is upward, thus ay = - g

(+ ) v = v0 + ac t ; v y = (v 0 ) y − gt
1 1
(+ ) y = y0 + v0t + ac t ;
2
y = y 0 + (v 0 ) y t − gt 2
2 2
(+ ) v = v0 + 2ac ( y − y0 );
2 2
(v ) y = (v 0 ) y − 2 g ( y − y 0 )
2 2

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12.6 Motion of Projectile

PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

Coordinate System
◼ Establish the fixed x, y, z axes
◼ Sketch the trajectory of the particle
◼ Specify the 3 unknowns and data between any two points
on the path
◼ Acceleration of gravity always acts downwards
◼ Express the particle initial and final velocities in the x, y
components
◼ Positive and negative position, velocity and acceleration
components always act in accordance with their
associated coordinate directions
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12.6 Motion of Projectile

PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

Kinematics Equations
◼ Decide on the equations to be applied between
the two points on the path for the most direct
solution
Horizontal motion
◼ x = xo + (vo)x t

Vertical motion
1
v y = (v0 ) y + ac t ; y = y0 + (v0 ) y t − ac t 2 ; v y2 = (v0 ) 2y − 2ac ( y − y0 )
2
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Problem
◼ It is observed that the time for the ball to strike
the ground at B is 2.5 s. Determine the speed
vA and angle θA at which the ball was thrown.

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Solution

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Problem
◼ The boy at A attempts to throw a ball over the
roof of a barn such that it is launched at an
angle θA=40°. Determine the minimum speed
vA at which he must throw the ball so that it
reaches its maximum height at C. Also, find the
distance d where the boy must stand so that he
can make the throw.

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Solution

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Problem
◼ The golf ball is hit at A with a speed of
vA=40m/s and directed at an angle of 30° with
the horizontal as shown. Determine the
distance d where the ball strikes the slope at B.

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Problem 12-97
◼ It is observed that the skier leaves the ramp A
at an angle θA = 25° with the horizontal. If he
strikes the ground at B, determine his initial
speed vA and the time of flight tAB.

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Solution 12-97

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Solution 12-97

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Problem
◼ A boy throws a ball at O in the air with a speed
Vo at an angle θ1 . If he then throws another
ball with the same speed Vo at an angle θ2 <
θ1, determine the time between the throws so
that the balls collide in mid air at B.

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Solution

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Solution

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12.7 Curvilinear Motion: Normal and Tangential Components

◼ Path of motion of a particle is described using n

and t coordinates which act normal and tangent
to the path
◼ At the instant considered have their origin
located at the particle

Planar Motion
◼ Origin happen to coincide
with the location of the particle

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12.7 Curvilinear Motion: Normal and Tangential Components

Planar Motion
◼ Curve can be constructed from a series of
differential arc segments ds
◼ Plane contains n and t axes is referred to as
osculating plane and is fixed in the plane of
motion

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12.7 Curvilinear Motion: Normal and Tangential Components

Velocity
◼ When particle is moving, s is a function of time
◼ Particle’s velocity v has direction that is always
tangent to the path
◼ Magnitude is determined by taking the time
derivative of the path function s = s(t)

 
v = vut where v = s
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12.7 Curvilinear Motion: Normal and Tangential Components

Acceleration
   
a = v = vut + vut

◼ a can be written as
  
a = at ut + anun
v2
where at = v or at ds = vdv and an =


◼ Magnitude is
a = at2 + an2

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12.7 Curvilinear Motion: Normal and Tangential Components

◼ Two special cases of motion:

1-If the particle moves along a straight line

2- If the particle moves along a curve with a constant

speed

Centripetal acceleration.

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12.7 Curvilinear Motion: Normal and Tangential Components

◼ Three-Dimensional Motion:
◼ If the particle moves along a space curve

◼ positive n axis directed toward the path’s center of

curvature O. This axis is referred to as the
principal normal to the curve
◼ for spatial motion a third unit vector, ub , defines
the binormal axis b which is perpendicular to ut
and un 23
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12.7 Curvilinear Motion: Normal and Tangential Components

PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

Coordinate System
◼ When path of the particle is known, establish a
set of n and t coordinates with a fixed origin
◼ Positive tangent axis acts in the direction of the
motion
◼ n and t axes are used for studying the velocity
and acceleration of the particle

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12.7 Curvilinear Motion: Normal and Tangential Components

PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

Velocity
◼ Particle’s velocity is always tangent to the path
◼ Magnitude of the velocity is found from the
derivative of the path function

Tangential Acceleration
◼ For rectilinear motion, at = v and at ds = vdv
1
◼ If at is constant, s = s + v t + 2 (a ) t
2
0 0 c c

v = v0 + (ac ) c t
v 2 = v02 + 2(ac ) c ( s − s0 )
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12.7 Curvilinear Motion: Normal and Tangential Components

PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS

Normal Acceleration
◼ For magnitude of the normal component,
v2
an =


◼ When path is expressed as y = f(x), radius of

curvature ρ at any point on the path is
determined from
[1 + (dy / dx)2 ]3 / 2
=
d 2 y / dx 2
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Problem 12.128

◼ The car has an initial speed v0 = 20 m/s. If it

increases its speed along the circular track at s = 0,
at = (0.8s) m/s2, where s is in meters, determine the
time needed for the car to travel s = 25 m.

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Solution 12.128

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Problem

◼ When the roller coaster is at B , it has a speed of

25 m/s, which is increasing at at = 3 m/s2.
Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of the
roller coaster at this instant and the direction angle
it makes with the x axis.

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Solution

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Solution

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Problem 12.146

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Solution 12.146

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Solution 12.146

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Problem 12.147

◼ The jet plane is traveling with a speed of 120

m/s which is decreasing at 40 m/s2 when it
reaches point A.
◼ Determine the magnitude of its acceleration
when it is at this point. Also, specify the
direction of flight, measured from the x axis.

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Solution 12.147

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