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SUBJECT: DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE (CE801)
Plate girders have a very low Torsional stiffness and a very high ratio of major axis to minor axis
moment of inertia. Thus, when they bend about major axis, they are very prone to lateral-Torsional
instability as shown in Figure 3.6 (a). Adequate resistance to such instability has to be provided during
construction. In the completed structure, the compression flange is usually stabilized by the deck.
If the unrestrained flange is in compression, distortional buckling, Figure 3.6 (b), is a possible mode
of failure and such cases have to be adequately braced. Thus, lateral bracings are a system of cross
frames and bracings located in the horizontal plane at the compression flange of the girder, in order to
increase lateral stability.
Loads that act transverse on the plate girders also cause the lateral bending and the major
contribution is from wind loads. Since plate girders can be very deep, increase in girder depth creates a
larger surface area over which wind loads can act. This, in addition to causing lateral bending,
contributes to instability of compression flange of the girder. Hence, design of lateral bracing should take
account of this effect also.
Triangulated bracing is provided for deck type of plate girder bridges to increase lateral stability of
compression flange. But, it cannot be adopted for the half-through or through girder bridges because it
interferes with functions of the bridge. In these cases, the deck is designed as a horizontal beam
providing restraint against translation at its level and the flange far away from the deck is stabilized by U-
frame action. The degree of lateral restraint provided to the compression flange by U-frame action
depends upon the transverse member, the two webs of the main girder (including any associated vertical
stiffener) and their connections.
Beams:
One of the frequently used structural members is a beam whose main function is to transfer load
principally by means of flexural or bending action. In a structural framework, it forms the main horizontal
member spanning between adjacent columns or as a secondary member transmitting floor loading to
the main beams. Normally only bending effects are predominant in a beam except in special cases such
as crane girders, where effects of torsion in addition to bending have to be specifically considered.
The type of responses of a beam subjected to simple uniaxial bending are shown in Table 6.1. The
response in a particular case depends upon the proportions of the beam, the form of the applied loading
and the type of support provided. In addition to satisfying various strength limits as given in the Table,
the beam should also not deflect too much under the working loads i.e. it has to satisfy the serviceability
limit state also.
Recently, IS: 800, the structural steel code has been revised and the limit state method of design has
been adopted in tune with other international codes of practice such as BS, EURO, and AISC. This chapter
attempts to throw light on the provisions for bending members in this code.
Limit state design of beams:
In the working stress or allowable stress method of design, the emphasis is on limiting a particular
stress in a component to a fraction of the specified strength of the material of the component. The
magnitude of the factor for a structural action depends upon the degree of safety required. Further,
elastic behavior of the material is assumed. The main objection to the permissible stress method is that
the stress safety factor relating the permissible stress to the strength of the material is not usually the
same as the ratio of the strength to the design load. Thus it does not give the degree of safety based on
collapse load.
In the limit state method, both collapse condition and serviceability condition are considered. In this
method, the structure has to be designed to withstand safely all loads and deformations likely to occur
on it throughout its life. Designs should ensure that the structure does not become unfit for the use for
Page 5 of 14
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SUBJECT: DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE (CE801)
The object of design is to keep an acceptable level the probability of any limit state not being
exceeded. This is achieved by taking account of the variation in strength and properties of materials to
be used and the variations in the loads to be supported by the structure, by using the characteristic
values of the strength of materials as well as the loads to be applied. The deviations from the
characteristic values in the actual structures are allowed by using their design values. The characteristic
values should be based on statistical evidence where necessary data are available; where such data are
not available they should be based on an appraisal of experience. The design values are derived from the
characteristic values through the use of partial safety factors, one for material strengths and the other
for loads and load effects.
Design Procedure of the Built-up Beams design
In my earlier articles, we discussed in detail about the “Theory of Built-up Beams“. In this article, we
will move a step ahead and understand the concept of the design of Built-up beams.
Here are the simple steps that are to be followed for the design of Built-up Beams.
Step one
The effective span and load required to be carried by the built-up beam are known.
Maximum bending moment and shear force in built-up beams are calculated.
Step two
Value of yield stress (fy) for structural steel is to be assumed.
The permissible bending stress (sigma bc) is calculated.
Step three
The required section modulus (Z) for the given beam section is calculated.
Step four
From the steel table, a trial section for a beam is adopted having the modulus of section (Z) about 25% to
50% in excess of that requirement. The geometrical proportion of beam sections are noted.
Step five
When the depth of the beam is noted, then the usually the practice is to select from ISI handbook No.1
(Steel tables).The strongest Rolled steel beam that will allow for necessary thickness of power plates at
top and bottom.
Step six
The area of power plate required is found out by trial and error method are by;
I = I beam + 2(Ap)(h/2)(h/2)
For finding the area, divide the whole equation by h/2.
Step seven
Width of cover plate and thickness are decided with the restriction of outstands.
Step Eight
Check for bending stress/Actual bending compressive stress
(Ϭbc) calculated = (maximum bending moment/Gross MI) x Distance of extreme fiber in compression
from Neutral Axis
= (M/Ixx)x y1
Actual bending tension stress
Ϭbt, cal = (Ϭbc)cal x (gross area of tension flange/Net area of tension flange)
Page 7 of 14
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