CBSE

Class 11 Chemistry
Important Questions
Chapter 4
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

2 Marks Questions

1.Give the main feature of Kossel’s explanation of chemical bonding.

Ans. Kossel in relation to chemical bonding drew attention to the following facts –
(i) In the periodic table, the highly electronegative halogens and the highly electropositive
alkali metals are separated by the noble gases.
(ii) In the formation of a negative ion from a halogen atom and a positive ion from an alkali
metal, atom is associated with a gain and loss of an electron by the respective atoms.
(iii) The negative and positive ions so formed attain stable noble gas electronic

configurations. The noble gases have particularly eight electrons, ns2 np6.
The –ve and +ve ions are stabilized by electrostatic attraction.

2.How can you explain the formation of NaCl according to kossel concept?
Ans. The formation of NaCl from sodium and chlorine can be explained as

Na ® Na+ + e-

[Ne] 3s1 ® [Ne]

Cl + e- ® Cl-

[Ne] 3s2 3p5 . [Ne] 3s2 3p6 or [Ar]

Na+ + Cl- ® Na+ Cl- or NaCl.

3.Write the significance of octet rule.

Ans. Octet rule signifies –
(i) It is useful for understanding the structures of most of the organic compounds.
It mainly applies to the second period elements of the periodic table.

4.Write the Lewis structure for CO molecule

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Ans. (i) The outer (valence) shell configurations of carbon and oxygen atoms are

Carbon : (6) – 1s2 2s2 2p2

Oxygen : (8) – 1s2 2s2 2p4.

The valence electrons (4 + 6 = 10)

But it does not complete octet, thus multiple bond is exhibited.

Thus,

(ii) N (2s2 2p3), O (2s2 2p4)

5 + (2 x 6) + 1 = 18 electrons.
Thus,

5.Give the Lewis dot structure of HNO3

Ans. HNO3 ®

6.What changes are observed in atoms undergoing ionic bonding?

Ans. Due to the electron transfer the following changes occurs –
(i) Both the atoms acquire stable noble gas configuration.
(ii) The atom that loses electrons becomes +vely charged called cation whereas that gains
electrons becomes –vely charged called anion.
(iii) Cation and anion are held together by the coulombic forces of attraction to form an ionic

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bond.

7.Mention the factors that influence the formation of an Ionic bond.

Ans.Ionic bond formation mainly depends upon three factors –
(i) Low ionization energy – elements with low ionization enthalpy have greater tendency to
form an ionic bonds.
(ii) High electron gain enthalpy – high negative value of electron gain enthalpy favours ionic
bond.
(iii) Lattice energy – high lattice energy value favours ionic bond formation.

8.Give reason why H2+ ions are more stable than H2- though they have the same bond

order.

Ans.In H2- ion, one electron is present in anti bonding orbital due to which destabilizing

effect is more and thus the stability is less than that of H2+ ion.

9.How would the bond lengths vary in the following species? C2, C2- C22-.

Ans.The order of bond lengths in C2 , C2- and C22- is C2 > C2- > C22-.

10.Out of covalent and hydrogen bonds, which is stronger.

Ans. Covalent bond.

11.Define covalent radius.

Ans. The covalent radius is measured approximately as the radius of an atom’s core which is
in contact with the core of an adjacent atom in a bonded situation.

12.Why NH3 has high dipole moment than NF3 though both are pyramidal?

Ans. In case of NH3 the orbital dipole due to lone pair is in the same direction as the

resultant dipole moment of the N-H bonds, whereas in NF3 the orbital dipole is in the

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direction opposite to the resultant dipole moment of the three N-F

bonds. The orbital dipole become of lone pair decreases, which results in the low dipole
moment.

13.Draw the resonating structure of NO3-

Ans.

14.On which factor does dipole moment depend in case of polyatomic molecules.
Ans.The dipole moment of the polyatomic molecule depends on individual dipole moments
of bonds and also on the spatial arrangement of various bonds in the molecule.

15.Dipole moment of Be F2 is zero. Give reason.

Ans. In BeF2 the dipole moment is zero because the two equal bond dipoles point in opposite

directions and cancel the effect of each other.

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16.Bond dipoles in Be F2

Give the main features of VSEPR Theory.

Ans.The main postulates of VSEPR theory are as follows :
(i)The shape of a molecule depends upon the number of valence shell electron pairs around
the central atom.
(ii)Pairs of electrons in the valence shell repel one another since their electron clouds are
negatively charged.
(iii)There pairs of electrons tends to occupy such position in space that minimize repulsion
and thus maximize distance between them.
(iv)The valence shell is taken as a sphere with the electron pairs localizing on the sphere at
maximum distance from one another.
(v)A multiple bond is treated as it is a single electron pair and two or three electron pairs of a
multiple bond is treated as super pair.
(vi)When two or more resonance structures can represent a molecule, the VSEPR nodal is
applicable to any such structure.

17.What’s difference between lone pair and bonded pair of electrons?

Ans. Lone pair electrons do not take part in bond formation whereas bond pair electrons
take part in bond formation.

18.CO2 is linear whereas SO2 is bend – shaped. Give reason.

Ans. In CO2, the bond electron are furtherest away from each other forming1800 angle. Thus,

CO2 is linear.

In SO2, the number of bonding pairs is 4 where it has an lone pair of electron which does not

participate in bond formation thereby repulsive strain is experienced.

19.Why does H2O have bent structure?

Ans. In water molecule, there are two bonding pairs and two lone pairs of electrons. The
shape should have been tetrahedral if there were all bp but two lp are present. Thus the

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shaped is distorted to an angular shape. Because lp – lp repulsion is more than lp – bp
repulsion.

20.For the molecule,

Why is structure (b) more stable than structure (a)?

Ans. In (a) the lp is present at axial position so there are three lp – bp repulsions at 900 .
Whereas in (b) the lp is in an equatorial position are there are two lp – bp repulsions. Hence,
arrangement (b) is more stable than (a).

21.How would you attribute the structure of PH3 molecule using VSEPR model?

Ans. Phosphorus atom has 5 electrons in its outermost orbit. H – atoms contribute one
electron each to make in all 8 electron around P – atom. Thus 4 pairs of electrons would be
distributed in a tetrahedral manner around the central atom. Three pairs from three P – H
bonds while the fourth pair remains unused. Due to repulsion between the bp and lp, the
shape is not of tetrahedral but trigonal pyramidal molecule.

22.In SF4 molecule, the lp electrons occupies an equatorial position in the trigonal

bipyramidal arrangement to an axial position. Give reason.

Ans. In SF4 molecule, the lp electrons occupies an equatorial position because, lp – bp

repulsion is minimum.

23.How is VBT different from Lewis concept?

Ans.In Lewis concept, bond formation is explained in terms of sharing of electron pairs and
the Octet rule whereas in VBT bond formation is described in terms of hybridization and
overlap of the orbitals.

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24.S – orbital does not show any preference for direction. Why?
Ans. S – Orbital does not show any preference for direction because it is spherically
symmetrical.

25.Why is s– bond stronger than - bond?

Ans. Orbitals can overlap to a greater extent in a s - bond due to axial orientation, so s - bond
is strong. Whereas, in a pi – bond sideways overlapping is not to an appreciable extent due to
the presence of s - bond which restricts the distance between the involved atoms.

26.What are the different types of s - bond formation?

Ans. s - bond can be formed by any of the following types of combinations of atoms orbitals.
(a) S – S – overlapping : In this case, there is a overlap of two half – filled S – orbitals along
the inter nuclear axis.

(b) S- P overlapping : This type of over lapping occurs between half – filled s-orbitals of one
atom and half-filled p-orbitals of another atom.

(c) P – P overlapping : This type of overlap takes place between half-filled p-orbitals of the
two approaching atoms.

27.What is zero over lap?

Ans. The unsymmetrical overlap of orbitals results in zero overlap i-e; between px-s and px-
py orbital

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28. the features of hybridisation.
Ans. The main features of hybridization are
(i) The number of hybrid orbitals is equal to number of the atomic orbitals that get
hybridized.
(ii) The hybridized orbitals are always equivalent in energy and shape.
(iii) The hybrid orbitals are more effective in forming stable bonds than the pure atomic
orbitals.
(iv) The hybrid orbitals orient in a manner to minimize repulsion resulting in a particular
geometrical shape.

29.What are the important consolations for hybridisation?

Ans. (i) The orbitals present in the valence shell of the atom are hybridised.
(ii)The orbitals undergoing hybridization should have almost the same energy.
(iii)It is not essential that electrons get promoted prior to hybridization.
It is necessary that only half filled orbitals participate in hybridisation even filled orbitlals
can take part.

30.Describe the shape of sp, sp2 and sp3 hybrid orbital?

Ans. (i) Sp-hybrid orbital is oriented to an angle .
(ii) -hybrid orbital lie in a plane and is directed towards the corners of equilateral

triangle making an angle of .

(iii) -hybrid orbitals are directed towards the four corners of tetrahedron making an

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angle of

31.Ethylene is a planar molecule whereas acetylene is a linear molecule. Give reason.

Ans. In case of ethylene, hybridization where the four hydrogen atoms

are placed in four corners of a plane sharing

Whereas acetylene shows sp hybridization and shares an angle of and thus it is linear.

32.In H2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te, the bond angle decreases though all have the same bent

shape. Why?
Ans. In all the four cases, the molecules undergo hybridization forming four hybrid

orbitals, two of which are occupied by lp of electrons and two by bp electrons. Thus they are
expected to have angle but this does not happen. In case of molecule, as

oxygen is small in size and has high electronegativity value, the bp are closer due to which it
is subjected to larger repulsion (bp-bp). In case of as S atom is larger than O, bp-bp

repulsion is less as compared to and it is true for as well.

33.Out of p-orbital and sp-hybrid orbital which has greater directional character and
Why?
Ans. Sp-hybrid orbital has greater directional character than p-orbital. Because in case of p-
orbitals, the two lobes are equal in size and equal electron density is distributed whereas in
Sp-hybrid orbital, electron density is greater on one side.

34. does not exist. Explain in terms of LCAO.

Ans. The electronic configuration of helium atom is . Each helium atom contains 2
electrons, therefore, in molecule there would be 4 electrons. These electrons will

accommodated in molecular orbitals leading to electronic configuration :

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 molecule is there unstable and does not exist.

35.Dipole moment is a scalar or a vector quantity?

Ans.Dipole moment is a vector quantity and is depicted by a small arrow with tail on the +ve
centre and head pointing towards the negative centre.

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