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Geology - Lecture 2.0

This document discusses geology and its relationship to civil engineering. It outlines several key branches of geology including structural geology, sedimentology, stratigraphy, mineralogy, petrography, geochemistry, and applied geology. It also describes how geology relates to fields like mining engineering, petroleum engineering, geophysical engineering, and architecture. The document then discusses geology and civil engineering, noting how geological and erosional processes impact civil works. It provides examples of how geology relates to infrastructure like roads, foundations, tunnels, slopes, and dams. Finally, it outlines Earth's internal structure, describing the crust, mantle, core, and layers within each including the continental and oceanic crust, upper and lower mantle, and solid inner core within

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20 views

Geology - Lecture 2.0

This document discusses geology and its relationship to civil engineering. It outlines several key branches of geology including structural geology, sedimentology, stratigraphy, mineralogy, petrography, geochemistry, and applied geology. It also describes how geology relates to fields like mining engineering, petroleum engineering, geophysical engineering, and architecture. The document then discusses geology and civil engineering, noting how geological and erosional processes impact civil works. It provides examples of how geology relates to infrastructure like roads, foundations, tunnels, slopes, and dams. Finally, it outlines Earth's internal structure, describing the crust, mantle, core, and layers within each including the continental and oceanic crust, upper and lower mantle, and solid inner core within

Uploaded by

omay12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geology

Week 2
Engr. Jomar Llanto
Topic Outline
Relationship of Geology to other Engineering Science

Branches of Geology

Geology and Civil Engineering

Geology: The study of the Earth and its System

Earth's Internal Structure


❖Mining Engineering (safe and economic factors in
Relationship of mining deposition and development)
Geology to other ❖Petroleum Engineering (economic design for
Engineering Science extracting petroleum products)
❖Geophysical Engineering (earth physical
Relationship of properties and its engineering
Geology to other application)
Engineering Science ❖Architecture (project designing)
Branches of
geology
• Structural geology
• Sedimantology-
General
sedimentary
Geology petrography
• Stratigraphy

Mineralogy- • Mineralogy
Petrography • Petrography
Branches of Geology
Ore deposit-Geochemistry

• Mineral deposits
• Geochemistry
• Petroleum Geology

Applied Geology

• Engineering Geology
• Hydrology
• Mathematical Geology
Geology and Civil
Engineering
Civil engineering works are carried out
either on site or within site.
For this reason , erosional and
geological process which cause the stability
of the rocks and ground and their changes
are important to civil engineering
❑Roads
❑Foundations
❑Tunnels
❑Slopes
❑Dams
Geology and Civil
Engineering
➢Where is a geologically safe and economical
engineering structure built?
➢How to choose the communication and
transport infrastructure route where
geological condition are convenient?
➢How are the building bases constructed
safely and economically in terms of geological
and geotechnical aspects?
➢How to create a slope both safely and
economically?
➢How is a safe tunnel and underground facility
Geology: The study of the Earth and its system
Layers of Earth
Earth Systems
Atmosphere

Hydrosphere

Cryosphere

Lithosphere

Biosphere
Atmoshpere

• Blanket of gases surrounding the


Earth
• 99% nitrogen and oxygen
• Protection from Sun's heat & UV
rays
• Strongly interacts with water
surface
• Weather: due to exchange of
energy
• Earth's surface & atmoshphere
• Atmosphere and outer space
Hydrosphere

➢ Water portion of Earth


➢ Oceans (most
prominent) 71% of
surface of Earth
➢ Streams, lakes,
glaciers, underground
water
Cryosphere
➢ Icy portion of the Earth's crust
➢ Glaciers
➢ Permafrost and ground ice
➢ Polar ice caps
➢ Frozen polar seas
➢ Earth's ecosystem
➢ Earth's surface and subsurface to depths of a few
kilometers
Biosphere ➢ Life occupies an extreme range of environments
➢ Lifre strongly interacts with the atmoshphere, the
hydrosphere and lithosphere
Lithosphere

➢The solid, outer part of the


Earth, including the brittle
upper portion of the mantle
and the crust
➢Coolest and most rigid part of
the Earth
Earth's Internal Structure

Crust Mantle Core

Oceanic 0-6 km Upper 34-670 km Outer – liquid


("young", < 180 m.y.) Lower 670-2900 km Inner – solid
Continental 0-34 km
(older, up to 3.8 b.y.)
Earth's Crust

Continental crust – underlies the


continents
➢Avg. rock density 2.7 g/cm3
➢Avg. thickness 35-40 km
➢Avg. rock type = Granite

Oceanic crust – underlies the ocean


basin
➢Density about 3.0 g/cm3
➢Avg. thickness 7-10 km
➢Avg. rock type = Basalt/Gabro
Earth's Mantle

The mantle is the mostly-


solid bulk of Earth's interior.
The mantle lies between
Earth's dense, super-heated
core and its thin outer layer,
the crust. The mantle is
about 2,900 kilometers
(1,802 miles) thick and
makes up a whopping 84% of
Earth’s total volume.
Earth's Core

❖ Earth’s core is the very


hot, very dense center of
our planet. The ball-
shaped core lies beneath
the cool, brittle crust and
the mostly-solid mantle.
❖ The core is found about
2,900 kilometers (1,802
miles) below Earth’s
surface and has a radius of
about 3,485 kilometers
(2,165 miles).
Earth's Core
• The core was formed during the "iron
catastrophe," a pivotal moment in Earth's
history when the planet heated past the
melting point of iron, and droplets of heavy
metals gravitated toward the center of the
churning sphere. Lighter elements, mostly
silicates, emerged as the early mantle and
crust.
• Earth's core as three parts: the outer core,
the inner core, and the newly discovered
inner inner core. The outer core is liquid
iron, while the inner and inner inner core
are a solid iron-nickel alloy.
Earth's Core

Solar Wind
• The spiraling convection currents
in the outer core are responsible
for Earth's magnetic field, which
protects the planet from toxic
particles of the solar wind.
Movement in the outer core
causes the magnetic poles to
shift up to 64 kilometers (40
miles) every year.
Thanks!!

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