If you take a rope/chain, fix the two ends, and let

it hang under the force of gravity, it will

naturally form a hyperbolic cosine curve.

Hyperbolic functions
Prepared by: Ms. Nurhakimah Binti Abd Aziz

Most curves that look parabolic are actually

Catenaries, which is based in the hyperbolic
cosine function. A good example of a Catenary
would be the Gateway Arch in Saint Louis,
Missouri.
OBJECTIVES
Definitions
 DEFINITION
GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION
• Function that derived from one of the shapes of conic sections.
• Types of conic sections:
 Warm Up – Manipulating Exponentials

1. Expand and simplify the following:

(a) 𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑦 ex+y (b) 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1 2
e-2x – 2e-x + 1
1 2 1
ൗ2 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒−𝑥 1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥
(c) 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ¼(e2x – 2 + e-2x) (d)
2 1
ൗ2 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑥 1 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
2. Solve the equation below, leaving your answer in the form ln k,
where k is a positive integer.

1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 4 x = ln 3
−2𝑥
=
1+𝑒 5
 DEFINITION
EXPONENTIAL FORMS OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION
• The hyperbolic sinh of 𝑥 and hyperbolic cosh of 𝑥 are defined by:

1 𝑥 1 𝑥
sinh 𝑥 = 𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 and cosh 𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥
2 2

• These definitions can simply be stated but need to be memorised. One ‘strategy’ is
to remember that:
“shinus is minus!”
• By convention we pronounce cosh as ‘coshine’ and sinh as ‘shine’.
 DEFINITION

• Hyperbolic functions are very similar to trigonometric functions, in that the

reciprocal functions and addition formulae can be used in the same manner.
Thus:
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 1 1 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥

• By convention we pronounce tanh as ‘than’, cosech as ‘cosheck’, sech as

‘sheck’ and coth as ‘coth’.
Graphs
 GRAPH
Graph the exponential function of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥 .

x f(x)
-3 0.049
-2 0.135
Asymptote of the
-1 0.368 curve
0 1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥

1 2.718
2 7.389
3 20.086
 GRAPH
Graph the exponential function of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 .

x f(x)
-3 20.086
-2 7.389
-1 2.718 Asymptote of
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
the curve
0 1
1 0.368
2 0.135
3 0.049
 GRAPH
Graph the exponential function of 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 .

x f(x)
-3 - 20.086
-2 - 7.389
-1 - 2.718
𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥
0 -1
1 - 0.368
2 - 0.135
3 - 0.049
 GRAPH - sinh 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥

𝑦
We can see we have the 𝑦 = sinh 𝑥
average of 𝑒 𝑥 and −𝑒 −𝑥

Click here to
sketch 𝑦 = sinh 𝑥
𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
sinh 𝑥 =
2
Domain: all real values 𝑥
Range: all real values 𝑦
GRAPH - cosh 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥

𝑦
𝑦 = cosh 𝑥

Click to sketch
𝑦 = cosh 𝑥 Domain: all real values 𝑥
𝑥 Range: 𝑦 ≥ 1

𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
cosh 𝑥 =
2
 GRAPH - tanh 𝑥
To sketch 𝑦 = tanh 𝑥, consider the usual features when you
sketch a graph. sinh 𝑥
tanh 𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝟎 𝟎
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟎 ?
=𝟏=𝟎

𝟏 𝒙
𝒆
As 𝑥 → ∞, 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙 → 𝟐
𝟏 𝒙 =?𝟏
𝟐
𝒆
𝟏
− 𝒆−𝒙
𝑦
As 𝑥 → −∞, 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒙 → 𝟐
𝟏 −𝒙
𝒆
?= −𝟏
𝟐

𝑦=1

Click to sketch
𝑦 = tanh 𝑥
𝑥

Domain: all real values 𝑥

𝑦 = −1 Range: −1 < 𝑦 < 1
 EXAMPLE
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = sech 𝑥
𝑦 = cosh 𝑥

𝑦
We simply consider
the reciprocal of
each of the 𝑦
values.
1 ?
𝑦 = sech 𝑥

𝑥
 EXAMPLE

• Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 3 cosh 𝑥 + 1 − 4 .

 SOLVING EQUATIONS
USING DEFINITIONS OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
• Leaving your answer in exact form, solve:
I. 4 cosh 𝑥 − 3 sinh 𝑥 = 4.
II. 6 sinh 𝑥 − 2 cosh 𝑥 = 7.
 Solving Equations

Solve for all real 𝑥

6 sinh 𝑥 − 2 cosh 𝑥 = 7

𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
6 −2 =7
2 2
…
2𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝑒 𝑥 − 4 = 0
𝑥 = ln 4
 EXAMPLE
Solve the equation
7 sech 𝑥 − tanh 𝑥 = 5
Give your answers in the form ln 𝑎 , where 𝑎 is a rational number.
 EXAMPLE
Find the exact solutions of the equation
2 sinh 𝑥 + 7 cosh 𝑥 = 9
giving your answers as natural logarithms.
 EXAMPLE

Solve the equation 3 sinh 2𝑥 = 13 − 3𝑒 2𝑥 , giving your answer in the form

1
ln 𝑘, where 𝑘 is an integer.
2
Inverse Hyperbolic
Function
 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions - 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥
• The functions only have an inverse if they are one-to-one.
• Pronounce inverse function by lack of ‘c’.
• Eg : For inverse sinh 𝑥 called as arsinh not arcsinh.

Click to sketch
𝑦 = sinh 𝑥

𝑥
Click to sketch
𝑦 = sinh−1 𝑥
 Example

• Solve the equation sinh2𝑥 − 5 sinh 𝑥 + 4 = 0. Give your answers to 3

significant figures.
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions - 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑥
𝑦

𝑓 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 is many-to-

x one if the domain is

unrestricted, which would

𝑥
become one-to-many.

If we restrict the domain to

𝑥 ≥ 0 , then it becomes
one-to-one, and we can
reflect in 𝑦 = 𝑥 as before.
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

All of them:
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑥,
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ−1 𝑥
LOGARITHMIC FORM
FOR INVERSE
HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIONS
Given that hyperbolic functions can be written in terms of 𝑒, naturally inverse hyperbolic can be
expressed in terms of 𝑙𝑛.

Prove that 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1

𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥
𝑥 = sinh 𝑦
𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥=
2
𝑦 −𝑦
𝑒 − 𝑒 = 2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −2𝑥, 𝑐 = −1
𝑦
2𝑥 ± 4𝑥 2 + 4
𝑒 = = 𝑥 ± 𝑥2 + 1
2
However since 𝑥 2 + 1 > 𝑥, can only use positive case as
𝑒 𝑦 is positive.
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1
 EXAMPLE
Proof that 𝒍𝒏(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏) is negative:
Prove that 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 1 , 𝑥 ≥ 1
𝑥 − 𝑥2 − 1 𝑥 + 𝑥2 − 1 = 1
1
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥2 − 1 =
𝑥 + 𝑥2 − 1
𝑥 = cosh 𝑦 Taking logs of both sides:
𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑥= ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 1 = − ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 1
2
𝑦 −𝑦
𝑒 + 𝑒 = 2𝑥 Since 𝑥 ≥ 1, 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 1 ≥ 1, thus RHS is
𝑒 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 1 = 0 negative.
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −2𝑥, 𝑐 = 1
𝑦
2𝑥 ± 4𝑥 2 − 4
𝑒 = = 𝑥 ± 𝑥2 − 1
2
However this time, both + and − cases are possible.
We can prove that ln(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 1) gives a negative value. Show >

But recall from the graph that we only include positive

values of 𝑦 in the function to avoid it being one-to-
many. Thus 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 1 only.
 EXAMPLE
1 1+𝑥
Prove that 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 = 2 ln 1−𝑥
, 𝑥 < 1.

𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥
𝑥 = tanh 𝑦
1 − 𝑒 −2𝑦
𝑥=
1 + 𝑒 −2𝑦
1 − 𝑒 −2𝑦 = (1 + 𝑒 −2𝑦 )𝑥
𝑒 2𝑦 − 1 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 + 𝑥
𝑒 2𝑦 1 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1
2𝑦
(1 + 𝑥)
𝑒 =
(1 − 𝑥)
(1 + 𝑥)
2𝑦 = ln
(1 − 𝑥)
1 (1 + 𝑥)
𝑦 = ln
2 (1 − 𝑥)
Therefore,
1 (1 + 𝑥)
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 = ln
2 (1 − 𝑥)
 SUMMARY

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 1

𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 1 , 𝑥≥1

−1
1 1+𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 = ln , 𝑥 <1
2 1−𝑥
 SUMMARY
Hyperbolic Domain Sketch Inverse Domain Sketch
Hyperbolic
𝑦 = sinh 𝑥 𝑥∈ℝ 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 𝑥∈ℝ

𝑦 = cosh 𝑥 𝑥≥0 1 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1 𝑥 𝑥≥1

1

𝑦 = tanh 𝑥 𝑥∈ℝ 1
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥 𝑥 <1
-1

𝑦 = sech 𝑥 𝑥≥0 1
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 𝑥 0<𝑥≤1

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑥 𝑥≠0 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ−1 𝑥 𝑥≠0

𝑦 = coth 𝑥 𝑥≠0 1 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ−1 𝑥 𝑥 >1

-1
 EXAMPLE

• Solve the equation sinh2𝑥 − 5 sinh 𝑥 + 4 = 0. Give your answers in exact

logarithmic form.
Hyperbolic
Identities
 HYPERBOLIC IDENTITIES

• From the trigonometric identities:

sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1
• For hyperbolic identities:
 By using the definition of hyperbolic function, evaluate 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙.
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏

Divide with 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟐 𝒙

𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉𝟐 𝒙

And divide with 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡𝟐 𝒙

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏
 Examples
By using the definition of hyperbolic function prove
sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦 = sinh 𝑥 + 𝑦
• Hint: use definitions and begin with the LHS. Always good practice to
tackle the more complicated side when proving identities.

1 𝑥 1 1 𝑥 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦 = 𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦
2 2 2 2
1 𝑥+𝑦 1 𝑥+𝑦
= 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑥+𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑥+𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑥−𝑦
4 4
1 𝑥+𝑦
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥−𝑦
2

 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 + cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦 = sinh 𝑥 + 𝑦 as required

What happens if we let 𝑦 = 𝑥? 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥

Hyperbolic Identities
We can similar prove that:
Similar to sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) identity.

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝑨 ± 𝑩 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝑩 ± 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝑩

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝑨 ± 𝑩 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝑩 ± 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝑩

However this is (±) not (∓), unlike in cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝑨 ± 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝑩
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝑨 ± 𝑩 = =
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 𝒙 𝟏 ± 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝑨 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 𝑩
Trigonometric Identities
Osborn’s Rule
We can get these identities from the normal sin/cos ones by:

Osborn’s Rule: A rule for converting a trigonometric identity

into a corresponding hyperbolic one.
1. Replacing 𝑠𝑖𝑛 → 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 → 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ
2. Negate any product of two sines.
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 → − sinh 𝐴?sinh 𝐵
tan2 𝐴 → − tanh2 ?𝐴
sin2 𝐴
Since tan2 𝐴 = cos2 𝐴

This rule does not apply to formulae involving calculus.

?
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 = 2 cos2 𝐴 − 1 → 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬𝒉 𝟐
𝑨−𝟏
tan 𝐴 − tan 𝐵 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝑨 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝑩
tan 𝐴 − 𝐵 = →
1 + tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 ?𝑨 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝑩
 Example

• By using the definition of cosh 𝑥, show that

cosh 2𝑥 = 2 cosh2 𝑥 − 1 .
 SUMMARY
Trigonometric Identity Hyperbolic Identity
cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1 cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1
cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 cosh 2𝑥 = cosh2 𝑥 + sinh2 𝑥
sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sinh 2𝑥 = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
sin 𝜃 sinh 𝑥
tan 𝜃 = tanh 𝑥 =
cos 𝜃 cosh 𝑥
1 1
sec 𝜃 = sech 𝑥 =
cos 𝜃 cosh 𝑥
1 1
cosec 𝜃 = cosech 𝑥 =
sin 𝜃 sinh 𝑥
1 1
cot 𝜃 = coth 𝑥 =
tan 𝜃 tanh 𝑥
Further Examples
3
Pure Year 1 one: If cos 𝑥 = , find sin 𝑥.
5

sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1
9 4
sin 𝑥 = 1 −? =
25 5

3 cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1
If sinh 𝑥 = , find the
4 3?
2
5
exact value of: cosh 𝑥 =
4
+1=
4
a) cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑥 3
b) tanh 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 = ?=
cosh 𝑥 5
c) sinh 2𝑥 sinh 2𝑥 = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
15 ?
=
8
 Solving Equations
Solve for all real 𝑥
2 cosh2 𝑥 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑥 = 5

Using cosh2 𝑥 − sinℎ2 𝑥 = 1

2 1 + sinh2 𝑥 − 5 sinh 𝑥 = 5
2 sinh 𝑥 + 1 sinh 𝑥 − 3 = 0
1
sinh 𝑥 = − , sinh 𝑥 = 3
2
1
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ − , 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 3
2
1 5
𝑥 = ln − + , 𝑥 = ln 3 + 10
2 2