4.

1 Fuzzy Logic
What is Fuzzy Logic?

• Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning. The approach of FL
imitates the way of decision making in humans that involves all intermediate possibilities
between digital values YES and NO.

• The conventional logic block that a computer can understand takes precise input and produces a
definite output as TRUE or FALSE, which is equivalent to human’s YES or NO.

• The inventor of fuzzy logic, Lotfi Zadeh, observed that unlike computers, the human decision
making includes a range of possibilities between YES and NO, such as −

• In the Boolean system, only two possibilities (0 and 1) exist, where 1 denotes the absolute truth
value and 0 denotes the absolute false value. But in the fuzzy system, there are multiple
possibilities present between the 0 and 1, which are partially false and partially true.

Architecture of a Fuzzy Logic System

• In the architecture of the Fuzzy Logic system, each component plays an important role. The
architecture consists of the different four components which are given below.
 • Rule Base

• Fuzzification

• Inference Engine

• Defuzzification

• 1. Rule Base

Rule Base is a component used for storing the set of rules and the If-Then conditions given by the
experts are used for controlling the decision-making systems.

There are so many updates that come in the Fuzzy theory recently, which offers effective methods for
designing and tuning of fuzzy controllers. These updates or developments decreases the number of
fuzzy set of rules.

• 2. Fuzzification

Fuzzification is a module or component for transforming the system inputs, i.e., it converts the crisp
number into fuzzy steps.

The crisp numbers are those inputs which are measured by the sensors and then fuzzification passed
them into the control systems for further processing.

• This component divides the input signals into following five states in any Fuzzy Logic system:

Large Positive (LP)

Medium Positive (MP)

Small (S)

Medium Negative (MN)

Large negative (LN)

• 3. Inference Engine
This component is a main component in any Fuzzy Logic system (FLS), because all the information is
processed in the Inference Engine.

It allows users to find the matching degree between the current fuzzy input and the rules. After the
matching degree, this system determines which rule is to be added according to the given input field.
When all rules are fired, then they are combined for developing the control actions.

• 4. Defuzzification

Defuzzification is a module or component, which takes the fuzzy set inputs generated by the Inference
Engine, and then transforms them into a crisp value. It is the last step in the process of a fuzzy logic
system.

The crisp value is a type of value which is acceptable by the user. Various techniques are present to do
this, but the user has to select the best one for reducing the errors.

Membership Function

• The membership function is a function which represents the graph of fuzzy sets, and allows
users to quantify the linguistic term. It is a graph which is used for mapping each element of x to
the value between 0 and 1.

• This function is also known as indicator or characteristics function.

• This function of Membership was introduced in the first papers of fuzzy set by Zadeh. For the
Fuzzy set B, the membership function for X is defined as: μB:X → [0,1]. In this function X, each
element of set B is mapped to the value between 0 and 1. This is called a degree of membership
or membership value.

Classical and Fuzzy Set Theory

• To learn about classical and Fuzzy set theory, firstly you have to know about what is set.

Set

• A set is a term, which is a collection of unordered or ordered elements. Following are the
various examples of a set:

A set of all-natural numbers

A set of students in a class.

A set of all cities in a state.

A set of upper-case letters of the alphabet.

Operations on Classical Set

• Following are the various operations which are performed on the classical sets:

- Union Operation

- Intersection Operation
Union:

• This operation is denoted by (A U B). A U B is the set of those elements which exist in two
different sets A and B. This operation combines all the elements from both the sets and make a
new set. It is also called a Logical OR operation.

• It can be described as:

A ∪ B = { x | x ∈ A OR x ∈ B }.

• Example:

Set A = {10, 11, 12, 13},

Set B = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15},

then A ∪ B = {10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}

Intersection

• This operation is denoted by (A ∩ B). A ∩ B is the set of those elements which are common in
both set A and B. It is also called a Logical OR operation.

• It can be described as:

A ∩ B = { x | x ∈ A AND x ∈ B }.

• Example:

Set A = {10, 11, 12, 13},

Set B = {11, 12, 14}

then A ∩ B = {11, 12}

Operations on Fuzzy Set

1. Union Operation: The union operation of a fuzzy set is defined by:

μA∪B(x) = max (μA(x), μB(x))

Example:

Let's suppose A is a set which contains following elements:

A = {( X1, 0.6 ), (X2, 0.2), (X3, 1), (X4, 0.4)}

B is a set which contains following elements:

B = {( X1, 0.1), (X2, 0.8), (X3, 0), (X4, 0.9)}

then,

AUB = {( X1, 0.6), (X2, 0.8), (X3, 1), (X4, 0.9)}

Intersection Operation:
The intersection operation of fuzzy set is defined by:

μA∩B(x) = min (μA(x), μB(x))

Example:

Let's suppose A is a set which contains following elements:

A = {( X1, 0.3 ), (X2, 0.7), (X3, 0.5), (X4, 0.1)}

B is a set which contains following elements:

B = {( X1, 0.8), (X2, 0.2), (X3, 0.4), (X4, 0.9)}

then,

A∩B = {( X1, 0.3), (X2, 0.2), (X3, 0.4), (X4, 0.1)}

Complement Operation:

The complement operation of fuzzy set is defined by:

μĀ(x) = 1-μA(x),

Example:

Let's suppose A is a set which contains following elements:

A = {( X1, 0.3 ), (X2, 0.8), (X3, 0.5), (X4, 0.1)}

then,

Ā= {( X1, 0.7 ), (X2, 0.2), (X3, 0.5), (X4, 0.9)}