EMERGENCY AND DISASTER NURSING

INTRODUCING THE CHAPTER

Natural Calamities Flood

Earthquake

Volcano

Man Made Disaster

Explosion

War Fire

Accidents

Emergency Preparedness

Community Resources Available to Meet Calamities Nurses Role in Disaster Management

DISASTER

The word derives from Middle French désastre and that from Old Italian disastro, which in turn comes from the
Greek pejorative prefix (dus-) "bad" + (aster), "star". The root of the word disaster ("bad star" in Greek) comes
from an astrological theme in which the ancients used to refer to the destruction or deconstruction of a star as a
disaster. Disaster is an occurrence arising with little or no warning, which causes serious disruption of life and
perhaps death or injury to large number of people. It is any man made or natural event that causes destruction and
devastation which cannot be relieved without assistance. Natural disasters are catastrophic events with
atmospheric, geologic, and hydrologic origins. Natural disasters can have rapid or slow onset, with serious health,
socialand economic consequencesDeveloping countries are disproportionately affected because they may lack
resources, infrastructure, and disaster-preparedness systems. Generally, disaster has the following effects in the
concerned areas,

It completely disrupts the normal day to day life It negatively influences the emergency systems

Normal needs and processes like food, shelter, health, etc. are affected and deteriorate depending on the intensity
and severity of the disaster

The extent of damage in a disaster depends on

1) The impact, intensity and characteristics of the phenomenon and

2) How people, environment and infrastructures are affected by that phenomenon

EMERGENCY AND DISASTER NURSING DEFINITIONS OF DISASTER

Disaster means that any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life or deterioration
of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant and extraordinary response from outside the affected
community or area. (WHO, 1995) Disaster is defined as any catastrophic situation in which the normal patterns of
life (or ecosystems) have been disrupted and extraordinary, emergency interventions are required to save and
preserve human lives and/or the environment

Disaster is a sudden, calamitous event bringing great damage, loss, and destruction and devastation to life and
propertyThe damage caused by disasters is immeasurable and varies with the geographical location, climate and
the type of the earth surface/degree of vulnerabilityThis influences the mental, socio-economicpolitical and
cultural state of the affected area. A disaster can be defined as any tragic event with great loss stemming from
events such as earthquakes, floods, catastrophic accidents, fires, or explosions. It may also be termed as a serious
disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread human, material or environmental losses which
exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resourcesThus, in simple terms we can define
disaster as a hazard causing heavy loss to lifeproperty and livelihood. E.ga cyclone killing 10,000 lives and a crop
loss of one crore can be termed as disaster. Thus, a disaster may have the following main features-
Unpredictability, Unfamiliarity, Speed, Urgency, Uncertainty and Threat

CONCEPT AND MEANING OF DISASTER D Detection

I Incident command

S Safety and security

A Assess

S Support

T Triage and treatment

E Evaluation

R Recovery

PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER

Prevent the occurrence of the disaster Minimize the number of casualties Prevent further casualties from
occurring

Rescue the victims

Provide First aid to the injured

Evacuate the injured to medical facilities Provide definitive medical care

Promote or facilitate reconstruction – recovery

1Prevent the disasterDisaster can be prevented or managed by three levels of preventions which are following -

• Primary Prevention: Measures of the primary prevention are

1Awareness of risk factors

2Individual and community preparedness

3Safety practices • Secondary Prevention: Secondary Prevention includes interventions like:

1Immediate rescue

2Prevention of additional injury or death after initial occurrence

3First aid

4Organized community response

5Definitive medical care

6. Shelters and family location

7Identification services

Tertiary Prevention: It includes various actions taken for rehabilitation and disability

limitation of disaster victimsThey are:

1. Long term alternative shelter

2Relocation services

3Family and community rehabilitation

2. Minimize casualties: It includes the principle to minimize or prevent the further casualties as much as possible.

3Rescue the victims: Victim's life can be saved by early ambulation to safe place apart from disaster spot

4First aid: As soon as receiving of victim at spot first aid to be provided until approaching of medical care 5Medical
care: Early identifying of priority need of care and transport him or her to effective medical care to save the life of
victim 6Reconstruction: Post disaster management includes the reconstruction and rehabilitation as well as mental
preparation of affected persons.

CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTER

Bonet (1990) classifies disaster based on a numeric categorization which includes:

1. Minor Disaster: Minor disaster conveys an upper limit of 25 persons injured or killed

2. Moderate Disaster: Moderate disaster may include up to 100 persons injured or killed3. Major Disaster: Major
disaster exceeds 100 persons injured or killed.

TYPES OF DISASTER

Generally, disasters are of two types - Natural and Manmade disasters. A natural disaster is a consequence when a
natural hazard (e.g., volcanic eruption or earthquake) affects humans and/or the built environmentThroughout
history natural and manmade

EMERGENCY AND DISASTER NURSING

Major Natural Disasters

disasters have disrupted food and water supplies and sanitation; causing communicable diseases, injury, illness
and death. Based on the devastation, these are further classified into major/minor natural disaster and
major/minor manmade disasters. Some of the disasters are listed below:

Flood

Cyclone

Drought

Earthquake

Hurricane

Volcanic Eruption

Tornados Minor Natural Disasters

Cold wave

Thunderstorms

Heat waves

Mud slides

Storm

Blizzards

Avalanches

Major Manmade Disaster

Setting of fires
Epidemic

Deforestation

Pollution due to prawn cultivation

Chemical pollution

Wars

Minor Manmade Disaster Road/Train accidents

• Riots

Food Poisoning

• Industrial Disaster / Crisis

• Environmental Pollution

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Q. 1. Define disaster. Write down the principles of disaster.

Q2Write down the types of disaster

PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

The process of emergency management involves four phases: 1Disaster Mitigation: Disaster mitigation refers to
actions or measures that can either

prevent the occurrence of a disaster or reduce the severity of its effectsHowever, it is possible to reduce the
impact of disasters by adopting suitable disaster mitigation strategies. The task during this phase is to identify
community risk factors and to develop and implement programs to prevent disasters from occurring. Programs
developed during this phase may also focus on strategies to mitigate the effects of disaster that cannot be
prevented such as earth quakescyclones etc.

The disaster mitigation works mainly address the following: Minimize the potential risks by developing disaster
early warning strategies

Prepare and implement developmental plans to provide resilience to such disasters, Mobilize resources including
communication and tele-medicinal services

To help in rehabilitation and post-disaster reduction

Mitigation activities include:

Awareness and education, such as holding community meetings on disaster preparedness Disaster prevention-such
as building a retaining wall to prevent flood water from the residences

Advocacy such as supporting actions and efforts for effective building codes or proper land use.

Response

Recovery

2. Preparedness Phase: Disaster preparedness is an ongoing multisectoral activityThe objective of disaster

preparedness is to ensure that appropriate systems, procedures and resources are in place to provide prompt
effective assistance to disaster victims, thus facilitating relief measures and rehabilitation of services

aPersonal preparedness-Health care professionals with client responsibilities can also become disaster victims.

EMERGENCY AND DISASTER NURSING

b. Professional preparedness requires that health professionals become aware of and understand disaster plans at
their work place and community. c. Community preparedness-Some communities stay prepare for disaster with
written plans and by participating in disaster drills. The disaster preparedness works mainly address the following:

Activities undertaken to handle a disaster when it strikes

Activities that are taken to build capacity and identify resources that may be used Know evacuation shelters

Emergency communication plan

Preventive measures to prevent spread of disease

Public Education

Mitigate Risk

Prevent

Prepare

Disaster Occurs

Respond

Re-Build-Re-Construct

Recover

3. Response Phase: Response includes actions taken to save lives and prevent further damage in a disaster or
emergency situation and puts pre-disaster planning services into action. Nurses play a key role in disaster
responseNurses have skills in triage and crisis intervention and providing immediate health care needs during
disaster impact

LEVELS OF DISASTER

The response is determined by the level of disasterLevels are not determined by the number of casualties but by
the amount of resources neededThe level of disaster varies and the management plans mainly based on the
severity or extent of the disaster.

Level I Disaster - Level I considered a massive disaster. This disaster involves a massive damage to lives and
property. It requires activation by the local emergency medical system in cooperation with local community
organizations such as Red Cross and Salvation ArmyLevel II Disaster - Level II disaster considered a moderate
disaster that is likely to result in major disaster. Mobilizations of support system are necessary at this level

Level III Disaster - Level III disaster considered a minor disaster. The disaster is classifies as one that involves a
minimal level of damage.

The disaster response works mainly address the following:

Search and rescue, clearing debris, and feeding and sheltering victims (and responders if necessary) Activities a
hospital, healthcare system, or public health agency take immediately before,

4. Recovery Phase: The stage of disaster known as recovery occurs as all involved agencies

Getting a community back to its pre-disaster status during, and after a disaster or emergency occurs. pull together
to restore the economic and civic life of the community. During this phase the community take actions to repair,
rebuilt, or reallocate damaged homes and businesses and restore health and economic vitality to the community.
Psychological recovery must be addressedThe emotional scars of witnessing a disaster may persist for long
duration. Both victims and relief workers should be offered mental health activities and services.

Debris Removal Care and Shelter

Damage Assessments

Funding Assistance Activities undertaken by a community and its components after an emergency or disaster to
restore minimum services and move towards long-term restoration

PHASES OF DISASTER

There are three phases of disaster:

1. Pre- Impact Phase: It is the initial phase of disaster, prior to the actual occurrenceA warning is given at the sign
of the first possible danger to a community with the aid of weather networks and satellite many meteorological
disasters can be predicted. The earliest possible warning is crucial in preventing toss of life and minimizing damage.
This is the period when the emergency preparedness plan is put into effect emergency centers are opened by the
local civil, detention authority. Communication is a very , important factor during this phase; disaster personnel
will call on amateur radio operators radio and television stations. The role of the nurse during this warning phase is
to assist in preparing shelters and emergency aid stations and establishing contact with other emergency service
group. 2. Impact Phase: The impact phase occurs when the disaster actually happens. It is a time of enduring
hardship or injury end of trying to survive. The impact phase may last for several minutes (e.g. after an earthquake,
plane crash or explosion.) or for days or weeks (eg in a flood, famine or epidemic)The impact phase continues until
the threat of further destruction has passed and emergency plan is in effect. This is the time when the emergency
operation center is established and put in operation. It serves as the center for communication and other
government agencies of health tears care healthcare providers to staff shelters. Every shelter has a nurse as a
member of disaster action team. Nurse is responsible for psychological support to victims in the shelter.

EMERGENCY AND DISASTER NURSING

Post Impact Phase: Recovery begins during the emergency phase and ends with the return of normal community
order and functioningFor persons in the impact area this phase may last a lifetime (e.g. - victims of the atomic
bomb of Hiroshima)The victims of disaster in go through four stages of emotional response. 1. Denial-During the
stage the victims may deny the magnitude of the problem or have not fully registered. The victims may appear
usually unconcerned.

2. Strong Emotional Response - In the second stage, the person is aware of the problem but regards it as
overwhelming and unbearableCommon reaction during this stage is trembling, tightening of muscles, speaking
with the difficulty, weeping heightened, sensitivity, restlessness sadness, anger and passivityThe victim may want
to retell or relieve the disaster experience over and overAcceptance - During the third stage, the victim begins to
accept the problems caused by the disaster and makes a concentrated effect to solve them. It is important for
victims

3. to take specific action to help themselves and their families4Recovery - The fourth stage represent a recovery
from the crisis reactionVictims feel that they are back to normalA sense of well-being is restoredVictims develop
the realistic memory of the experience.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Q.1Enumerate phases of disaster managementExplain disaster mitigation in detail

Q.2Write down the levels of disaster

NATURAL CALAMITIES

The definition of natural disasters is any catastrophic event that is caused by nature or the natural processes of the
earth. The severity of a disaster is measured in lives lost, economic loss, and the ability of the population to
rebuildEvents that occur in unpopulated areas are not considered disastersSo a flood on an uninhabited island
would not count as a disaster, but a flood in a populated area is called a natural disaster.

Natural disasters are extreme, sudden events caused by environmental factors that injure people and damage
property
Flood

The definition of a flood is land covered by water that is not usually covered by water. This means that any time a
river, lake, or other body of water overflows its banks, it's technically flooding. However, most people think of the
more catastrophic types of floods, as those are the type that cause widespread damage and loss of lifeThere are a
number of causes for floods, and the most common warning is that floods can happen anywhere it rains

Flooding Causes

Floods cause so much damage because they're unpredictable and many things can cause floodsThere are flash
floods, which happen quickly and rush through. Then there are slow floods which build up over a period of time
Heavy RainfallFlooding from rainfall generally happens when more rain falls than the soilrivers, and streams can
absorbTilled fields become swampscreating a muddy flood which moves large amounts of sediment Melting Snow
and IceBecause snow and ice covers large patches of ground, as it melts, it saturates the ground as it flows into
rivers and streamsEspecially during long, harsh winters, snow and ice can build up, making for a large amount of
water needing to drain out in a relatively short amount of time.

Destruction: There are several catastrophic causes for flash floodsThese are often caused by a dam or levee
breaking and causing huge amounts of water to come rushing down onto the plainsThe destruction of a dam or
levee is often brought on by another natural disaster, such as a hurricane, cyclone, or earthquake.

River ObstructionsThere are times when development means changing the natural course of riversIn order to clear
land for crops or housing, rivers are "guided" through a different course, often creating conditions for flooding

Preparation

Some precautions can be taken, such as creating flood maps and working with nature to prevent excessive
floodingIn some areas levees have been built, but these are not entirely flood proofModern advancements in flood
prediction enables people to be more preparedThese predictions won't be able to prevent the floods, but enable
people and livestock to get to safety in timeFlood warnings are taken very seriously as lives depend on it

Earthquake

Earthquakes, temblors, quakes, tremors: These names are used to describe the sudden release of energy in the
earth's crust causing movementEarthquake is a sudden and violent movement of a portion of the earth's crust, and
the series of vibrations that follow.

Measurements of Earthquakes

Measurement of earthquakes are measured using readings from instruments called seismometers. Scientists use
the magnitude rating' to measure earthquakes. This rating measures the strength of the seismic waves and the
period of time they lasted forAn earthquake measuring between 3 and 5 on the magnitude rating is considered
normalWhen they are between 3 and 5 there usually is not too much damage done, but the tremors can be felt in
the groundWhen the magnitude rating is between the numbers 5 and 7, this is regarded as moderate to
strongEarthquakes of this magnitude do not cause a huge amount of damage or loss of lives, but can leave some
destruction in its trail, like cracks in the ground, landslidesMajor earthquakes are rated between 7 and 8, and 8 or
more is a seriously large natural disaster.

Volcano

A volcanic eruption is one of the most dangerous and magnificent natural disastersWhen a volcano erupts, the
volcano sends out ash clouds, lava and even volcanic bombs. There is a high risk of danger from slow moving lava;
though, the lava might move slowly, it is very dangerous and can cause a lot of damage to property and human life

EMERGENCY AND DISASTER NURSING

Volcanic eruptions comprise of

3 stages: 1Magmatic eruptions - when gas is released under decompression

2Phreatomagmatic eruptions - when a thermal contraction comes from water

3Phreatic eruptions - when steam erupts

When Can An Eruption Happen?

Volcanic eruptions happen deep down inside the earth. When the earth's tectonic plate's shift, it causes more than
just earthquakes, it can create new volcanoes or ventsUnderneath the surface of the earth, debris, gases from the
planet and molten rock are stored creating new formations of vents and volcanoes As soon as the magma thickens
and builds up with the gases of planet can create explosions and cause lava to flow upwards and have ash released
into the air causing thick clouds of smoke often seen overhead volcanoesIf there is an increased magma but a
decrease of planet gases, then the eruption will not be as great.

However, lava can reach an amazing heat possibly even 2000 degrees Fahrenheit; sometimes it can be even higher
than thatLava can actually destroy everything in its path, even an entire villageThere can be huge rocks or even
boulder types reigning down from the volcano and onto populated areasThere can also be toxic gases and ash
which causes severe lung problems to many vulnerable people including children and elderly people Volcano
eruptions can happen at any given time. If there is a change to the tectonic plates in which a volcano sits on, then
it can erupt at any given timeThere is no set time as to when they will erupt or how much damage they'll cause

MAN MADE DISASTER

Human-instigated disasters are the consequence of technological hazardsExamples include stampedes, fires,
transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and deliberate attacks
may also be put in this categoryAs with natural hazards, man-made hazards are events that have not happened-for
instance, terrorism. Man-made disasters are examples of specific cases where man-made hazards have become
reality in an event.

Explosion
An explosion is a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme mannerusually with the generation
of high temperatures and the release of gasesAn explosion is the sudden, loud, and violent release of energy that
happens when something (such as a bomb) breaks apart in a way that sends parts flying outward

War

War is a state of armed conflict between societiesIt is generally characterized by extreme collective aggression,
destruction, and usually high mortality.

Fire Fires are the accidents which occur most frequently, whose causes are the most diverse and which require
intervention methods and techniques adapted to the conditions and needs of each incidentThe most common
causes of fire are - ElectricalPantry Area and Smoking

Accidents

An accident is an undesirable incidental and unplanned event that could have been prevented had circumstances
leading up to the accident been recognized, and acted upon, prior to its occurrenceMost scientists who study
unintentional injury avoid using the term "accident" and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury and
that reduce injury incidence and severity

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Q.1What is natural disaster. Discuss in brief.

Q.2Define manmade disasterDiscuss in brief. Q.3Write short note on-

a. Flood

bValcano

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS

Emergency preparedness is "a programme of long term development activities whose goals are to strengthen the
overall capacity and capability of a country to manage efficiently all types of emergencyIt should bring about an
orderly transition from relief through recovery and back to sustained development"

The objectives of the disaster preparedness is to ensure that appropriate systems, procedures and resources are in
place to provide prompt, effective assistance to disaster victims, thus facilitating relief measures and rehabilitation
servicesPreparedness measures such as the maintenance of inventories of resources and the training of personnel
to manage disasters are other essential components of managing a disaster.

(1) The objective of disaster preparedness is to ensure that appropriate systems, procedures and resources are in
place to provide prompt effective assistance to disaster victims, thus facilitating relief measures and rehabilitation
of servicesThe individuals are responsible for maintaining their well-beingCommunity membersresources,
organizations, and administration should be the cornerstone of an emergency preparedness programme. The
reasons of community preparedness are:

(a) Members of the community have the most to lose from being vulnerable to disasters and the most to gain
from an effective and appropriate emergency preparedness programme; Those who first respond to an
emergency come from within the communityWhen transport and communications are disrupted, an
external emergency response may not arrive for days; (b)

EMERGENCY AND DISASTER NURSING

Resources is most easily pooled at the community level and every community possesses capabilities. Failure to
exploit these capabilities is poor resource management; Sustained development is best achieved by allowing
emergency-affected communities to design, manage, and implement internal and external assistance programme

(2) Disaster preparedness is an ongoing multisectoral activityIt forms an integral part of the national system
responsible for developing plans and programmes for disaster management, prevention, mitigation, preparedness,
response, rehabilitation and reconstructionThe system, known by a variety of names depending on the country,
depends on the coordination of a variety of sectors to carry out the following tasks1. Evaluate the risk of the
country or particular region to disaster; Adopt standards and regulations;

3. Organize communication, information and warning systems; Ensure coordination and response mechanisms

5. Adopt measures to ensure that financial and other resources are available for increased readiness and can be
mobilized in disaster situation;

6Develop public education programmes

7. Coordinate information sessions with news media; and

8. Organize disaster simulation exercises thai test response mechanismsThe emergency preparedness and
emergency management do not exist in a vacuumTo succeed, emergency programmes must be appropriate to
their contextThis context will vary from country to country and from community to community

Preparedness Measures In the preparedness phase, emergency managers develop plans of action for when the
disasters strikes. Common preparedness measures include the

1Communication plans with easily understandable terminology and methods

2. Development and practice of multi-agency coordination and incident command 3. Proper maintenance and
training of emergency services, including mass human resources such as community emergency response teams

4Development and exercise of emergency population warning methods combined with emergency shelters and
evacuation plans5. Stockpiling, inventory and maintenance of supplies and equipment 6. An efficient preparedness
measure is an emergency operation centre (EOC) combined with a practice regionWide doctrine such as the
incident command system for managing emergencies.

7. Another preparedness measure is to develop organizations of trained volunteers among civilian populations.
Professional emergency workers are immediately overwhelmed in mass emergencies, so trained, organized;
responsible volunteers can be extremely valuable. One notable system is the community emergency response
teamAnother is the Red Cross. If volunteers are organized, trained in the incident command system, and agree to
mobilize

experience in the red cross, and California communities has shown that they can be utilized in responsible
positions, including as staff in EOCs8Another aspect of preparedness is casualty prediction, the study of how many
deaths or injuries to expect for a given kind of eventThis gives planners an idea of what resources need to be in
place to respond to a particular kind of event

COMMUNITY RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO MEET CALAMITIES

NURSES ROLE IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

The goal of disaster nursing is ensuring that the highest achievable level of care is delivered through identifying,
advocating, and caring for all impacted populations throughout all phases of a disaster event, including active
participation in all levels of disaster planning and preparedness. Major Roles of Nurse in Disasters

1. Determine magnitude of the event

3. Define health needs of the affected groups Establish priorities and objectives

4. Identify actual and potential public health problems

5. Determine resources needed to respond to the needs identified

6. Collaborate with other professional disciplines, governmental and non-govt. agencies

7. Maintain a unified chain of command

8. Communication

Nursing Action and Responsibility

Nurses are the main health professionals in touch with the community. They have exceptional

knowledge of the most vulnerable populations and this information can be immediately used in a disaster.

APlanning / Preparedness / Prevention / Warning Personal Preparedness: Nurse assisting in disaster relief efforts
must be as healthy as possible, both physical as well as psychologicallyShe must be certified in first aid and
cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Professional Preparedness: There should be disaster management team of nurses Psychiatric nurses, physicians,
psychologist, surgeons and social workers to be active and alert at all time.

1. Participate in the development of community disaster plans

2. Participate in community risk assessment: elements of hazards analysis for all hazard approach, hazard
mapping and vulnerability analysis.
 3. Initiate disaster prevention measure: prevention of hazards, movement / relocation of at risk population,
public awareness campaign and establishment of early warning system experience in the red cross, and
California communities has shown that they can be utilized in responsible positions, including as staff in
EOCs8Another aspect of preparedness is casualty prediction, the study of how many deaths or injuries to
expect for a given kind of eventThis gives planners an idea of what resources need to be in place to
respond to a particular kind of event

COMMUNITY RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO MEET CALAMITIES

NURSES ROLE IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

The goal of disaster nursing is ensuring that the highest achievable level of care is delivered through identifying,
advocating, and caring for all impacted populations throughout all phases of a disaster event, including active
participation in all levels of disaster planning and preparedness. Major Roles of Nurse in Disasters

1. Determine magnitude of the event

2. Define health needs of the affected groups Establish priorities and objectives

4. Identify actual and potential public health problems

5. Determine resources needed to respond to the needs identified

6.Collaborate with other professional disciplines, governmental and non-govt. agencies

7. Maintain a unified chain of command

8. Communication

Nursing Action and Responsibility

Nurses are the main health professionals in touch with the community. They have exceptional knowledge of the
most vulnerable populations and this information can be immediately used in a disaster.

APlanning / Preparedness / Prevention / Warning

Personal Preparedness: Nurse assisting in disaster relief efforts must be as healthy as possible, both physical as
well as psychologicallyShe must be certified in first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Professional Preparedness: There should be disaster management team of nurses Psychiatric nurses, physicians,
psychologist, surgeons and social workers to be active and alert at all time.

1. Participate in the development of community disaster plans 2Participate in community risk assessment:
elements of hazards analysis for all hazard approach, hazard mapping and vulnerability analysis. 3Initiate disaster
prevention measure: prevention of hazards, movement / relocation of at risk population, public awareness
campaign and establishment of early warning system
EMERGENCY AND DISASTER NURSING

4. Perform disaster drills and table - top exercises

5. Identify educational and training needs for all nurses

6. Develop disaster nursing database for notification, mobilization, and triage of emergency nurse staffing
resources

7. Develop evaluation plans for all components of disaster nursing response

8. She should develop and provide educational material relevant to disaster specific to area.

9Organize disaster drills with the help of government and non-government organization.

10. Keeps up to date records of vulnerable population within the community.

11. Understand what the available community resources are and how the community will work together when
disaster strikes.

12The disaster which are not preventable their impact can be mitigated by public education to the peoples staying
in disaster prone areas.

13. Involve in giving instructions regarding proper safety precautions, proper storage of emergency supplies and
basic first aid course for injuries in the actual event.

14. Public communication systems and how people can obtain information in the event of an actual disaster
situation e.g. Radio, Television etc.

B. Response / Emergency Management / Mitigation

1. Activate disaster response plan: notification and initial response, leadership assumes control of events,
command post is established, establish communication, conduct damage and need assessment at the scene,
establish field hospital and shelters, triage and transport of patients.

2. Mitigate all ongoing hazards

3. Activate agency disaster plans

4. Establish need for mutual aid relationships

5. Integrate state and federal resources

6. Ongoing triage and provision of nursing care

7. Evaluate public health needs of affected population

8. Establish safe shelter and the delivery of adequate food and water supplies

9. Provide for sanitation needs and waste removal

10. Establish disease surveillance and vector control

11. Establish vector control

12. Evaluate the need for / activate additional nursing staff (Disaster Nurse Response Plan)

13. She must observe continuously faulty housing structure, lack of water and electricity objects blown by flood
may be dangerous must be removed.

14. Nurses also may be involved in providing psychological care to the community to assist its members with the
grieving and coping processes.

15. Nurses play a key role as preventionist in assisting in maintenance of proper sanitation measures, proper
control of vector populations, and control of infectious disease through public education.

EMERGENCY AND DISASTER NURSING

1. Perform disaster drills and table - top exercises

2. Identify educational and training needs for all nurses

3. Develop disaster nursing database for notification, mobilization, and triage of emergency nurse staffing
resources

4. Develop evaluation plans for all components of disaster nursing response

5. She should develop and provide educational material relevant to disaster specific to area. 9Organize disaster
drills with the help of government and non-government organization.

6. Keeps up to date records of vulnerable population within the community.

7. Understand what the available community resources are and how the community will work together when
disaster strikes.

8The disaster which are not preventable their impact can be mitigated by public education to the peoples staying
in disaster prone areas.

9 Involve in giving instructions regarding proper safety precautions, proper storage of emergency supplies and
basic first aid course for injuries in the actual event.

10. Public communication systems and how people can obtain information in the event of an actual disaster
situation e.g. Radio, Television etc.

B. Response / Emergency Management / Mitigation

1. Activate disaster response plan: notification and initial response, leadership assumes control of events,
command post is established, establish communication, conduct damage and need assessment at the scene,
establish field hospital and shelters, triage and transport of patients.

2. Mitigate all ongoing hazards

3. Activate agency disaster plans

4. Establish need for mutual aid relationships

5. Integrate state and federal resources

6. Ongoing triage and provision of nursing care

7. Evaluate public health needs of affected population

8. Establish safe shelter and the delivery of adequate food and water supplies

9. Provide for sanitation needs and waste removal

10. Establish disease surveillance and vector control

11. Establish vector control

12. Evaluate the need for / activate additional nursing staff (Disaster Nurse Response Plan)

13. She must observe continuously faulty housing structure, lack of water and electricity objects blown by flood
may be dangerous must be removed.

14. Nurses also may be involved in providing psychological care to the community to assist its members with the
grieving and coping processes.

15. Nurses play a key role as preventionist in assisting in maintenance of proper sanitation measures, proper
control of vector populations, and control of infectious disease through public education.

C. Recovery/Rehabilitation / Evaluation

1. Continue provision of nursing and medical care

2Continue disease surveillance and vector control

3Monitor the safety of the food and water supply

4. Withdraw from disaster scene

5. Restore public health infrastructure

6Re-triage and transport of the patients to appropriate facilities

7. Reunite family members

8Monitor long term physical health outcomes of survivors

9Provide counseling and debriefing for staff

10Provide staff with adequate time off for rest

11. Evaluate disaster nursing action response

12. Revise original disaster preparedness plan