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The document defines learning and provides examples of different types of learning: 1) Learning by observation involves watching and imitating the behaviors of others. 2) Learning by insight is solving problems through sudden realizations. 3) Learning by trial and error uses repeated attempts to find effective solutions. 4) Learning by conditioning associates stimuli with responses through reinforcement.

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Kanwar Muhammad Ali
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5 views

Assignment 1

The document defines learning and provides examples of different types of learning: 1) Learning by observation involves watching and imitating the behaviors of others. 2) Learning by insight is solving problems through sudden realizations. 3) Learning by trial and error uses repeated attempts to find effective solutions. 4) Learning by conditioning associates stimuli with responses through reinforcement.

Uploaded by

Kanwar Muhammad Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment

Topic: Learning

Name: Noor Ul Ain

Roll no: S22BIODE1M03003

Semester: BS English 3rd

Submitted to: Mam Yusra


Definition:
Gales defined Learning as the behavioral modification which occurs as a result of

experience as well as training.

Crow and Crow defined learning as the process of acquisition of knowledge, habits
and attitudes.

Types Of Learning:
1- Learning by observation

Observational learning, method of learning that consists of observing and


modeling another individual’s behavior, attitudes, or emotional expressions.

Example:

A child watches their parent folding the laundry. They later pick up some
clothing and imitate folding the clothes

Conditions for observational learning

Attention

If an organism is going to learn anything from a model, he or she must be paying


attention to it and the behavior it exhibits. Many conditions can affect the
observer’s attention.

Retention

The second requirement of observational learning is being able to remember the


behavior that was witnessed. If the human or animal does not remember the
behavior, there is a less than probable chance that they will imitate it.
Reproduction

This requisite of behavior concerns the physical and mental ability of the individual
to copy the behavior he or she observed.

Motivation

Perhaps the most important aspect of observational learning involves motivation. If


the human or animal does not have a reason for imitating the behavior, then no
amount of attention, retention, or reproduction will overcome the lack of
motivation.

2- Learning by Insight

Insight learning is a process that leads to a sudden realization regarding a


problem. Often, the learner has tried to understand the problem, but steps
away before the change in perception occurs.
Example:

Insight learning includes coming to a realization when walking in the woods, coming

to a sudden moment of clarity during an experiment, or overcoming a threshold

concept in mathematics.

3- Learning by Trial and error

It is a problem-solving method in which multiple attempts are made to reach


a solution. It is a basic method of learning that essentially all organisms use
to learn new behaviors. Trial and error is trying a method, observing if it
works, and if it doesn't trying a new method.

Example:

a hungry animal will respond to a situation in a way that is most natural for

that animal. If one of these responses leads to the reward of food, it is likely

that the specific response which led to the food reward will be repeated and

thus learned.

4- Learning by conditioning

Conditioning is a form of learning in which either (1) a given stimulus (or

signal) becomes increasingly effective in evoking a response or (2) a response

occurs with increasing regularity in a well-specified and stable environment.

The type of reinforcement used will determine the outcome.

Principles of learning by conditioning

• Acquisition.
• Extinction.

• Spontaneous Recovery.

• Stimulus Generalization.

• Stimulus Discrimination.

Example:

whenever you come home wearing a baseball cap, you take your child to the

park to play. So, whenever your child sees you come home with a baseball

cap, he is excited because he has associated your baseball cap with a trip to

the park. This learning by association is classical conditioning.

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