Histogram

A histogram is the graphical representation of data where data is grouped into continuous
number ranges and each range corresponds to a vertical bar.

 A histogram is a graph that is used to summarize continuous data.

 The scales of both horizontal and vertical axes don’t need to start from 0.
 There should be no gaps between the bars of a histogram.
 The horizontal axis displays the number range.
 The vertical axis (frequency) represents the amount of data that is present in each range.

The number ranges depend upon the data that is being used.

Example 1: Samson owns a garden with 30 Mango trees. Each tree is of a different height. The
height of the trees (in inches): 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 71, 71.5, 72, 72.5, 73, 73.5, 74, 74.5, 76,
76.2, 76.5, 77, 77.5, 78, 78.5, 79, 79.2, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87. We can group the data as
follows in a frequency distribution table by setting a range:

Height Range (inches) Number of Trees (Frequency)

60 – 75 3
66 – 70 3
71 – 75 8
76 – 80 10
81 – 85 5
86 – 90 1

This data can be now shown using a histogram. We need to make sure that while plotting a
histogram, there shouldn’t be any gaps between the bars.
Figure 1. Height of trees in a mango farm

Example2: Construct a histogram for the following frequency distribution table that describes
the frequencies of weights of 25 students in a class.

Weights (in lbs) Frequency (Number of students)

65 – 70 4
70 – 75 10
75 – 80 8
80 – 85 4

Steps to draw a histogram:

 Step 1: On the horizontal axis, we can choose the scale to be 1 unit = 11 lb. Since the
weights in the table start from 65, not from 0, we give a break/kink on the X-axis.
 Step 2: On the vertical axis, the frequencies are varying from 4 to 10. Thus, we choose the
scale to be 1 unit = 2.
 Step 3: Then draw the bars corresponding to each of the given weights using their
frequencies.

Histogram Shapes
The histogram can be in different shapes based on the frequency distribution of the data. There
are different types of distributions, such as normal distribution, skewed distribution, bimodal
distribution, multimodal distribution, comb distribution, edge peak distribution, dog food
distribution, and heart cut distribution, and so on. The histogram can be used to represent these
different types of distributions. We have mainly 5 types of histogram shapes. They are listed
below:

1. Bell-Shaped Histogram
A bell-shaped histogram has a single peak. The histogram has just one peak at this time interval
and hence it is a bell-shaped histogram. For example, the following histogram shows the
number of children visiting a park at different time intervals. This histogram has only one peak.
The maximum number of children who visit the park is between 5.30 PM to 6 PM.

2. Bimodal Histogram
A bimodal histogram has two peaks and it looks like the graph given below. For example, the
following histogram shows the marks obtained by the 48 students of the same section in a
School. The maximum numbers of students have scored either between 40 to 50 marks or
between 60 to 70 marks. This histogram has two peaks (between 40 to 50 and between 60 to 70)
and hence it is a bimodal histogram.
Skewed Right Histogram
A skewed right histogram is a histogram that is skewed to the right. In this histogram, the bars of
the histogram are skewed to the right, hence called a skewed right histogram. For example, the
following histogram shows the number of people corresponding to different wage ranges. The
histogram is skewed to the right. For the maximum number of people, wages ranged from 10-
20(thousands)
Skewed Left Histogram
A skewed left histogram is a histogram that is skewed to the left. In this histogram, the bars of
the histogram are skewed to the left side, hence, called a skewed left histogram. For example, the
following histogram shows the number of students of Class 10 of Greenwood High School
according to the amount of time they spent on their studies on a daily basis. The maximum
number of students study 4.5-5(hours) on daily basis.
Uniform Histogram
A uniform histogram is a histogram where all the bars are more or less of the same height. In this
histogram, the lengths of all the bars are more or less the same. Hence, it is a uniform histogram.
For example, Ma’am Lucy, the Principal of Little Lilly Playschool, wanted to record the heights
of her students. The following histogram shows the number of students and their varying heights.
The height of the students ranges between 30 inches to 50 inches.

Difference between a Bar chart and a Histogram

The fundamental difference between histograms and bar graphs from a visual aspect is that bars
in a bar graph are not adjacent to each other.

 A bar graph is the graphical representation of categorical data using rectangular bars where
the length of each bar is proportional to the value they represent.
 A histogram is the graphical representation of data where data is grouped into continuous
number ranges and each range corresponds to a vertical bar.

The main differences between a bar chart and a histogram are as follows:

Bar Graph Histogram

Equal space between every No space between two consecutive bars. They
two consecutive bars. should be attached to each other.
X-axis can represent anything. X-axis should represent only continuous data
that is in terms of numbers.

But in both graphs, Y-axis represents numbers only.

Line Graph
A line graph is a type of chart or graph that is used to show information that change over time. A
line graph can be plotted using several data points connected by straight lines. Data points
represent the observations that are collected on a survey or research. Line graph gives a
graphical representation of the changes that had occurred over a given period of time. Line graph
has a horizontal axis called the x-axis and a vertical axis called the y-axis. The x-axis usually has
a time period over which we would like to measure the quantity of a specific thing or an item in
the y-axis. Line graph helps to analyze the trend of whether the quantity in the y-axis is
increasing or decreasing over a period of time. Line graph gives a clear picture of an increasing
or a decreasing trend.

Example 1: The line graph shown below represents the sale of bicycles by a bicycle company
from the month of January till June. Here, the x-axis represents the time interval and the y-axis
represents the number of bicycles sold each month. The dark point on the graph denotes
a data point. A data point on a line graph represents the quantity or a number that matches a
particular time in the x-axis. In the example shown, the number of bicycles sold in the month of
January is 50. Similarly, in the month of February 30 bicycles were sold. We can interpret this
data for each month using the data point. The line segment connecting these individual data
points gives a picture of whether the sale of bicycles is in an increasing or decreasing trend.
 A line graph is also called a line chart. It helps to determine the relationship between two sets
of values, with one data set always being dependent on the other data set.
 They are helpful to demonstrate information on factors and patterns. Line diagrams can make
expectations about the consequences of information not yet recorded.
 The slope of the line is the most important observation in this case. The slope represents how
steep a line is. It helps in comparing the magnitude of change between any two consecutive
points on the graph. For example: The steeper the slope, the greater is the change in
magnitude between two consecutive points.
Parts of a Line Graph
Line graph consists of a horizontal x-axis and a vertical y-axis. Most line graphs only deal with
positive number values, so these axes typically intersect near the bottom of the y-axis and the left
end of the x-axis. The point at which the axes intersect is always (0,0). Each axis is labeled with
a data type. For example, the x-axis could be days, weeks, quarters, or years, while the y-axis
shows revenue in dollars. Data points are plotted and connected by a line in a "dot-to-dot"
fashion.

Let's understand the various parts of a line graph.

 Title: The title of the graph tells us what the graph is all about, i.e., what information is
depicted by the graph.
 Labels: The horizontal axis across the bottom and the vertical label along the side tell us
what kinds of data are being shown.
 Scales: The horizontal scale across the bottom and the vertical scale along the side tell us
how much or how many.
 Points: The points or dots on the graph represent the (x,y) coordinates or ordered pairs. More
than one data line can be present in a line graph. Here, data on the horizontal axis is the
independent variable, and data on the y-axis is the dependent variable.
 Lines: Straight lines connecting the points give estimated values between the points.

While comparing data sets, the line graph is only useful if the x and y axes follow the same
scales. The x-axis is also known as the independent axis because its values do not depend on
anything. For example, time is always placed on the x-axis since it continues to change
regardless of anything else. The y-axis is also known as the dependent axis because its values
depend on variables on the x-axis: at this time, the company had these many sales. The result is
that the straight line always progresses in a horizontal fashion and for each x value, there is a
unique value of y. For example, the company cannot have two different value sales at the same
time.

Example 2: Observe the line graph shown below. Let us read it and list out the key observations
from the line graph.
 This graph provides information about the daily sale of hotdogs every day of the week.
 The line graph has an increasing slope, which means that the sale of hot dogs has increased
starting from Monday. We can clearly see that there were 40 more hot dogs sold on Thursday
than on Monday. (50 were sold on Thursday and 10 were sold on Monday, so the difference
is 50 - 10 = 40)
 One other important observation is that the sale remains the same on Tuesday and
Wednesday.

Kinds of Data in a Line Graph

Line charts can display continuous data over time, set against a common scale, and are therefore
ideal for showing trends in data at equal intervals or over time. As a general rule, use a line chart
when your data includes non-numeric (category) data. For example, a shopkeeper wants to
analyze the growth of his business over a period of one year. So, the time factor, i.e., the names
of months would be considered on the horizontal x-axis whereas the vertical y-axis will be used
to depict the numerical values, i.e., the monthly profit.
Line Graph Advantages
The advantages of using line graph are as follows.

 It is beneficial for showing changes and trends over different time periods.
 It is also helpful to show small changes that are difficult to measure in other graphs.
 Line graph is common and effective charts because they are simple, easy to understand, and
efficient.
 It is useful to highlight anomalies within and across data series.
 More than one line may be plotted on the same axis as a form of comparison.
Line Graph Disadvantages
Here are some limitations of using line graph.

 Plotting too many lines over the graph makes it cluttered and confusing to read.
 A wide range of data is challenging to plot over a line graph.
 They are only ideal for representing data that have numerical values and total figures such as
values of total rainfall in a month.
 If consistent scales on the axis aren't used, it might lead to the data of a line graph appearing
inaccurate.
 Also, line graph is inconvenient if you have to plot fractions or decimal numbers.
Line Graph vs Scatter Plot
Observe the two graphs shown below and notice the difference between the two,
Line graph and scatter plot are two different tools. Both the tools have data points that are
marked with small circles. A line graph connects every data point with the next data point with a
line segment, whereas a scatter plot does not connect individual data points. We can know the
trend of growth by looking at the line in a line graph that connects the data points, whereas in a
scatter plot a line of regression or the 'line of best fit is drawn which depicts the relationship
between two different sets of data along the x-axis and the y-axis. The key difference between a
line graph and a scatter plot is that line graph gives how quantitatively the data along the y-axis
increases with respect to a given time period, whereas, in a scatter plot, we can see how the data
represented in the y-axis changes with increase in the value of data in the x-axis. Graph A is a
line graph whereas Graph B is called the scattered graph or scatter plot. These two types of
charts record data information on both X and Y axes. The table shown below lists the key
differences between a line graph and a scatter plot.

Line Graph Scatter Plot

It works best when comparing

Shows continuous data over
large numbers of data points
a period, setting against a
without regard to time. This tool is
general scale, and
very powerful when we are trying
Purpose connecting individual data
to show the relationship between
points together, ideal for
two variables (x and y-axis), for
showing growth rate or
example, a person's weight and
trends at even intervals.
height.

The x-axis can only show

texts (Like the name of
months, years), which x-axis and the y-axis can show
Axes usually refer to non- numbers. Data are not evenly
mathematical data, at distributed.
equally spaced intervals. the
y-axis can show numbers.

Data points are not joined here, but

Line segments are used to a line of best fit is drawn to know
Plots
join the data points. the relationship between the data
along the x and the y axis.

It manages a large amount of data

Amount It cannot handle a large
to help in understanding patterns in
of Data amount of data.
the data.
Pie Chart
A pie chart is a pictorial representation of data in the form of a circular chart or pie where the
slices of the pie show the size of the data. A list of numerical variables along with categorical
variables is needed to represent data in the form of a pie chart. The arc length of each slice and
consequently the area and central angle it forms in a pie chart is proportional to the quantity it
represents.

What is Pie Chart?

A pie chart is a type of a chart that visually displays data in a circular graph. It is one of the most
commonly used graphs to represent data using the attributes of circles, spheres, and angular data
to represent real-world information. The shape of a pie chart is circular where the pie represents
the whole data and the slice out of the pie represents the parts of the data and records it
discretely.

Pie Chart Definition

A pie chart is a type of graph that records data in a circular manner that is further divided into
sectors for representing the data of that particular part out of the whole part. Each of these sectors
or slices represents the proportionate part of the whole. Pie charts, also commonly known as pie
diagrams help in interpreting and representing the data more clearly. It is also used to compare
the given data.

Pie Chart Example

Let us look at the following example of the following pie chart that represents the ingredients
used to prepare a butter cake.
Example: The whole pie represents a value of 100. It is divided into 10 slices or sectors. The
various colors represent the ingredients used to prepare the cake. What would be the exact
quantity of each of the ingredients represented in specific colors in the following pie chart?

Solution: As we can see, the pie is divided into 10 slices or sectors. To calculate the exact
amount of ingredients that are added to the cake, we divide the whole sector's value, i.e., 100 by
the number of sectors. So, 100 ÷ 10 = 10. Hence, looking at the color divisions made in the pie
chart we can conclude that:

Quantity of Flour 30
Quantity of Sugar 20
Quantity of Egg 40
Quantity of Butter 10
Pie Chart Formula
We know that the total value of the pie is always 100%. It is also known that a circle subtends an
angle of 360°. Hence, the total of all the data is equal to 360°. Based on these, there are two main
formulas used in pie charts:
 To calculate the percentage of the given data, we use the formula: (Frequency ÷ Total
Frequency) × 100
 To convert the data into degrees we use the formula: (Given Data ÷ Total value of Data) ×
360°

We can work out the percentage for a given pie chart using the steps given below,

 Categorize the given data and calculate the total

 Divide the different categories
 Convert the data into percentages
 Calculate the degrees

Let us understand the above steps using an example.

Example: Observe the following pie chart that represents the money spent by Ana at the funfair.
The indicated color shows the amount spent on each category. The total value of the data is 20
and the amount spent on each category is interpreted as follows:

 Ice Cream - 4
 Toffees - 4
 Popcorn - 2
 Rides - 10
To convert this into pie chart percentage, we apply the formula: (Frequency ÷ Total
Frequency) × 100

Let us convert the above data into a percentage:

Amount spent on rides: (10/20)× 100 = 50%

Amount spent on toffees: (4/20)× 100 = 20%

Amount spent on popcorn: (2/20)× 100 = 10%

Amount spent on ice-cream: (4/20)× 100 = 20%

Example:

Observe the following pie chart that recommends a low-carb diet on a day.
We measure the angles of each slice. We get that Protein measures 180°, Carb measures 108°,
and Fats measures 72°

To find the percentage, we divide each angle by 360 and multiply it by 100.

Protein = (180/360) × 100 = 50%

Carb = (108/360) × 100 = 30%

Fats = (72/360) × 100 = 20%

Uses of Pie Chart

Whenever some data has to be represented visually as a fractional part of a whole, we use pie
charts. It is used to compare the data and see why one is smaller/greater than the other.
Therefore, when we are dealing with a limited number of buckets and discrete data sets, it’s
better to use a pie chart. Listed below are a few uses of a pie chart:

 In a business, it is used to compare the growth areas such as profit and loss.
 In school, pie charts are used to show the time allotted to each section, the grades of students
in a form of percentages, etc.
 Pie charts are used in comparing the relative size of data of people owning the same vehicles,
similar houses, etc.
 They are used to represent the marketing and sales data for the comparison of brands.
Steps to Construct Pie Chart
We use the following steps to construct a pie chart and using the above-mentioned formulas, we
can calculate the data.

 Step 1: Write all the data into a table and add up all the values to get a total.
 Step 2: To find the values in the form of a percentage divide each value by the total and
multiply by 100.
 Step 3: To find how many degrees for each pie sector we need, we take a full circle of 360°
and use the formula: (Frequency/Total Frequency) × 360°
 Step 4: Once all the degrees for creating a pie chart are calculated, draw a circle (pie chart)
using the calculated measurements with the help of a protractor.

Example: Construct a pie chart to visually display the favorite fruits of the students in a class
based on the given data: Mango - 45; Orange - 30; Plum - 15; Pineapple - 30; Melon - 30

Solution:

Step 1: Create a table with the values and get the total.

Mango 45

Orange 30

Plum 15

Pineapple 30

Melon 30

Total 150
Step 2: Find the percentage of each value:

Mango = (45/150) × 100 = 30%

Orange = (30/150) × 100 = 20%

Plum = (15/150) × 100 = 10%

Pineapple = (30/150) × 100 = 20%

Melon = (30/150) × 100 = 20%

Step 3: Finding the degree of each pie sector using the formula: (Given data/Total Value of data)
× 360°

Category Formula Degree

Mango (45/150) × 360 108°

Orange (30/150) × 360 72°

Plum (15/150) × 360 36°

Pineapple (30/150) × 360 72°

Melon (30/150) × 360 72°

With all the above degrees, with the help of a protractor draw a pie chart. Thus, the pie chart
looks like this:
Interpreting Pie Chart
To read or interpret a pie chart, we see if the given chart is given in percentages or without any
value. If it is given in percentages, the conversion is made accordingly and interpreted
accordingly. Let us look at an example to understand this better.

Example: The pie chart shown below shows the percentages of types of transportation used by
500 students to come to school. With this given information, answer the following questions:
a) How many students come to school by bicycle?
b) How many students do not walk to school?
c) How many students come to school by bus and car?
Solution:

a) The students who come by bicycle = 25%; (25/100) × 500 = 25 × 5 = 125

b) The students who do not walk to school - We need to add the values of all the remaining
means, i.e., bus + car + bicycle = 26 + 32 + 25 = 83

Hence, (83/100) × 500 = 83 × 5 = 415 students do not walk to school.

c) The students who come by bus and car [(32 + 26)/100] × 500 = 58 × 5 = 290

Pie Chart Advantages

Given below are the advantages to a pie chart which are the reasons for the widespread
application of pie charts in different fields.

 A pie chart is a simple and easy-to-understand method to represent the data visually as a
fractional part of a whole.
 It provides an effective communication tool visually simpler than other types of graphs.
 Pie chart helps in data comparison for the audience at a glance to give an immediate analysis
or to quickly understand information due to widespread use in business and the media.
Pie Chart Disadvantages
There are few demerits in pie charts. These are as given below,

 A pie chart cannot show more than a few values without separating the visual encoding from
the data they represent, that is they are not very effective when the number of values in a data
set increases.
 It does not easily reveal exact values in the data set.
 To show the changes in the data, many pie charts may be needed. It, therefore, fails to
explain the causes, effects, or patterns.

Pie Chart Examples

 Example 1: The following chart shows the various activities done by Diana in a week.

a) Calculate the central angle subtended at sleeping.

b) Find the portion of time spent by Diana at school.

c) Find the central angle subtended in playing.

Solution:

a) Time spent in sleeping = 34%; (34/100) × 360 = 122.4°. Therefore, the central angle
subtended at sleeping = 122.4°

b) Time spent at school = 25%; 25/100 = 1/4. Therefore, she spends 1/4th of her time in
school.

c) Time spent on playing = 8%; (8/100) × 360 = 28.8°. Therefore, the central angle
subtended at playing = 28.8°
 Example 2: The pie chart shows the favorite subjects of students in a class. Using the
information given in the pie chart, find the percentage of students who chose English.

Solution:

Let's first determine the percentage of students who chose English by looking at the pie
chart.
 We know that 144° + 36° + 72° + 108°= 360°

The percentage of students who chose English: (72/360) × 100 = 20

Therefore, the percentage of students who chose English = 20%

 Example 3: A pie chart is divided into 3 parts with the angles measuring as x, 4x, and 5x
respectively. Find the value of x in degrees.

Solution:

We know, the sum of all angles in a pie chart would give 360º as result.
⇒ x + 4x + 5x = 360º
⇒ 10 x = 360º
⇒ x = 360º/10
⇒ x = 36º
Therefore, the value of x is 36º.

 Q2

Five students of a class volunteered to be the class monitor. Here is the percentage distribution
of the votes received by them.

Refer to the pie chart to complete the table. Remember that percentage is a fraction

with 100100 as the denominator.

Bar Graph
A bar graph is a specific way of representing data using rectangular bars where the length of
each bar is proportional to the value they represent. It is a graphical representation of data using
bars of different heights. In real life, bar graphs are commonly used to represent business data.

What is Bar Graph?

A bar graph is a graph that shows complete data with rectangular bars and the heights of bars
are proportional to the values that they represent. The bars in the graph can be shown vertically
or horizontally. Bar graphs are also known as bar charts and it is a pictorial representation of
grouped data. It is one of the ways of data handling. Bar graph is an excellent tool to represent
data that are independent of one another and that do not need to be in any specific order while
being represented. The bars give a visual display for comparing quantities in different categories.
The bar graphs have two lines, horizontal and vertical axis, also called the x and y-axis along
with the title, labels, and scale range.

Properties of Bar Graph

Some properties that make a bar graph unique and different from other types of graphs are given
below:

 All rectangular bars should have equal width and should have equal space between them.
 The rectangular bars can be drawn horizontally or vertically.
 The height of the rectangular bar is equivalent to the data they represent.
 The rectangular bars must be on a common base.
Uses of Bar Graph
A bar graph is mostly used in mathematics and statistics. Some of the uses of the bar graph are as
follows:

 The comparisons between different variables are easy and convenient.

 It is the easiest diagram to prepare and does not require too much effort.
 It is the most widely used method of data representation. Therefore, it is used by various
industries.
 It is used to compare data sets. Data sets are independent of one another.
 It helps in studying patterns over long periods of time.
Types of Bar Graphs
Bar Graphs are mainly classified into two types:

 Vertical Bar Graph

 Horizontal Bar Graph
The bars in bar graphs can be plotted horizontally or vertically, but the most commonly used bar
graph is the vertical bar graph. Apart from the vertical and horizontal bar graphs, there are two
more types of bar graphs, which are given below:

 Grouped Bar Graph

 Stacked Bar Graph

Let us understand all the types of bar graphs in detail.

Vertical Bar Graphs

When the given data is represented vertically in a graph or chart with the help of rectangular bars
that show the measure of data, such graphs are known as vertical bar graphs. The rectangular
bars are vertically drawn on the x-axis, and the y-axis shows the value of the height of the
rectangular bars which represents the quantity of the variables written on the x-axis.

Horizontal Bar Graphs

When the given data is represented horizontally by using rectangular bars that show the measure
of data, such graphs are known as horizontal bar graphs. In this type, the variables or the
categories of the data have to be written and then the rectangular bars are horizontally drawn on
the y-axis and the x-axis shows the length of the bars equal to the values of different variables
present in the data.

Stacked Bar Graph

The stacked bar graph is also referred to as the composite bar graph. It divides the whole bar into
different parts. In this, each part of a bar is represented using different colors to easily identify
the different categories. It requires specific labeling to indicate the different parts of the bar.
Thus, in a stacked bar graph every rectangular bar represents the whole, and each segment in the
rectangular bar shows the different parts of the whole. It can be shown vertically or horizontally.

Grouped Bar Graph

The grouped bar graph is also referred the clustered bar graph. It is used to show the discrete
value for two or more categorical data. In this, rectangular bars are grouped by position for levels
of one categorical variable, with the same colors showing the secondary category level within
each group. It can be shown both vertically and horizontally.

Observe the figure given below which shows different types of bar graphs.
How to Draw a Bar Graph?
Let us understand how to draw a bar graph with help of an example. Liza went to the market for
buying different types of fruits in different quantities of each- 5 apples, 3 mangoes, 2
watermelons, 3 strawberries, 6 oranges. She wants to display the data by making a bar graph so
that she can visually understand which type of fruits she buys the most.

Let us use the following steps to make a bar graph of the most bought fruit.

 Step 1: Take a graph paper and give the title of the bar graph like "Most Bought Fruit".
 Step 2: Draw the horizontal axis (x-axis) and vertical axis (y-axis) on a plane.
 Step 3: Now label the horizontal axis as "Types of Fruits" which is an independent category
and the vertical axis as "Number of Fruits" which is a dependent category.
 Step 4: Label the fruits' names such as apples, mangoes, watermelon, strawberries, oranges
and give an equal gap or leave equal space between each fruit on the horizontal axis.
 Step 5: Give the scale of the graph which shows the way in which numbers are used in the
data. It is a system of marks at fixed intervals which help in measuring objects. For example,
the scale of a graph can be written as 1 unit = 1 fruit.
 Step 6: Now start making rectangular bars with equal gaps for each fruit and give height to
their respective numbers.
 Step 7: The bar graph is ready, observe the height of rectangular bars of each fruit and find
out the most bought fruit.

While drawing a bar graph it is very important to mention four things - labels on axes, title,
scale, and name of the axes.
From the above graph, we can easily say that orange is the most bought fruit that Liza buys.

Bar Graph vs Histogram

The basic difference between histograms and bar graphs is that the bars in a bar graph are not
adjacent to each other whereas, in histograms, the bars are adjacent. A bar graph is the graphical
representation of precise data using rectangular bars with equal gaps between them whereas a
histogram is the graphical representation of data that is represented by rectangular bars with no
gaps between the bars.
Histograms are used to represent distributions of variables and plot quantitative data such as data
of the population changes every year, marks obtained, monthly salary whereas bar graphs are
used to compare various variables and are used to plot categorical data such as data of types of
animals, types of colors, types of movies, etc.

Tips on Bar Graphs:

Given below are some important tips related to bar graphs.

 There must be equal spacing between the bars.

 First, understand the data presented on the x-axis and y-axis and the relation between the two
in terms of the length of the bars.
 If the frequency of data is very large, then bar graphs are always advisable since pictographs
become time-consuming and very difficult to make.

Bar Graph Examples

 Example 1: The number of children in five different batches of an educational institute
is given below. Represent the data on a bar graph.

Batches Number of Children

Batch 1 120

Batch 2 80

Batch 3 95

Batch 4 100

Batch 5 60

 Solution: The data is represented by the bar graph as follows:


 Example 2: Observe the given horizontal bar graph which shows the baking of cakes in
a bakery from Monday to Saturday. Find out the day on which the maximum number
of cakes were baked. Also, find the number of cakes baked on that day.
 Solution: From the above graph, it can be seen that the maximum number of cakes were
baked on Saturday as the length of the bar on Saturday is the maximum. 60 cakes were baked
on that day, as the length of the bar corresponds to 60 on the x-axis.

 Example 3: The following table shows the number of apple trees planted by the
gardener of a school in different years. Draw the bar graph to represent the data.

Years Number of Apple Trees

2005 150

2006 220

2007 350

2008 150

2009 300

2010 380

 Solution: The data is represented by the bar graph as follows:

 

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Practice Questions on Bar Graph

 Q.1. State true/false.

Bar graphs are the pictorial representation of grouped data and are also referred to as bar charts.

 Q.2. State true/false.

The graphs can be plotted vertically (bars standing up) or horizontally (bars lying flat from left
to right).

FAQs on Bar Graph

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