ANIMAL EVOLUTION ORIGINS AND DIVERSIFICATION

Animals Colonial Theory of Animal Origins

 multicelled heterotrophs that ingest food  states that animals evolved from a heterotrophic
 eukaryotes with unwalled cells protest that formed colonies
 mostly reproduce sexually; reproduce asexually  Colonies -> division of labor among interdependent
(corals) animals cells made colonies more efficient, allowing them to
 develop through embryonic stages obtain more food and produce more offspring
 most are motile (capable of moving from 1place to -> form when a cell undergoes mitosis and
place) during at least part of the life cycle the resulting descendant cells stick together
 cells became increasingly interdependent and more
Invertebrates specialized cell types evolved
 they do not have backbone  Choanoflagellate colony – like the cells of an animal
 marine animals (useful and untapped resource for body, genetically identical
new drugs for human health)
 produce compounds that are toxic to other Evidence of Early Animals
organism  most animal lineages arose during an explosion of
 also have effects in the human body, useful as diversity in the Cambrian (542-488 mya)
medicines -> increase in atmospheric oxygen, continental drift
cut off gene flow
Vertebrates -> species interacions encouraged evolutionary
 5% of animals with backbone innovations
 most likely are microscopic, like protest from which
Cone Snail they evolved. (Ediacarans)
 has venom in order to capture their prey
MAJOR GROUPS & EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS
Ziconotide (Prialt)  All animals are descended from a common
 injected to the spinal cord to suppress pain multicelled ancestor
 The earliest animals were aggregations of cells
AZT (Azidothymidine)  Tissue – consists of one or more types of cells that
 first drug successfully used to treat AIDS are organized in specific patterns.
 a synthetic version of a molecule first discovered in  EMBRYOS TWO TISSUES
a sponge Outer Ectoderm – give rise to nervous system
Inner Endoderm – give rise to skeleton & muscle
Eribulin (Halaven) Mesoderm – give rise to cavities
 used to treat some advanced-stage breast cancers -> Evolution of three-layer embryo allowed an
 sponges -> synthesize the compound on which increase in structural complexity
eribulin is molded, but only in tiny amounts
Sponges
Sea whips  simple animal, symmetrical; cannot divide their
 relatives of sea anemones body into halves
 produce a variety of anti-inflammatory compounds

Choanoflagellates
 protists closely related to animals
Radial symmetry  Mesentery – sheets of tissue suspend the gut in the
 body parts are repeated around a central axis, have center of a coelom.
no front or back end, attach to an underwater
surface or drift along Pseudocoelom
 Sea anemones and Cnidarians  a partial mesodermal lining
 EX: roundworms
Bilateral symmetry
 have a right and left half, with body parts repeated EVOLUTION OF FLUID-FILLED BODY CAVITY
on either side of body 1. materials can diffuse through coelomic fluid to body
 have a distinctive “head end” that has cells
concentration of nerve cells 2. muscles can redistribute the fluid to alter the shape
 Most animals of body parts in ways that allow movement
3. internal organs were no longer hemmed in by a
Protostomes mass of tissue, over evolutionary time -> they could
 the first opening that forms on an embryo becomes become larger and move relative to one another
the mouth
Proto – first Open Circulatory System
Stoma – opening  a heart pumps fluid out of vessels into internal
spaces, from which it is taken up again by a heart
Deuterostomes
 the second opening becomes the mouth Close Circulatory System
 a heart propel blood through a continuous system
Gastrovascular Cavity of vessels
 single opening  materials carried by the blood diffuse out of vessels
 food enters through the same opening that expels and into cells, vice versa
wastes  allows faster distribution of materials than an open
 cavity also functions in gas exchange one

Tubular gut or Complete Digestive Tract Segmentation

 most bilateral animals  common in bilateral animals; means similar units
 with an opening at either end are repeated along the length of the body
 complete digestive track with 2 opening  allows evolutionary innovations in body form
 parts of the tube can be specialized for taking in
food, digesting, absorbing nutrients or compacting INVERTEBRATE DIVERSITY
wastes. Sponges (phylum Porifera)
 aquatic animals with a hollow, asymmetrical body
Saclike Cavity  do not have well define tissues
 a tubular gut carries out all these tasks  remain cellular
simultaneously  attached to a surface; filter-feeder, adult – sessile
 zygote develops into a free-living, ciliated larva
Coelom  intracellular digestion
 “tube within a tube” body plan with a fluid-filled
body cavity around the gut Sessile
 this cavity is lined with mesoderm tissue  stay; they do not move about
 EX: earthworm
Hermaphrodile Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
 makes both eggs and sperms  bilaterally symmetrical invertebrates
 eggs release in water  simplest organ system; sacklike gut and no coelem
eggs retained by parent (acoelem)
 planarians are free-living flatworms
Larva  tapeworms and flukes are parasites (cestodes,
 pre-adult stage in some animals trematodes)
 free-living, sexually immature  tapeworm -> hermaphroditic; commonly infected
when we ingest food that is contaminated
Collar cells
 acts like a filter Flukes
 parasites that have unsegmented but have suckers
Cnidarians (phylum Cnidaria) (trematodes)
 jellies, sea anemones, corals  snail fever – schistosomiasis
 having radial symmetrical with 2 tissue layers
 echinoderm exist Annelids (Phylum Annelida)
 tentacles with stinging cells (cnidocytes)  segmented worm with a coelom
 exist as medusa (bell-shape) and polyp  complete digestive system
 cnidarian -> “Cnidus” means stinging plant  close circulatory system and have cavity
 EX: earthworm, polychaetes, leeches
Cnidarian Body Plans  Annelida -> “annulus” – ring
 2 body shapes; 1 or both may occur in life cycle
Earthworm
Medusa  a fluid-filled cylomic chamber
 bell-shape, free swimming cnidarian body form  remove waste from fluid
(jellyfish)  are hermaphrodite (Polygochaetes)
 most marine annelids are polychaete (sandworm)
Polyp
 tubular body from that usually attaches to some Leeches
surface (sea anemone)  live in fresh water, dump places inland
 most are scavengers and predators of invertebrates
Cnidocytes  hirudin -> protein or saliva of leach
 stinging cell; located at the surface of the tentacles -> prevents unwanted clots from forming in
blood vessels use in surgery
Nematocysts
 capsule-like organelle; within the cnidocytes there Mollusks (Phylum Mollusca)
is nematocysts  bivalves, gastropod, cephalods
 small coelom and soft, unsegmented body
Reef building corals are polyp -> capture prey by their  form a mantle
tentacles  Mantle – extension of body mass that drapes back
on itself like a skirt and mantle cavity
- secretes the shell in the species with a
shell
 Radula – tongue like organ for scraping algae
 Chitin – structural polysaccharide
TYPES OF MOLLUSK Metamorphosis
Gastropod  tissues are dramatic remolding of body from during
 mollusk that moves about on its enlarged foot the transition from larva to adult
 most diverse mollusks
 many have a radula for feeding Arachnids
 EX: shells, oyster, scallops  spiders, scorpion, ticks, mits
 horseshoe crabs in the sea
Bivalves  4 pairs of walking legs, touch sensitive palps, no
 hinged, two-part shell antenna
 attach to surface  venomous – spiders & scorpions
 filter feeder; no head or radula -> toxins can be  parasite – mites
suspended in their body
 mussels, oyster, cloms, scallops Crustaceans
 mostly marine anthropods
Cephalopod  bottom feeding scavengers
 predators with a closed circulatory system  5 pairs of leg; 2 pairs of antennae
 moves by jet propulsion  krill – important food source for marine animals
 fastest, largest and most intelligent of all  barhacles – only anthtropods with a calcium shell
invertebrates  isopods – snow bugs and pill bugs live on land
 squid, octopuses, cuttlefish
Centipedes and Millipedes
Roundworms (Phylum Nematoda)  anthropods with long body with many similar
 worm with a complete gut and pseudocoel segments
 cuticle is molted as the animals grows  nocturnal ground wellers
 free-living parasitic  paired antthanae and 2 simple eyes
 do not have circulatory and respiratory organ  Centipedes – speedy venomous predators
 Millipedes – eat decaying vegetation
Parasitic Infections
 Intestinal roundworm Insects
 Lymphatic fiariassis  land-dwelling arthropods with 3 part of the body
 pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis) Head (2 anttenae)
Thorax (3 pair legs)
Anthropods (Phylum Anthropoda) Abdomen
 arachnids, crustaceans, centipedes, insects  did not go metamorphosis
 Exoskeleton -> external skeleton, molted during  most diverse animals; including the only winged
growth invertebrates
 most diverse among animal Phyla  important pollinators, pests, disease vector
 jointed appendages; have complete digestive
system, open circulatory Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)
 specialized segment and appendages  sea star, sea urchins & sea cucumbers
 respiratory structure (gills, tubes)  invertebrates with a hardened endoskeleton of
spines, or plants of calcium carbonate
Antenna  waster vascular system with tube feet
 sensory structure on the head that detect touch,  adults are radial, but larvae are bilateral
odor and vibrations
 belong to the deuterostome lineage (along with Fishes
chordates)  aquatic vertebrates
 oldest and most diverse vertebrates
Chordates (Phylum chordate) Ichthyology – fish
 defined by 4 traits seen in their embryos Herpetology – reptile/amphibian
 no to chord extends the length of the body
 dorsal, hollow nerve cord parallels the notochord Jawless fishes – modern; smooth, elongated body
Notochord – stiff but flexible connective tissue that without paired fins, skeletal made of cartilage, less
extends the end of the body similar to back bone and weight more flexible
gives rise to the spinal cord Jawed fishes – most have paired fins and scales
 gills slits open across the wall of the pharynx 2 GROUPS
 muscular tail extends beyond the anus Cartilaginous – fishes have skeleton of cartilage (sharks)
 depending on the chordate group Bony fishes – have an embryonic skeleton of cartilage
that is mostly transformed to bone in adults, have
 All vertebrates are chordates, but not all protective gills covers and moveable fins
chordates are vertebrates
2 LINEAGE OF BONY FISHES
INVERTEBRATE CHORDATES Ray-finned fish
 2 groups; both marine filter-feeders  include food fishes
 fins are supported by thin rays derived from skin
Lancelets (Subphylum cephalochordates)  gas filled swim bladder helps adjust buoyancy
 have a fish-like shape and retain defining chordates
trains into adulthood Lobe-finned fish
 simple chordates  include coelacanths and lungfishes
 have fleshy fins with body supports
Tunicates (Subphylum Urochordata)  have gills and lung-like sacs
 lose their defining chordates traits during the
transition to adulthood EARLY TETRAPODS
 undergo metamorphosis Tetrapods are descendents of a lobe-finned fish
 closest invertebrate relative of vertebrates  fossils show how the skeleton became modifies as
fishes evolved into 4 legged walkers
VERTEBRATES  divisions of the heart into 3 chambers allowed
Subphylum vertebrata blood to flow in 2 circuits; body & lungs
 vertebratal column (backbone)  changes in the inner ear improved detection of
 jaws – effective of feeding patterns; airborne sounds and eyelids prevented eyes from
agnatha – jawless fish drying out
 internal air sacs (lungs for gas exchange)
 body paired appendages (ray-finned fishes) MODERN AMPHIBIANS
 4 bony limbs for walking (tetrapods) Amphibians
 ambiote eggs land tetrapods (reptiles, birds,  scaleless tetrapod that spend time on land, but
mammals) require water to breed
 the 3rd major chordate subgroup  fertilization is external; eggs and sperm are release
 have close circulatory system – fluid does not leave into water through a cloaca
the vessel  aquatic larvae have gills; adults live on land as
 single heart, complete digestive tract, paired organ carnivores with lungs (salamander, frogs, toads)
Amniotes 3 LINEAGE OF MAMMALS
 1st vertebrate that did not require external water 1. Monotremes – egg laying mammals (amphibians)
for reproduction 2. Marsupials – pouched mammals (kangaroo)
 fertilization is internal 3. Placental – placenta provides nutrient to develop
 eggs have internal membranes that allow embryos offspring, have 4 chambered hearts.
to develop away from water
 keratin in amniotes skin makes it waterproof
 highly efficient kidneys conserve water
 EX: reptiles, birds & mammals

AMNIOTE INNOVATION
 early amniote have ability to regulate their body
temperature

Ectotherm (cold-blooded)
 animals gain heat from the environment
 EX: fish, amphibians, turtle, lizard, snakes

Endotherm (warm-blooded)
 produce its own heat
 EX: birds and mammals

REPTILE DIVERSITY
Lizard
 most diverse reptile
 typically predators that lay eggs outside the body

Snakes
 evolved from ancestral lizard
 most hold eggs in the body and gave birth to live
young
 it is a carnivore; flexible jaws for swallowing prey

Birds
 only moderm amniote with feathers (modified scale
adapted for flight)
 larger eyes and brain
 membrane – sheet of the shell

Mammals
 only amniote that nourish their young with milk
from mammary glands