108 _ Refrigeration and Air Conditioning mye,(Ty~ Ts) = meylT, ~ Ts): om (Tg ~Te) T, = temperature of air escaping to atmosphere from the regenerative heat exchanger. ‘m, = mass of cold air bled from the cooling turbine for regenerative heat exchanger. 3. Power required for the refrigeration system macy (Ty ~Ty) male T) wy 60, 4. COP of the refrigerating system 210 2110 mc,(Ty —Ty) Px 60 where, P = power in kW, = refrigeration effect in TR. EXAMPLE 3.15 A regenerative air cooling system is used in an aircraft to take 20 TR load. ‘The ambient air at pressure 0.8 bar and temperature 10°C is rammed isentropically to a pressure of 1.2 bar. The air is further compressed in the main compressor to 4,75 bar and is cooled by the ram air in the heat exchanger whose effectiveness is 80%. The air from the heat exchanger is further cooled to 60°C in the regenerative heat exchanger with a portion of the air bled after expansion in the cooling turbine. The cabin is to be maintained at a temperature of 25°C and. a pressure of | bar. Ifthe isentropic efficiency for the compressor as well as that for the turbine is 90%, and the temperature of air escaping to atmosphere from the regenerative heat exchangers is 50°C, find the following. (a) Mass of the air bled from cooling turbine to be used for regenerative cooling. (b) Power required for maintaining the cabin at the required condition. (©) COP of the system. Solution: Given: Q = 20 TR; p, = 08 bar T, = 10°C = 10 + 273 = 283 K p2= 1.2 bar Ps = Pa = ps = 4.75 bar effectiveness of HE = 0.8 Ts = 60°C = 60 + 273 = 333 K T, = 25°C = 25 + 273 = 298 K Pr = Po = Pe = 1 bar Ne= r= 90% Ts = 100°C = 100 + 273 = 373 K ‘The T-s diagram for the regenerative air-cooling system is shown in Figure 3.40. For the isentropic ramming of air (Process 1-2), ‘y-biy heat (2) Main compressor: Considering isentropic compression \r-bir (ania het, (2) =3178(423) 4K 12 Pr (us-ayrna 9312) = airs k 08Air Refrigeration Systems _109 7/Ps= Put By = 4.75 bar 1-2 I6oal ramming 248 Ideal compression 23" Actual compression 3-4 Cooling in HE 4-5 Cooling in regenerative HE 5-8 eal expansion 'p, Almospheric pressure = 0.8 bar Pe deal ram pressure = 1.2 bar 1B Cabin pressure = 1 bar Figure 3.40. T-s diagram for regenerative air cooling system—Example 3.15. Isentropic efficiency of the compressor, Isentropic increase in temperature _Ty ~T> ‘Actual increase in temperature Ty —T> 43178 _ 153.2 Ty 3178 Ty 3178 Ty = 488 K ne= ie. 09 = Effectiveness of the heat exchanger (ey ), _ 488-7 _ 488-7 170.25 T, = 351.8 K Isentropic expansion in the cooling turbine (process 5-6), 1 (tenia B_(os aa - aly (ie) 10 T _33 = B= 33 Loi33K 1.561 1.561 ES Isenttopic efficiency of the cooling turbine, ‘Actual decrease in temperature r= ‘entropic decrease in temperature ~ T, —T,110 _ Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 333-1f _ 333-1, = 333-213 119.7 Té = 2252 K (a) Mass of air bled from the cooling turbine to be used for regenerative cooling: 08 Let m, = mass of air bled from the cooling turbine to be used for regenerative cooling, total mass of air bled from the main compressor, and ‘m, = mass of cold air supplied to the cabin. For the energy balance of regenerative heat exchanger, cooling bine mF, a h 1 airbled of ator To amesehere imy{Ta— Te) = maT ~ 79) my = MLB) fT Te) = mae Ta Ts ts ma = my = M2351 8-359) _ 9.193m, @ (323 - 225.2) ‘We know that the mass of air supplied to the cabin, 21120 Te98- 2252) = 58.0 kg/min (i) From Bq. (), we find that 1m, m, = $80 or m,~0.1923m, = 580 580 i a= 79.1903 > 1.8 ke/min and my = 0.1923m, = 0.1923 x 71.8 = 13.8 kg/min Ans, (©) Power required for the compressor: Power required for maintaining the cabin at the required condition is given as: “Ty Ts) _ 11 60 Ans.Air Refrigeration Systems 144 (©) COP of the system: 210 21120 COP of the system = m,c,(Ty ~ Ty Ans. 3.8 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS AIR COOLING SYSTEMS USED FOR AIRCRAFT ‘The performance curves for the various air cooling systems used for aircraft are shown in Figure 3.41. These curves are plotted for various Mach numbers vs temperature of air at the outlet of cooling turbine: 1 One can observe that the simple air cooling system gives maximum cooling effect on the ground surface and decreases as the speed of the aircraft increases. It would be useful for the Mach numbers ranging between 0.4 and 1.5. This simple system can be employed with the evaporative system at high speeds. ‘The boot-strap system is better at low Mach number (1.4 and above) since it needs ram air for cooling in heat exchangers. Boot-strap system is modified using evaporative system in addition to heat exchangers. Athigh Mach numbers, the temperature of ram air rises due to high speeds. Such high temperature ram air would be less effective in cooling the compressed air of the main compressor in the primary heat exchanger to the desired low temperature. Regenerative air cooling systems are useful for low Mach numbers as can be seen from the graph. Reduced ambient air cooling system is suitable to render low temperatures at high Mach numbers, hence it is only suitable for supersonic aircraft ‘The turbine discharge temperature of the air is variable. Therefore, in order to maintain the constant temperature of supply air to the cabin, it requires some control system. 8 Simple air cooling system Boot tap air rat cooling system 20 ay Reduced ambient 55 sirenoing system ° Hy j 2 Simple evapora gs -20-| alreootng system 7 a : £8 0 02 06 10 14 18 22 26 ‘Mach number» Figure 3.41 Performance curves of various air cooling systems,142 _ Refrigeration and Air Conditioning EXERCISES. 1. The COP of the heat pump is greater by unity compared to the reversed Camot refrigerator system. Explain, 2. Discuss the working of a Camot refrigerator with working substance as air as well as vapour. Derive an expression for its COP. 3. Differentiate between an engine, a reftigerator and a heat pump. 4, Define the term coefficient of performance as applied to refrigerators and heat pumps. 5. Discuss the Bell-Colemann air refrigeration cycle with the help of schematic, p-v and T-s diagrams. Deduce an expression for its COP. For what purpose is this cycle used in aircraft? 6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Bell-Colemann air cycle? 7. Discuss the closed Bell-Colemann air cycle. Why are brine solutions used in these cycles? 8. State and explain the various air refrigeration cycles used for aircraft 9, What are the advantages or benefits of using the air cycles for aircraft cooling? 10, Draw a neat diagram and explain the working of the simple air cooling cycle for aircraft. ‘Also represent the eycle on T-s diagram and explain the various processes involved. Explain the procedure of obtaining the COP of the cycle. 11, Explain the working of boot-strap air refrigeration system. 12, Describe the working of the simple air evaporative cycle with the help of schematic and T-s diagrams, 13. Differentiate and enumerate the advantages of the boot-strap air evaporative system from the boot-strap air cooling system. 14, When can one prefer to have the reduced ambient air cooling system in aircraft? Explain its working with the help of a neat sketch. 1. Explain the working of the regenerative air cooling system with the help of schematic and T-s diagrams. Explain the various processes involved and write the expression for its cop. 16. Write short notes on the following: + Limitations of Camot cycle with gas as refrigerant. *+ Refrigeration effect and its units. + Aircraft air conditioning. 17. Compare the different types of air cooling systems in terms of aircraft speed. NUMERICALS, 1. Ina Bell-Colemann refrigeration plant, the air is drawn from cold chamber at 1 bar and 12°C, and compressed to 5 bar. The same is cooled to 25°C in the cooler before expanding in the expansion cylinder to cold chamber pressure of 1 bar.Air Refrigeration Systems 143, 4. (a) Determine the theoretical COP of the plant and the theoretical net refrigeration effect/kg of air. The compression and expansion be assumed isentropic. Assume y= LAT and cy = 1.009 kifkg-K. (b) If the compression and expansion laws followed are py! = C and py!? = C respectively, how will the result be modified? A refrigeration unit working on Bell-Colemann cycle takes air from cold chamber at =10°C and compresses it from I bar with index of compression being 1.2. The compressed air is cooled to a temperature 10°C above the ambient temperature of 25°C before it is expanded in the expander where the index of expansion is 1.35, Determine the following: (cor. Gi) Quantity of air circulated per minute for the production of 2000 kg ice per day at 0°C from water at 20°C. iil) Capacity of the plant in ton-reftigeration. Assume ¢, = 1 Ki/kg-K for air. ‘An air refrigeration plant 25 TR capacity comprises a centrifugal compressor, a cooler heat exchanger and an air turbine, The compressor is coupled directly to the air turbine. The compressor also receives power from another prime mover. The processes in the compressor and the turbines are adiabatic but not isentropic. Air at temperature 21°C and. 0.85 bar enters the compressor. It leaves the compressor at 90°C. The same air enters the turbine at 38°C and 1.5 bar. The turbine exit is at 0°C. Assuming no pressure drop in the cooler and the refrigerator (evaporator) section, and constant specific heats as cy = 1,004 Ki/kg-K and c, = 0.712 ki/kg-K, determine the following. ‘The compressor efficiency. ‘The flow rate of air. ‘The coefficient of performance. i) The turbine efficiency. (iv) The power input to the plant. A high altitude flight aircraft is flying at an altitude of 1.5 km with a speed of 1.2 mach, ‘The ambient atmospheric pressure and temperature are 0.2 bar and -40°C. The cabin is pressurised to 0.7 bar and has to be maintained at 25°C. The main compressor pressure ratio is 5 and the air enters the cooling turbine at 40°C, The exit from the cooling turbine is at 0.75 bar. The cockpit cooling load is 10 tonne. Assume intemal efficiency of compressor as 85% and that of cooling turbine as 75%. Ram efficiency is 90%. Assume = 14 and c, = 1 kifkg-K. Determine the following: (Stagnation temperature and pressure of air entering and leaving the main (id) Mase flow rate of Gi) Ram air heat exchanger effectiveness (iv) Volume handled by compressor and cooling turbine (v) Net power delivered by engine to the refrigerating unit (Pressurisation + Refrigeration, (vi) COP of the system based on compressor work. (vii) Additional power only for refrigeration.