Chapter 1

Frequency Domain
Analysis

Tutorial and Practice Problems

Problem Guide

The following problems are tagged by topic. Chapter One covers the following topics (in chronological

order): 1. Transient Response, 2. Steady-State Response, 3. Transfer Functions, 4. Bode Plots, and 5.

Filter Design. Use the tags to determine which problems you can attempt at any given time. We suggest

that you try the problems ahead of the tutorials, and to then ask the TAs to cover those problems you had

the most difficulty with. Solutions (complete or partial) will be posted after the tutorials.

Please note that we have attempted to rank each question on its difficulty. Introductory problems are

those that can be solved in a minimum number of steps, and demonstrate a single concept from lectures

or review from prior courses. You should be able to solve such problems in the minimum time possible.

Exam problems are those taken from past quizzes, midterms, and finals, and are set at a difficulty level

similar to what you could see on the midterm or final. Challenge problems represent something that goes

above and beyond the regular level of difficulty. You should still attempt them (some also come from past

exams), as they still use only topics you know – they just require a little extra thinking about how to

approach the problem.

1
voltage divider
Question

Vinfygout

Circuit Type RC Low-pass Filter

Course Topics Transfer functions, Transient Response

Difficulty Introductory

( )

I
Find the transfer function, ( ) , and determine the time response, ( ), of the circuit

( )

to a unit-step input occurring at time .

VontevinITRa

DE

0 1000

fgjgvo HcstYYn

É Ici

von
I

Vin Rit

0 to

Mt unit step

t 70

Squats

that

THh

VCS HLS

His YI

stfu

sty

i Votes s

Otta

A's Vout s t

go so

B a Cst Rtc Voutis so

I

I's É

g L E L Est

ult f act

It ult

l e

Question 2

Circuit Type LC-Tank Filter

Course Topics Transfer functions, Transient Response

Difficulty Introductory

it

( )

a. Find the transfer function, ( )

( )

b. Determine the transient response of the circuit given:

( ) ( )

IT Vomits

Kcl
Vote

rearrange IL route se but I Vont 4 Vin D

IL

Vout T skyVoutt Vont Vin

Von I s Ret i Vin

III

Vines 1225 cos 1400004J

Vont 5 H s Vin s

B
Vonn
s.jo

t t

s 4w 5 32000524000
7240
5 32000 0

Be

inverse laplace

L If

i t t t

Question 3

Circuit Type Two-stage R/L and R/C filter

Course Topics Transfer functions

Difficulty Introductory
need 2 EON

Ux

Vin Ny O +

Nz

( )

Find the transfer function, ( )

( )
, of this circuit.

D
WII

VII Ig so

Vuut Naca
VII

so

eliminate Ux using 41412

Vx Von SCR I

Sub Vx into 2

Yet Hes

Question 4

Circuit Type Practical Integrator / LPF

Course Topics Transfer functions

Difficulty Introductory

Y ideal op amp

Hcs
ZE + O
Vx o

Find the transfer function, ( )

( )
, of this circuit.
( )

yy

n
my
tha

ta

YI YI o

Itself

bout I
YE Rill'd

YE ci r

at Grills
Ent Etsy

low pass filter

E FEI attar

His

f Ell
5

or

Question 5

Circuit Type General Active Filter

Course Topics Transfer functions

Difficulty Introductory

Vx

Find the transfer function, ( )

( )
, of this circuit.

u o
( )

ideal op amp

YETI Y Bill's if

i Yea

fan Itself

E
Iggy

ftp

scr
6

Question 6

Circuit Type Bilinear Active Filter

Course Topics Transfer functions

Difficulty Exam His Ey

𝑉𝑂𝐻

𝑉𝑂𝐿

( )

Find the transfer function, ( ) , of the circuit. Assume that , and in

( )

your final transfer function. As a hint, you may want to find intermediate transfer functions for and

first.

Volt Vol

Question 7

Circuit Type Single Op-Amp Bandpass Filter

Course Topics Transfer functions

Difficulty Exam

𝑉𝑥

Find the transfer function, ( )

( )
, of this circuit.
( )

Question 8

Circuit Type Gyrator / Inductance Simulator

Course Topics Transfer functions, Equivalent Impedance

Difficulty Exam

𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑖𝑛 +

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡

( )

Find the transfer function, ( ) , of the left-hand circuit. Show that the circuit on the left is
( )

equivalent to the one on the right.

Question 9

Circuit Type Two-Integrator Biquad

Course Topics Transfer functions

Difficulty Challenge

Find transfer functions relating , , , and to . Assume Rf=R1.

10

Question 10

Circuit Type Two-Integrator Biquad

Course Topics Transfer functions, Bode Plots

Difficulty Challenge

𝑉𝐼

𝑉𝑂𝐿 𝑉

a. Find the transfer functions of the circuit relating , , and to .

b. Use the following set of component values to plot the Bode Magnitude and Phase Plots for the

circuit/transfer function:

11

Question 11

Circuit Type N/A

Course Topics Bode Plots, Filter Design

Difficulty Exam

Magnitude Plot

20.0

0.0
0.1 1 10 100 1000

-20.0

-40.0

-60.0

-80.0

Note: Frequency axis scale is in , vertical axis is , as is standard.

a. Find a transfer function that produces an identical Bode magnitude plot.

b. Draw a circuit that realizes this transfer function, and select appropriate component values.

12

Question 12

Circuit Type High-Order BP Filter

Course Topics Transfer Functions, Bode Plots

Difficulty Exam

a. Find the transfer function of the above circuit.

b. Sketch the resultant Bode magnitude and phase plots For the phase graph, ignore the contribution

of any constant gain.

13

Question 13

Circuit Type N/A

Course Topics Bode Plots, Filter Design

Difficulty Exam

a. Determine a transfer function of a filter which produces the above Bode magnitude plot.

b. Design a complete circuit to realize this transfer function. You have no limits on the number of

components you may use, but your chosen component values should be realistic.

14

Question 14

Circuit Type High-Order BP Filter

Course Topics Transfer Functions

Difficulty Exam

a. Show that the transfer function, ( ), of the above circuit (relating to ) is as given below.

Assume that and .

+ −

( )

+ +

b. Find the currents and in relation to (i.e., your two expressions should not contain or

any unknown voltages). Again, assume that and .

15

Question 15

Circuit Type General Active Filter (Revisited)

Course Topics Transfer Functions, Bode Plots, Filters

Difficulty Exam

a. Show that the transfer function for the circuit shown above is:

− ( )

( )

( + )( + )

b. Show that the expression of the magnitude in dB H  jw  is given by:

db

 1   1   1 
H  jw db  20Log    20Log  w   20Log  jw    20Log  jw  .

 R2C1   R1C1   R2C 2 

c. With , , , sketch the Bode magnitude and phase plots for

the circuit.

d. What type of filter is this?

e. What are the two cut-off frequencies, fL and fH?

f. What is the bandwidth (  )?

16

Question 16

Circuit Type Biquad (Revisited)

Course Topics Transfer Functions

Difficulty Challenge

a. Let VI  s  and VO  s  denote the Laplace transform of vI  t  and vO  t  respectively. Show that the

VO  s 
transfer function T  s   of the circuit is:

VI  s 

 C1  2 1  1 R3   1 
 s    s

C C  R1 RR5   RR4C 2 

T s  

 1   1 
s2   s  2 2 

 R2C   R C 

C  C1  1 F R  R1  R3  R4  R5  1M  R2  0.5M 
b. Let , , . The transfer function for the circuit

becomes:

s2  1

T s   .
s 2  2s  1

Determine the steady-state time response vO ,steady state (t ) of the circuit to an input signal

vI  t   sin(t ) volts .

s2  1
c. Consider the circuit from part (b) with T  s    . The output of the circuit above is to be

s 2  2s  1

connected the circuit to a filter of your design. Design a filter in such a way that the resulting

magnitude response curve of the combined circuit has the following properties: (i) 0dB DC gain; (ii)
High frequency response beyond 10 rad/sec sloping down at -40db/decade. Draw the circuit

diagram for the filter and show how it is connected to the original circuit. Draw the magnitude

response of the new circuit consisting of the original circuit connected to the designed filter.

17

Question 17

Circuit Type Advanced Gyrator

Course Topics Transfer Functions, Equivalent Impedance

Difficulty Exam

Consider the circuit below. For the following question, you may assume that the op-amps are ideal, and

that .

HINT:

𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇

𝑉𝐼𝑁

𝑍𝑒𝑞

Find the transfer function, ( ), relating the input, , to the output, . Hint: You should model the

sub-circuit in the box above as a complex impedance, . You may leave terms in your final equation

for ( ), but it should otherwise be expressed in simplest form, and you still must solve for .

18

Question 18

Circuit Type Biquad (Revisited)

Course Topics Bode Plots

Difficulty Introductory

For a certain circuit, the transfer function of the circuit is given as:

+ +
( )

+ +

Draw Bode magnitude and phase plots for this transfer function. On the plot, clearly indicate all pole/zero

corner frequencies.

19

Question 19

Circuit Type N/A

Course Topics Bode Plots, Filter Design

Difficulty Exam

A circuit is designed to work with only a certain range of frequencies. We need to include a filter to

remove any undesirable frequency components from the input signal.

Design a filter circuit that will produce the Bode magnitude response plot shown above. Draw the

completed circuit. You may use any number of components, but your chosen component values must be

realistic. You are limited to the following ranges for passive components:

− , − , −

20

Question 20

Circuit Type Advanced Bandpass

Course Topics Transfer Functions

Difficulty Exam

21

Question 21

Circuit Type Biquad

Course Topics Transfer Functions

Difficulty Exam

22

Question 22

Circuit Type High-order LPF

Course Topics Transfer Functions, Transient Response

Difficulty Exam

23

Question 23

Circuit Type BPF

Course Topics Transfer Functions, Steady-State Response

Difficulty Exam

(a) Find the transfer function of the above circuit.

(b) What would the steady-state response of the above circuit be, given an input of the ( ) and the

component values shown below?

(c) , , , ( )

24

Question 24

Circuit Type Double P/Z

Course Topics Bode Plots

Difficulty Introductory

Draw the Bode Plot of the following circuit’s transfer function, given component values:

, , , , ,

25

Question 25

Circuit Type Adv. LPF

Course Topics Transfer Functions

Difficulty Introductory

Find the transfer function, ( ), of the above circuit. Show all workings and place your final answer in

simplified form showing pole and zero locations.

26

Question 26

Circuit Type N/A

Course Topics Bode Plots

Difficulty Exam

Using two op-amp circuit blocks, we design a filter. It has the following combined transfer function:

( + )
( ) −

( + )( + )

a. Draw the Bode Magnitude Plot of this circuit in the graph space below over the entire range of

indicated. Show all workings here.

b. Draw the Bode Phase Plot of this circuit in the graph space below. Show all workings here.

c. What type of filter circuit does this response represent? Justify your answer in 1-2 sentences.

27

Question 27

Circuit Type N/A

Course Topics Filter Design

Difficulty Exam

A vibration sensor is used to measure the wear of a bearing in a manufacturing plant. We want a circuit

with the following filter response to remove extraneous information:

Design a circuit that produces the Bode magnitude response plot shown on the previous page. Show the

completed circuit diagram. You may use any number of components, but your chosen component values

must be realistic. You are also limited to the following ranges for passive components:

− − −

28

Question 28

Circuit Type Simplified Biquad

Course Topics Transfer Functions

Difficulty Exam

Consider the following circuit, where and .

Find the transfer function, ( ) ( ) ( ), of the above circuit. Show all workings and simplify

your answer to clearly show pole and zero locations.

29

Question 29

Circuit Type N/A

Course Topics Bode Plots

Difficulty Exam

Consider the following transfer function:

( ) −

( + )( + )( + )

Frequency, ω (rad/s)

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

-20

Magnitude (dB)

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

0

-45

Phase Shift (°)

-90

-135

-180

-225

-270

-315

Draw the Bode Magnitude and Phase Plots of this transfer function.

30

Question 30

Circuit Type N/A

Course Topics Bode Plots, Filter Design

Difficulty Exam

Frequency, ω (rad/s)
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

15

10

5
Magnitude (dB)

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

a. For the Bode Magnitude Plot shown above, determine an equivalent transfer function and design a

circuit to implement this transfer function. Be sure to draw the final circuit. Chosen component

values must be realistic, given real-world component value ranges for such circuits:

− − −

b. For the circuit you designed in Part (a), sketch the rough output, given the following input signal.

You may ignore any phase shift introduced by the filter circuit when sketching.

( ) ( )+ ( )

31

Question 31

Circuit Type Basic Op-Amp Filter

Course Topics Transfer Functions

Difficulty Introductory

Find the transfer function of the circuit below.

32

Question 32

Circuit Type Basic Op-Amp Filter

Course Topics Transfer Functions

Difficulty Introductory

Find the transfer function of the circuit below.

33

Question 33

Circuit Type Basic Op-Amp Filter

Course Topics Transfer Functions

Difficulty Introductory

Find the transfer function of the circuit below.

34

Question 34

Circuit Type Basic Op-Amp Filter

Course Topics Transfer Functions

Difficulty Introductory

Find the transfer function of the circuit below.

35

Question 35

Circuit Type Basic Op-Amp Filter

Course Topics Transfer Functions

Difficulty Introductory

Find the transfer function of the circuit below.

36

Question 36

Circuit Type Basic Op-Amp Filter

Course Topics Transfer Functions

Difficulty Introductory

Find the transfer function of the circuit below.

37

Question 37

Circuit Type Basic Op-Amp Filter

Course Topics Transfer Functions

Difficulty Introductory

Find the transfer function of the circuit below.

38

Question 38

Circuit Type Basic Op-Amp Filter

Course Topics Transfer Functions

Difficulty Introductory

Find the transfer function of the circuit below.

𝑅
𝑅

𝑅 𝑅
𝐶 𝐶

39
 Question 39
Circuit Type Basic Op-Amp Filter
Course Topics Transfer Functions
Difficulty Introductory

Find the transfer function of the circuit below.

40
 Question 40
Circuit Type Op-Amp Filter
Course Topics Transfer Functions, Transient Response
Difficulty Exam

Find the transfer function of the circuit below.

𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇
𝑉𝐼𝑁
𝑅 𝐶

𝑅
𝐶

a. Find the transfer function of the above circuit.

b. Given the component values below, and a unit-step input, sketch the rough transient response of
the circuit. Note that you do not need to use Inverse Laplace to solve this question. Values:
, , ,

41
 Question 41
Circuit Type N/A
Course Topics Bode Plot
Difficulty Exam

Draw the Bode Plot of the following transfer function over the range of frequencies given.
( + )
( )
( )( + )

Magnitude Plot
20.0

0.0

-20.0

-40.0

-60.0

-80.0
0.1 1 10 100 1000

Phase Plot
45.0

0.0

-45.0

-90.0

-135.0

-180.0

-225.0

-270.0
0.1 1 10 100 1000

42
 Question 42
Circuit Type Op-Amp Filter
Course Topics Transfer Functions
Difficulty Introductory

Find the transfer function of the following circuit.

43
 Question 43
Circuit Type Op-Amp Filter
Course Topics Transfer Functions
Difficulty Exam

Find the transfer function of the following circuit.

44
 Question 44
Circuit Type Op-Amp Filter
Course Topics Transfer Functions
Difficulty Challenge

Find the transfer function ( ) of the following circuit. Hint: Substitute component values
immediately for this question to avoid wasting time on solving.

45
 Question 45
Circuit Type Op-Amp Filter
Course Topics Transfer Functions
Difficulty Challenge

Find the transfer function, ( ) ( ) ( ), of the following circuit.

𝑉𝐴

𝑉𝐵

46
 Question 46
Circuit Type Op-Amp Filter
Course Topics Transfer Functions
Difficulty Exam

Find the transfer function of the following circuit:

𝑉𝐴

47
 Question 47
Circuit Type Op-Amp Filter
Course Topics Transfer Functions
Difficulty Challenge

Find the transfer function of the following circuit.

𝑉𝐵

𝑉𝐴

𝑉𝐼𝑁

48
 Question 48
Circuit Type Op-Amp Filter
Course Topics Transfer Functions
Difficulty Exam

Find the transfer function of the following circuit.

𝑉𝐴
𝑉𝐼𝑁
𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇

49
 Question 49
Circuit Type Op-Amp Filter
Course Topics Equivalent Impedance
Difficulty Introductory

Find the equivalent impedance looking into the input of the following circuit.

50
 Question 50
Circuit Type Op-Amp Filter
Course Topics Equivalent Impedance
Difficulty Exam

Find the equivalent impedance of the following circuit. Find the transfer function, ( ) .

51
 Question 51
Circuit Type Op-Amp Filter
Course Topics Transfer Functions, Transient Response
Difficulty Challenge

Find the transfer function of the following circuit. Ignore and . Assume that the supply
represents a unit step when the power is turned on. In other words, at and at .
Also, is set at 50%.

52
 ÉxÉ Its
MIE346 – Analog & Digital Electronics
Solutions, Tutorial 1

Question 1.
Step 1: Calculate the transfer function of the circuit.

. / in the form of
( ) express
. /
2
Step 2: Calculate the Laplace transform of the time-domain input signal. From the chart of Laplace
transforms:

( ) 2

, ( )-

Step 3: Multiply the transfer function and the input (convolve them) to obtain the output response
in the s-domain.
( )
( )
( ) the
input transfer
( ) ( *( )

Step 4: Use the inverse Laplace transform to find the time domain response of the resulting output.
Performing partial fraction expansion:

( )

. / . /
( )| ( * ( )|
( ) . / . /

* + [ ] * +

. / . /
( ) ( * ( ) ( * ( )

This is the exponential approach to the final value of the unit step function, as would be expected.
(Roughly speaking, starting from zero, the capacitor will charge exponentially to the DC value of
as given by the unit step input).

1/92
Question 2.
Step 1: Redraw the circuit with equivalent impedances; may be omitted.

N1

Step 2: Write node voltage equations. Only one is needed for this simple circuit.

N1

( )
Step 3: Re-arrange N1 and solve for ( )
( )
.

( * ( ) ( * ( *

( * ( )

[ ]

. /

( ) . / . / . /

Step 4: Using the table of transforms, find the Laplace transform of the input voltage.

( ) , ( )-

Step 5: Find ( ) and separate poles for later partial fraction expansion.

. /
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( . / . /)

( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )( )( )
Step 6: Complete partial fraction expansion. Notice that we could not use the FVT to find the SS
response of the circuit if asked.
̅ ̅

2/92
 ( ) | ( ) |
( ) ( )( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )

̅ ̅

Step 7: Complete the Inverse Laplace Transform.

, - [ ] [ ]

, ( )- , ( )-
Notice that in the steady state, the output voltage converges to a sustained oscillation with
parameters equal to the input voltage, ( ). The second term decays exponentially with
time, and represents damped oscillations from the excitation of the LC tank subcircuit.

3/92
Question 3.
Step 1: Redraw the circuit with equivalent impedances; may be omitted.
N1
N2

Step 2: Write node equations. Assign for unknown node voltage at N1.

N1

N2

Step 3: Eliminate using N1 and N2. If we solve N2 for :

( ) ( * ( *

, -
Substituting into N2 gives:

[ ] [ ] [ ]

, -[ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ]

, - , -

( ) . /
( )
( ) . / . /

4/92
Question 4.
Step 1: Convert to s-domain. Only component of concern is C1. We will also omit from this
point onwards, since (assuming an ideal op-amp) it has no effect on ( ).

N1

Vx

Step 2: Write node equation for N1, assigned unknown voltage .

N1
‖

Step 3: Apply simplifications; due to virtual ground (assumed negative feedback path, ideal
op-amp).

[ ] [ ]

( *( *( )

and
go
Notice that this circuit has a single real-valued pole (with negative real parts). It will not introduce
any damped oscillations, and implements a low-pass filtering function. The transfer function could
also be found by calculating the two complex impedances, , and using ( ) :

. /( )

( ) ( *( *

5/92
Question 5.
Step 1-3. Write node equations in -domain, eliminate unknown node, solve for ( ).

[ ] [ ]

( )
( *( )
( )( ) . /. /

Alternate Solution

( )

( ). / . / . /
‖
. / . /

. / . /
( ) [ ][ ] ( *( )
. / . / . /. /

6/92
Question 6.

𝑉𝑂𝐻

𝑉𝑂𝐿

To begin, notice that the circuit can be broken into three blocks:
1. The circuit containing op-amp U1, with output , and input from .
2. The circuit containing op-amp U2, with output , and input from .
3. An inverting summing amplifier, with inputs VOH and VOL, and output Vout.
Each of these circuits can be examined independently, as they can be considered isolated (there are
no loading effects on output-input connection if the op-amps are ideal). To begin analysis, recall the
basic inverting amplifier circuit:

( )

So, for the circuit isolated in the upper-left of the first diagram, we have:

7/92
 ( )

This is the equation of a high-pass filter, as we will see in the next section on Filters. For the lower-
left circuit, we have:

. /
‖( *

. /
( )

This is the equation of a low-pass filter, which we will also examine in the Filters. Now, we can
write the overall transfer function for the circuit using the summing amplifier equation:

[( * ( * ] [( * ( ) ( * ( ) ]

. /
[ ( *( * ( *( )]

Since we are told that and are equal, replace each with a single value:
, and .

. /
* ( *( * ( *( )+

( )
( )

8/92
Question 7.

N2
N1

Step 1: Convert to s-domain and write node equations for two unknown nodes, N1 and N2.
Assuming an ideal op-amp, the virtual ground assumption would hold and the unknown voltage at
N2 would be taken as zero. Node N1 is assigned as .

N1

N2

Step 2: Combine N1 and N2 to eliminate , solve for .

( *

[ ] [ ] , -

, - , - , -

[ ] , -

, - , -

( *( )
. / . /

9/92
Question 8.
Step 1: For the circuit on the left, we can write a node equation at the non-inverting op-amp pin; be
careful not to write one for , as that node would include the op-amp output. Under the virtual
ground assumption, we also have for the op-amp.

[ ] , -

Step 2: Note that the above transfer function does not look like it represents the R-L circuit.
However, let’s consider an alternate simplification where we do not normalize by the coefficient on
the highest power of :

Consider if we multiply the above by :

Notice that this looks like the transfer function of the circuit on the right:
( )
( )
Thus, the circuit on the left is equivalent to the one on the right, where the equivalent value of
will be . This circuit is called a gyrator circuit; it is a form of inductance simulator similar
to the circuit seen in the class notes, but with fewer components and op-amps. The drawback of this
simplicity is that it can only simulate an R-L series connection, and the values of and are
related.

10/92
Question 9.
Step 1. To start, we can take the three outputs , , and as unknown. We also assign an
additional arbitrary variable, , to the inputs of the leftmost op-amp (we will assume that the
virtual ground assumption holds, so for that op-amp). To simplify our analysis, look at
the circuit for natural places to break it into smaller sub-circuits. The op-amp outputs provide
natural locations to check, as ideal op-amps are not loaded by connected circuits. One can notice
that U2 and U3 form RC integrators:

( *( *

( *( *

Now, using superposition we can write two additional equations at the pins of the first op-amp,
using the unknown voltage . Remember that .

Using the earlier relations between , , and , we can rewrite the above purely in terms of
, the left-most intermediate node. Eliminating yields:

[ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ]

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Note that we will leave the above in a slightly un-simplified form to make the remaining steps
shorter. Given the above, we can also write cascade transfer functions relating to and :
( )
* +[ ]
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )

( )
* +[ ]
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
If we finally want the total transfer function, , then one can notice that final op-amp,
U4, forms a summing amplifier. We will omit the intermediate transfer functions for space:

11/92
 ( * ( * ( *

( * ( * ( *

This particular circuit is an extremely flexible filter circuit. Using (relatively) few components, it
can realize a wide variety of combinations of low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass filtering
simultaneously. At a minimum, it typically uses far fewer components than constructing each filter
individually, and it maintains good flexibility in pole location for each filter despite the small
number of components.

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Question 10.
Consider the following circuit:

𝑉𝐼
𝑉
𝑉

𝑉𝑂𝐿
Find the general transfer function of the circuit. Use the following set of component values to plot
the transfer function for the circuit:

Solution

. /

. /

( )
( ) ( )

( )
( ) ( ) ( )

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

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 ( )
[ ] * +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
* + * +
( ) ( )
( ( ) )( ( ))
( )
( )( )
( )
( )

. / . / ( * . /

. / . /

. / . /0 1 ( *

. / . /

Notice that through this transfer function, the circuit can realize almost any second-order quadratic
zero and pole combination. Most of the coefficients of ‘s’ contain at least one unique component,
allowing each to be adjusted independently of the others.

Using the given component values:

( )( ) . /. / ( )( )
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
. /. /( )( )
We have two poles, two zeros, with crossover frequencies:

( *( *( )( ) ( )( )

To create the Bode Magnitude plot, we (1) order the poles and zeros from smallest crossover
frequency to largest, (2) track the rate-of-change (ROC) in order to draw the curve, and then (3) use
the gain, , to shift the curve to the correct absolute location.

* +

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Magnitude Plot

Since there are no poles or zeros at the origin, the starting ROC is . This continues until
the first cross-over frequency at . This corresponds to a zero, which begins to
contribute for any frequency , resulting in a total ROC of .
This ROC persists until , at which point two poles begin to contribute
each, resulting in a total . This ROC persists until the final
crossover frequency at , after which the second zero begins to contribute
, for a total ROC of zero.

𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒

𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒

In the above graph, the red line is the actual magnitude plot, and the blue line is the asymptotic plot
we produced using the procedure above. Notice that the graphs are most different near the corner
frequencies. At , the magnitude of the difference will be per pole/zero. Thus, at
and , we have a difference, and at , we have a difference (due to the double
pole with ).

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Phase Plot

To produce the phase plot, we need to make a new set of critical points. Recall that a pole or zero
will produce a total of of phase shift over a range starting one decade before , and ending one
decade after . Thus, for every pole and zero we have two critical points:

* +

Alternatively, we can track phase change by ranges:

from to ( )
from to ( )
from to ( )
from to ( )

Since these ranges overlap, we must be aware of this when drawing the phase plot:

Notice that the sketched phase plot appears significantly less accurate than the magnitude plot; this
is reflected when attempting to ‘correct’ the phase plot – the process is significantly more involved.

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Question 11.
Part (a)
Step 1 – Find the general transfer function by tracking the rate-of-change (ROC):

 The plot starts with , indicating that there is no pole or zero at the origin.
The first change in ROC occurs at .
 At , we have . This implies a single zero: ( )
 At , we have . This implies a quadruple pole, as each
pole contributes , such that ( ) . Thus, we
have a term: ( )
 There are no further poles or zeros. The final transfer function is:

( ) . /. /. /. /
( ) ( )( )
( ) . / . /
Step 2 – Match the absolute level of gain.

Since there are no zeros or poles at the origin, it is simple to match the gain level. We can pick any
point in the leftmost region where and see that the absolute level of the graph is . In
the above ( ), if :

( )( )

( )

Part (b)

Step 3 – Group poles and zeros, divide gain, and form the circuit

This transfer function has one zero and four repeated poles. We can use one general pole-zero-gain
(PZG) block plus three pole-gain (PG) blocks to realize this transfer function. We also have a very
large additional gain; it makes sense to distribute it among the various stages in the absence of
other criteria. In a real-world implementation, we would have to be more careful – we must keep the
signal level at the output of each stage within the supply limits of the op-amp used, and above a
minimum level (or else the signal is too small to work with, and becomes lost in normal noise).

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Step 4 – Pick reasonable component values.

In general, we start picking with capacitors and inductors where possible. However, we have also
decided to divide the gain between stages, so each stage needs to implement gain:

For stage one, we have a standard P-Z-G stage:

( ) ( )( * ( *( )

If we were to pick and first, this would fix our choices for and , meaning we cannot
achieve the necessary gain. This can be confirmed:

Picking capacitors first, we have:




( )

( )

So, we instead pick our resistor values first. Since the ratio is not large, we attempt to pick values
near the middle of the total range of to . Also, since the gain required is greater than 1
and less than 100, a good rule of thumb is to set and

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Using these values, it is a simple matter to find and from the crossover frequencies:

( )

( )

For the remaining blocks, we have the three identical transfer functions:

( ) ( )( * ( )( )

We assume that , , and , as there is no reason

not to have the circuits be identical.

Let’s try picking the capacitor value first. Since :

( )

Finally, since :

( )

Thus:

All selected component values are within the reasonable ranges for real components.

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Question 12.

To solve the above circuit, we need only two equations. We label the unknown node :

(1)

(2)

Solving Equation (2) for and substituting into Equation (1):

( *

( *

( *

( * ( * ( *

( *( * ( * ( *( * ( * ( *

( * ( * ( * ( *
, ( ) - , -

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 . /
( )
( )
. / ( *

Substituting in the given component values yields:

( )
( )( )

This can be factored into ( ) form:

( ). /. / ( )
. /. /

This yields a zero at the origin, plus two real poles at and , plus a
constant gain of:

For the zero at the origin, it crosses at , with a constant ROC for all ,
thus at (where the given graph range starts), it would normally contribute .
Combined with the constant gain of , the absolute value of the magnitude graph at this point
is ( ) . The graph has a ROC, as no other poles or zeros are yet
active.

Tracking the ROC across the graph:

 The ROC continues until the first pole becomes active, at a critical frequency of
. At this point, it begins to contribute , for a total ROC of zero.
 The zero ROC continues until the second pole becomes active at ,
resulting in a ROC for the remainder of the graph.

Likewise for the phase graph, due to the zero at the origin, the phase shift starts at with a zero
ROC. Tracking the ROC again:
 The zero ROC continues until . At this point, the phase ROC becomes
for two decades (i.e., the pole phase contribution ends at .
 The second pole also becomes active at , overlapping with the first, and
resulting in a ROC.
 The ROC continues until . At this point, the ROC becomes just
.

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 This ROC continues until , at which point the ROC becomes and
stays zero. The total phase shift ends at , as the transfer function has one zero and two
poles.

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Question 13.

To begin, let’s construct the transfer function by tracking the ROC. The graph starts with a zero
ROC, indicating that there are no poles or zeros at the origin. The first change in ROC happens at
, where the ROC becomes . This indicates that is the
corner frequency of a zero. The ROC of continues until , at which point
the ROC becomes zero again. This indicates the presence of a pole with a corner frequency of
. The general transfer function is thus:

( )
( )
( )

Transforming this into ( ) form:

. /
( ) * + ( )
. /

Since there are no poles or zeros at the origin, any point to the left of the lowest corner frequency
( ) should have a magnitude of | | . However, this region of the graph is at
, indicating that:

( )

( ) ( *

This transfer function might be able to be realized with a single P-Z-G block using some careful
component selection:

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 ( ) ( )( * ( *( )

Let’s pick the capacitors first – we know that the zero corner frequency is , which by
our rule of thumb should yield a capacitor value around . Thus:

( )

Now, typically we would pick for the pole’s corner frequency of . However,
we also desire , so it makes sense to select one order of magnitude lower than normal
– this will have the effect of increasing the value of we need (remember, the relation is ).
Thus:

( )

This value is at the upper range of our resistor values (which is why we would normally pick
based on our rule-of-thumb, yielding ). However, this does work perfectly for
our gain:

Note that it is relatively difficult to select a set of values which works. Since we were given no
restrictions on the number of parts, and equally valid solution might be to use two op-amps and
implement the poles/zeros and gain separately. Using inductors would not be a useful solution, as
we are dealing with low corner frequencies, rather than high frequencies.

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 ,

Alternate Solution 1:

Find the transfer function ( ). This is a first order filter (the slope is +20dB/decade):

| |

| |

Realize the transfer function by RC-op-amp circuit:

C2

C1 R2

R1
_
Vin
+ Vout

Assign proper value to the components:

| | | | | |

Therefore, must satisfy the following conditions:

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Alternate Solution 2:

Realize the transfer function by RC circuit:

C1

R1

R2 C2
Vin Vout

Assign proper value to the components:

( *

( )
| | | |
( ) ( ) ( )

| |

26/92
Question 14.
Part (a)

For the circuit given, we have negative feedback through the R3 // C3 network. We do not have
positive feedback, as R1 is terminated to ground. As such, we assume that the output is set such
that , where is a single unknown node voltage.

We can thus write two equations:

(1)

(2)

Solving Equation (1) for :

( * ( ) ( )

, -
( *

Simplify Equation (2):

( * ( * ( * ( * ( ) ( )

( * ( * ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Substitute solved Equation (1) into Equation (2):

( * ( ) ( * ( ) ( ) ( )

* + , -

, - ,( )( )-
, - ,( )( )-
, - , -

( )

Substituting in and :
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 ( )

Part (b)

( *[ ( * ]

( *( * ( ) ( )

[ ( * ] ( * ( *

28/92
Question 15.

Part (a)
Given our goal transfer function:
. /
( )
. /. /

Start by writing a node equation at the inverting input of the op-amp, solve for ( ):

( *

[ ] [ ]

. /
( )
( )( ) . /. /

You could also solve this quickly by taking ( ) , where | and .

Part (b)
To write the magnitude of the transfer function in long form, we break ( ) into the multiplied
contributions of each pole, zero, and constant gain:

. /
( ) [ ], -[ ][ ]
. /. /

Substituting in , we obtain the following.

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 ( ) [ ], -[ ][ ]

Taking the magnitude:

| ( )| | || || || |

(| ( )|) (| |* (| |) (| |) (| |)

(| ( )|) ( * ( ) (| |* (| |*

Part (c)
Substitute in the given values to find pole and zero corner frequencies. Note that with rounding, all
corner frequencies are separated in decade increments – we will align our graph on multiple of ten
of the lowest frequency, rather than as usual. If you use a standard graph,
it will be more work but the graph should look the same.

( )
( )
( )( )

Gain at :
( *
( )( )
ROC at :

140

120

100

80

60

40
Magnitude (dB)

20 20Log(1/R2C1)
20Log(w)
0
-20Log(jw+6283)
62.83184 628.3184 6283.184 62831.84 628318.4 6283184
-20 -20Log(jw+628318)
|H(jw)|
-40

-60

-80

-100

-120

-140
Frequency (rad/sec)

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Part (d)

This circuit is a band-pass filter. It has a first-order numerator, second-order denominator. The
lower and upper cut-off frequencies clearly visible, creating a pass-band where gain is close to ,
creating no attenuation. Center frequency of around , given clearly defined band-pass region.

Part (e)

( )( *

( *

The above can be obtained directly from the transfer function by noting the pole locations. They can
also be visually obtained from our plotted estimate of the transfer function.

Part (f)

Note: The follow form is correct but not covered in the newer notes. It would be sufficient to use the
upper and lower cut-off frequencies for an approximation. From the general form of the transfer
function for a band-pass filter:

( )

( *( * ( * ( *

( *

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Question 16.
Note: The following is taken from an old version of the course (when filters spanned more of the
course content). We do not cover notch filters in as much detail. Some other elements of this solution
may also be unfamiliar, so do not worry too much. Try to understand as much as you can, given the
current course contents.

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38/92
Question 17.
The sub-circuit which comprises the complex impedance can be modeled separately first. To find its
equivalent impedance, we can examine just the relevant sub-circuit:

𝐼𝐼𝑁

𝑉𝐼𝑁

𝑉𝐴

One unknown node, which we can relate to :

, - , -

( *

No current flows into the op-amp non-inverting input, so is completely given by the current
through resistor :

. /
( *

( * ( *

The equivalent input impedance is thus:

. /

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 𝑉𝐵

𝑉𝐶

𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇
𝑍𝑒𝑞

𝑉𝐼𝑁
𝑉𝐵

We can now write our Kirchoff’s equations for the rest of the circuit:

(1)

(2)

(3)

Before we start, notice that there is no net current through , due to our feedback assumption that
for the op-amp. As such, all current through flows directly through , and all current
from flows directly through . This can also be seen more directly by examining the equations;
the following workings assume no simplification, however, the equation can be constructed through
simple substitution (and greatly reduces the work needed):

Non-simplified solution; solving Equation (1) for :

( * ( *

( * ( *

Substitute into Equation (3) and solve for :

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 [( * ( * ]

( * ( *

[ ] ( *

[ ] ( *

[ ] ( *

( * ( *

Substitute both of the above into Equation (2):

( ) ( *

( ) ( *

( )( * ( *( ) ( *

( )( *( * ( )( *( * ( *( )

( *( * ( *( *

( )( *( * ( *( *

( )( *( * ( *( ) ( *( *

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

( )

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Question 18.
The given transfer function must first be converted to ( ) form:

( )

( ) . /. /. /
( )
( )( ) . /. /. /. /

. /. /

. /. /

Drawing the Bode Magnitude Plot:

 ROC is initially , as there is no pole/zero at the origin
 ROC becomes at the first pole, with
 ROC becomes at the double zero, with
 ROC becomes zero again after the final pole at
 No shift is required, as

Drawing the Bode Phase Plot:

 Initial value is zero degrees phase shift, with .
 At ( ) , the first pole takes effect, and .
 At ( ) , the double zero becomes active, and .
 At ( ) , the first pole’s effect ends, and .
 At ( ) , the second pole takes effect, and .
 At ( ) , the double zero ends, and .
 At ( ) , the second pole ends, and .

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43/92
Question 19.
To begin, we must first write a transfer function to implement.
From the graph, the initial ROC is , indicating that there is a zero at the origin. One
can also notice that at , the magnitude, | | . There are no poles or zeros active before
, and thus there is no additional gain in this system (i.e., ). At , the ROC becomes
zero, indicating the presence of a pole. The ROC remains constant until , at which point
, indicating another pole. The ROC does not change any more, indicating no
further poles or zeros.

. /. /
( )
( )( ) . /. /

With the above, if we want | | at , we need . However:

Thus, we need :

( )
( )( )

We can implement the zero at the origin and the pole at using one op-amp. We can
implement the remaining pole (which is many orders of magnitude in difference) using a second op-
amp. For the first pole and zero at the origin, we use a block with:

( )

Where:

( ) ( *( )

We can readily select values for and , given that ( ) ( ):

Let (maximum)

( )( )

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This is at the outer range of what is allowable; however, at low frequencies, inductors would not
provide a good alternative, and so this is the best we can do. We also need 1000000 total additional
gain, however, with , the highest gain we can set using this stage is:

Thus, we take as well. Unless we can readily implement the required gain using the
second stage, we may need to add a third stage which is pure gain. If this is the case, the second and
third stages could share the required gain, resulting in a gain per stage of:
√
The second stage implements just a pole plus gain. Thus:

||

( ) ( * ( *( )

Again, we can start with the pole cut-off frequency:

Let for

( )( )
We also need 1000000 additional gain from this stage:

( )

All selected values are within the ranges given, so our design is complete. Notice that in the end we
did not need to add an additional stage to achieve the desired gain. However, if you used more
stages or components than this, marks would not be deducted.

45/92
Question 20.

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47/92
Question 21.

𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐵

There are multiple ways to solve this problem. One could write node voltage equations at each of the
op-amp inverting inputs, resulting in three equations. Eliminating for three unknowns and leaving
and , one could solve for ( ). However, this solution is complex. A simpler set of equations is
based on circuit function for each op-amp. Starting with the rightmost op-amp (inverting buffer):

Middle op-amp (integrator):

( ) ( *

Left op-amp (summing amplifier)

‖

( * ( * ( * ( *( *

Solving the above for :

[ ] [ ]

. /
( ) . /

48/92
Question 22.

𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝑂

𝑉𝑂
𝑉𝑂

(a) To solve this question, one must assume that all op-amps are ideal and operate in negative-
feedback mode. In this case, the virtual ground assumption holds and for each op-amp.
Thus, we have two equations (at nodes indicated above):

[ ] [ ] , -

, -

[ ] [ ], - , -

, -, - , -
, - , -

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(b) Note that while good practice, we would generally not require you to solve a long partial-
fractions inverse Laplace question on a test or exam.

To solve this part, we substitute and simplify the transfer function first:

( )

Laplace of input function:

( ) , ( )-

Output:

( ) ( *

Inverse Laplace:
√ √
( ) , ( )- ( ) ( ) * √ +

Note: The above can be simplified further into ( ) form using trigonometric identities, but
this is not a crucial step.

50/92
Question 23.

Part (a)

To begin, we can write equations for the currents at two nodes. We assume a virtual ground for both
op-amps, such that 𝑉𝐴 that
for both. This implies , as the right-most op-amp forms a
buffer circuit ). 𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇
(Equation 1 – Inverting Input, Left Op-Amp)
𝑉𝐵

(Equation 2 – Non-Inverting Input, Right Op-Amp)

(Equation 3 – Buffer)

Solving the above equations to eliminate and :

(Equation 3 into Equation 2)

( ) ( *( )

(Solve Equation 1 for , sub. into above)

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 [ ] [ ]

, - , -

( )

Part (b)

To begin, we must factor the transfer function to ensure that we can apply the Final Value
Theorem. Factoring yields:

. /
( ) ( *
. /

We are able to apply the final value theorem, as all poles will inherently have negative real parts.
Substituting component values:

( ) ( *( *

Applying the Final Value Theorem:

( ) ( ) ( )( *

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Question 24.

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

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Magnitude Graph

Important values of for magnitude graph:

| ( )| ( )( )( )( *( *
Starting ROC is zero (no poles or zeros at origin).

Frequency ( ) ROC ( ) | ( )|, ( )

1 0 11
10 0 11
100 0 11
600 +20 11
1000 +20 15.43697499
10000 0 35.43697499
60000 +20 35.43697499
100000 0 39.87394998
1000000 0 39.87394998

| | ( *

| | ( *

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Phase Graph

Important values of for phase graph:

( ) (No poles or zeros at origin)

Starting ROC is zero (always the case for phase graph).

Frequency ( ) ROC ( ) Phase ( ) Notes

1 0 0
10 0 0
60 45 0 Zero Starts
100 45 9.983193733
1000 0 54.98319373 Pole Starts
6000 0 54.98319373 Zero Starts, Zero Ends
10000 -45 54.98319373 Pole Starts
100000 0 9.983193733 Pole Ends
600000 -45 9.983193733 Zero Ends
1000000 0 0 Pole Ends

( ) ( *

( ) ( *

55/92
Question 25.

Equations:

(1)

(2)

Solving Equation (2) for :

( * ( *

( )

Substitute into Equation (1), solve for :

( * ( * ( *
( ) ( ) ( )

( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )

( )

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Question 26.

( )
( )
( )( )

(a) Magnitude Graph

( ( )( *( *)

Starting ROC = +20 dB/decade (zero at origin)

Points of interest on graph: 6000

(b) Phase Graph

( ) starting value (negative gain and zero at origin)

Starting ROC = 0

Points of interest on graph:

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(c) Filter Type

This filter applies significant attenuation to low frequencies ( or more at the lowest on the
graph), and slightly amplifies high frequencies. As such, it is most like a high pass filter.

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Question 27.
To begin, we track the ROC of the graph to determine the location of any poles and zeros.

Since the graph initially has 0 dB/decade ROC, there are no poles or zeros at the origin. The first
change in ROC occurs at . We know that the ROC will be negative, but we must
confirm the actual value of ROC. To do so, we simply reverse the formula we use to go between
points on the Bode plot:

( *
( )

Thus, only a single pole is needed to achieve this ROC:

( )
( )
( )( )

This ROC continues until , where there is a zero:

( )( )
( )
( )( )

This continues until , where there is another zero:

( )( )
( )
( )( )

Finally, we have one last pole at :

( )( )
( )
( )( )

To match the total gain:

| ( )| (from graph)
[ ( )( )( *( *]

Thus, we will need a minimum of two op-amps to realize this circuit, or possibly three (if we need
additional pure gain).

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Stage 1

( )
( )

Group the nearest pole and zero together – we can start with 2000 // 500. We can try using inductor
/ resistor series networks, as they are simpler to calculate, and we have no particularly low
frequencies.

( ) ( )

We can select , resulting in:

Now, we need to have some additional gain ( ). We could try to realize it here, but let’s try
the simplest case first:

( )

It looks like we may have some room for adjustment here, so let’s try to realize all of the gain, K:

This means we have gone past the minimum value for . If we instead fix to the minimum:

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Stage 2

( )
( )

Again, we will be using resistor and inductor series networks. This circuit should be easier to
realize, as we even higher frequencies than Stage 1.

( ) ( )

Start by selecting :

Try to realize the remaining gain:

Thus, the design is complete, with all requirements met.

Notes:
 Full marks would be given to any equivalent solution. Points would not be deducted for using
more components than the above (say, using a separate pure gain stage).
 The weakest point of this design is the use of and , which are exactly
at the limits of reasonable component values.
 We could ease by using an additional op-amp stage to realize more gain.
 Easing would require a different circuit – for low frequencies, it might make sense to use a
R/C parallel network circuit for Stage 1, and keep Stage 2 as-is. However, full marks would
be awarded for a complete solution using only R/L or R/C, so long as (i) all poles and zeros are
located correctly, (ii) the total gain is correct, and (iii) no components are selected outside the
range given.

61/92
Question 28.
To begin, one can notice a small simplification from the given diagram:

𝑉𝐼𝑁
𝑉𝐴
𝑉𝐼𝑁

𝑉𝐵

That is, the resistor plays no role in the transfer function. At this point, we could naively try to
solve the above circuit by writing equations at multiple unknown nodes. As labeled above, one could
write:

(1)

(2)

(3)

We assume that both op-amps are operating in a negative feedback mode, such that for both.
We also replace with their equivalent values. Note that we cannot write node equations
directly at the nodes (input to circuit), , or (outputs of op-amps).

At this point, we could solve the set of three equations directly to determine the transfer function by
eliminating variables and . However, a shorter solution can be found by noticing that the above
circuit is comprised of two well-understood circuits; a non-inverting amplifier and a simple
difference amplifier.

Using this knowledge, we know from the difference amplifier (as connected above) that:

, -

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We know from the non-inverting amplifier that is related to by:

. /

. /. / . /
[ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ]

Combining the two:

. /
[( ) ]

( ) ( *( *( *

If you wish to simplify the answer more, you could normalize by , but the above is sufficiently
simplified for full marks. It is also the identical answer found when attempting the naive method.

63/92
Question 29.
The Bode magnitude and phase plots for the question are as follows:

| ( )| ( )
0.1 -100 +40 0 +0
1 -60 +40 0 -45
10 -20 +20 -34 -90
56 -5 +0 -146 -90
1000 -5 -20 -214 -45
10000 -25 -20 -270 +0
100000 -45 -270

Note that some rounding is allowed, as it would be difficult to find the exact location of some
frequencies, such as .

Frequency, ω (rad/s)
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
0
Magnitude, |H(jω)|, Decibels (dB)

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

0

-45

-90
Phase Shift (°)

-135

-180

-225

-270

-315

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Question 30.
Part(a)
Note: The following response is very detailed. You can solve this purely using the two basic R-C and
R-L circuits taught in class. However, we recommend you read this through, as it gives insight into
more refined solutions.

To begin this question, we first need to reverse the Bode plot. Tracking the changes in the ROC over
the graph gives us the locations of the poles and zeros:

 Zero initial ROC  No poles or zeros at origin

 ROC goes from 0 to positive ROC at  At least one zero at :

( ) ( *

 By solving for the ROC as above, we determine that there is one zero at
 ROC goes from +20 to negative at  At least one pole at :

( ) ( *

 By solving for the ROC above, we need two poles to go from +20 to -20 dB/decade
 Note that the pole location is approximate, resulting in the slight differences
from the ideal +20/-20 dB/decade ROCs; the pole is actually located at about ,
yielding almost exactly +20 / -20.
 ROC goes from -20 to zero at  Need a zero at
 Total transfer function:
( )( )
( ) ( )* +
( )

 Solving for the absolute level of gain, we can pick any point far from all poles/zeros, say
:
( )( )
| ( )| | || |
( )
| |( )
( )

( )( )
( ) ( )* +
( )

Note that for the level of absolute gain, it is acceptable to assume it is close to a value of one; in fact,
if you solve the above with the most correct pole location ( ), you actually get

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 . If you carry through , that is fine too, so long as you correctly implement this
gain in circuit.

Circuit

Since the two poles present are identical, the matching is trivial. Dividing into PZG blocks:

Block 1 Block 2

Block 1

Note: The following table shows the results for all combinations of series/parallel R + L and R+C;
unacceptable sets of values are highlighted in grey.

Component Values Added Gain


Stuck, cannot set , N/A
but need to do so to fix

‖ Makes two poles + zero at

N/A
origin

Makes pole + zero +

N/A
additional pole at origin

‖
Makes two poles only N/A

Makes two zeros + pole at

N/A
‖ origin
‖
 … N/A
‖

Makes two zeros + double

N/A
pole at origin
‖

‖ Makes pole + zero +

N/A
additional pole at origin
‖

Makes pole + zero +

N/A
additional zero at origin

Makes two poles + double

‖ N/A
zero at origin

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 


‖
Makes two poles N/A

Makes two zeros N/A

‖

‖
Makes pole + zero +
N/A
‖ additional zero at origin

Makes two zeros N/A

‖

‖ 

‖

Note that there are four possible combinations which produce potential solutions for this problem,
and only two of these produce component values within acceptable ranges. Note that the one of
these two (series R+C) which is covered in the notes also produces the value of closest to the
desired total value (0.9 or 1, depending on if you rounded). So, let us use this as our choice of the
first stage.
For the second stage, the component values are not as restrictive. All four of the structurally
possible options will produce valid values:

Component Values Added Gain




Note: Required some iteration;

initial guesses give R values below
limit. Could select higher L in both
P/Z to get R with larger margin
from lower limit of .


‖

‖

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 


‖


‖

If we select either of the blue options, then our circuit can be complete. Note that if you decided not
to round the total gain (i.e., you kept it as 0.9), then you would need to match this total gain. Using
the blue-option path, this would require a resistive divider at the output to achieve the 0.9 gain; you
cannot implement a gain of magnitude less than one using either op-amp amplifier.

Note that one other option which is tidier if you chose to match the 0.9 gain would be to use the
white option for Block 1 and either white option for Block 2. In this case, the gains multiply to (-30)(-
0.3) = 9, thus requiring only a simply 1/10 resistive divider at the output to achieve 0.9 total gain.
Part (b)
We can determine the following facts using only the Bode magnitude graph given to us earlier:
 An input sinusoid with frequency of will be attenuated by a factor of | ( )|
, with unknown phase shift.
 An input sinusoid with frequency of will be amplifier by a factor of | ( )|

 Total output will roughly be: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Ignoring the phase shift in the above, the magnitude of the 300 rad/s sinusoid will be at roughly 32
times the amplitude of the lower frequency sinusoid. Any sketch mainly showing the 300 rad/s
sinusoid would suffice:

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Question 31.

𝑉𝐴

Equations

Transfer Function

( )
( )

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Question 32.

𝑉𝐴

Equations

. /

Solution

Solve Equation 1 for :

. /
[ ] * +
. /

Substitute into Equation 2, and solve for :

[ ] [ ] [ ]

. /
[ ]* + [ ] [ ]
. /

. /
* + [ ]
. /

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 . /
* +
. /

. / . /
* +
. / . /

. /
* +
. /

* +
. /

( ) ( )

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Question 33.

𝑉𝐴

Equations

Solution

( )

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Question 34.

Equations

||

||

( )

Solution

( ) ( *

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Question 35.

Equations

||

||

( )

Solution

( )
( )
( )

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Question 36.

Equations

||

( )

Solution

( )
( )

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Question 37.

Equations

( )

Solution

( )

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Question 38.

𝑅
𝑅

𝑅 𝑅
𝐶 𝐶

Equations

||

||

Solution

( ) ( *
, -, -

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Question 39.

Equations

Solution

( )
( )

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Question 40.
Part (a)
To begin, we can write two node equations for the circuit. Since we assume the op-amp is operating
in amplifier mode, we can write for the op-amp. We label the other unknown node :

Equation 1

( * ( * ( *

[ ] [ ] , -

, - , - , -

Equation 2

( *

Substituting in Equation 2 into Equation 1:

( *, - , - , -

, - , - , -
( )
( ) ( )
. /

. / . /

Note that either the last or second last line is acceptable in terms of simplification.

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Part (b)
Remember that transient response for an LTI system/circuit with an applied unit-step input can be
roughly predicted by the pole locations. In this case, we have the following component values and
transfer function denominator:

( ) ( )
( )

Given a pair of complex-conjugate poles as the only ones in the denominator, we expect the response
to look roughly like the red line below:

This is called an under-damped response, as covered in the notes. Note that we do not have
increasing oscillation, as all poles have negative real parts (notice that when
solved).

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Question 41.

Since the graph range is already given to us, the graph for this function is relatively simple:

 Calculate starting point using leftmost point, :

( )
| ( )| | |
. /
 No poles or zeros at origin, so magnitude graph continues at ROC = 0 until ,
when it changes to
 Graph continues at until , where it changes to
( ) . This ROC continues indefinitely.

Magnitude Plot
20.0

0.0

-20.0

-40.0

-60.0

-80.0
0.1 1 10 100 1000

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  For the phase plot, it starts at ; there are no poles or zeros at the origin, and the pure gain
term is positive.
 At , ROC changes from 0 to +45 (zero starts)
 At , ROC changes from +45 to ( ) (4 poles start)
 At , ROC changes from to (zero ends)
 At , ROC changes from to (4 poles end)

Phase Plot
45.0

0.0

-45.0

-90.0

-135.0

-180.0

-225.0

-270.0
0.1 1 10 100 1000

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Question 42.
Find the transfer function of the following circuit.

We will assume that the lower connection for and is at potential, in which case we have
an inverting amplifier. We can use either ( ) , or derive from equations:

Equation 1

. /

Solving:

( )( )

( )
( )( )

This equals – if you use the direct method. Either is acceptable on a quiz.

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Question 43.
Find the transfer function of the following circuit.

To begin, we assume a virtual ground for the op-amp (i.e., ). We will need three
equations to solve this circuit. We label the second unknown node (junction of , , and ) as the
unknown .

Equation 1 (Non-Inverting Input)

Equation 2 (Node )

Equation 3 (Inverting Input)

Solving:

( )
( )

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Question 44.
Find the transfer function ( ) of the following circuit. Hint: Substitute component values
immediately for this question to avoid wasting time on solving.

To solve this circuit, we must write three equations; one for each op-amp input pin ( )
and one for the unknown node, (junction of , , , and ).

Equation 1 (Inverting Input)

Equation 2 (Non-Inverting Input)

|| ||

Equation 3 (Node )

Solving (this one is quite long, much longer than a quiz problem, especially if solved without
substitution). With substitution:

( )

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Question 45.
Find the transfer function, ( ) ( ) ( ), of the following circuit.

𝑉𝐴

𝑉𝐵

To solve, we can first assume that all op-amps have virtual ground, so in this case (all
non-inverting inputs tied to ground). Note that we have a set of standard op-amp configurations
which can make our solution much simpler; each op-amp creates an inverting amplifier
configuration.

From the bottom op-amp:

From the top-right op-amp:

For the top-left op-amp, we have the weighted summer from the notes:

Where:
||

Solving the above three equations:

( )
( )
( )

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Question 46.
Find the transfer function of the following circuit:

𝑉𝐴

For the above circuit, we will need two equations, and .

Equation 1 (Inverting Input)

Equation 2 ( )

Solving:

( )

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Question 47.
Find the transfer function of the following circuit.

𝑉𝐵

𝑉𝐴

𝑉𝐼𝑁

To solve this circuit, we will need three equations. We assume that .

Equation 1 (Inverting Input)

Equation 2 ( )

( )

Equation 3 ( )

Solving:

( )
( )

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Question 48.
Find the transfer function of the following circuit.

𝑉𝐴
𝑉𝐼𝑁
𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇

To find the transfer function, we will need three equations, assuming :

Equation 1 (Non-Inverting Input)

Equation 2 ( )

Equation 3 (Inverting Input)

Solving:

( )
( )

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Question 49.
Find the equivalent impedance looking into the input of the following circuit.

To find an equivalent impedance, the simplest method is to find an expression for both input
voltage, , and input current, , and take the ratio to find . For the above circuit, we can write
the following equations, assuming that for the op-amp:

Equation 1 (Non-Inverting Input)

Equation 2 (Inverting Input)

Eliminating and solving for ratio of :

Thus, this circuit behaves much like an inductor with negative impedance.

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Question 50.
Find the equivalent impedance of the following circuit. Find the transfer function, ( ) .

To begin, we need to find , which in this case is ratio of the voltage difference across the circuit
(input to output) to the input current:

We can write two equations for this circuit as follows, assuming that :
Equation 1 (Non-Inverting Input)

( )
( )

Equation 2 (Node of , , and )

Substituting in the result from the previous equation:

( )

Solving:
( )
||
( )

This is to be expected if the op-amp has .

To find ( ), we can use the first equation from the previous part of the question:

( )

This circuit is called a capacitance multiplier. It can be used to amplify the smoothing effect of the
capacitor when used as a filter.

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Question 51.
Find the transfer function of the following circuit. Ignore and . Assume that at
and at , and is set at 50%.

To begin, we are given that follows a step function; it is zero before , and after
. The function in the frequency domain is:

( ) * ( )+

Since no current flows into Pin 3:

( ) ( *

Virtual ground for op-amp :

Equation 1 (Pin 2)

We also have that and :

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Equation 2 (Pin 6)

We have :

Solving Equation 1 and Equation 2:

( )
( )

Substituting values:

( )
( )

The above output function is a bit unusual compared to our normal functions in that it contains a
term which is not dependent on ; we cannot solve for . This is caused by the effect of a
step input on from when power is applied to . If we were to consider the effect only of this
transient, we would have:

( )
( )
( )
̅
( ) , -

Examining the effect of this input, we see that the output decays to a constant in steady-state.
The effect of will appear superimposed on this signal. In other words, simply sets the DC
level of the output for this circuit.

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