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WIT Notes Fading

This document discusses different types of fading that can occur in wireless channels. It defines fading as fluctuations in the strength of signals received over wireless channels. The types of fading covered are large-scale fading including path loss and shadowing, small-scale fading including fast and slow fading, and multipath fading including flat and selective fading. Mitigation techniques for fading such as diversity are also introduced.

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71 views10 pages

WIT Notes Fading

This document discusses different types of fading that can occur in wireless channels. It defines fading as fluctuations in the strength of signals received over wireless channels. The types of fading covered are large-scale fading including path loss and shadowing, small-scale fading including fast and slow fading, and multipath fading including flat and selective fading. Mitigation techniques for fading such as diversity are also introduced.

Uploaded by

Kabo Mphanyane
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Outline Objectives Introduction Fading Large and Small Scale Fading Multipath Fading

E7-WIT-14- Wireless
Technologies
Fading
Outline Objectives Introduction Fading Large and Small Scale Fading Multipath Fading

Outline

Objectives

Introduction

Fading

Large and Small Scale Fading

Multipath Fading
Outline Objectives Introduction Fading Large and Small Scale Fading Multipath Fading

Objectives

At the end of this topic students should:


• Understand wireless channels
• Understand different types of fading
• Fading mitigation
Outline Objectives Introduction Fading Large and Small Scale Fading Multipath Fading

Introduction

Wireless Channel
• This is a medium between two end points of a communication
system. One end point can be a transmitter (denoted by Tx)
that transmits or sends the signal that will propagate through
the wireless medium. The transmitted signal will be received
by the other end point or the receiver (denoted by Rx)
• There is no wired or physical connection between the two end
points in a wireless channel.
• The transmitted signal power will not remain same when
received by Rx. There will be an attenuation or path loss of
the signal due to primarily the distance traveled by the signal
between the two end points.
Outline Objectives Introduction Fading Large and Small Scale Fading Multipath Fading

Fading

• Fading in wireless communication is defined as the fluctuation


in the strength of the signal received at the receiver. These
are basically unwanted variations introduced at the time when
the signal propagates from an end to another by taking
multiple paths.
• In fixed scenario, fading depends on atmospheric conditions
such as rainfall, lightening etc. In mobile scenario, fading
depends on obstacles over the path which are varying with
respect to time. These obstacles create complex transmission
effects to the transmitted signal.
• The Fading types are divided into large scale fading and small
scale fading.
Outline Objectives Introduction Fading Large and Small Scale Fading Multipath Fading

Fading Types

Large Scale Fading Small Scale Fading


Path Loss
Fast Fading
Shadowing
Slow Fading

Multipath Flat Fading


Fading
Selective Fading

Figure: Types of Fading.


Outline Objectives Introduction Fading Large and Small Scale Fading Multipath Fading

Large and Small Scale Fading

1. Large Scale Fading: represents the average signal-power


path loss due to motion over large areas and it is impacted by
terrain configuration between the transmitter and receiver,
and over a very long distance (usually in kilometres), there is
a steady decrease in power.
• Path Loss: Refers to the attenuation when a signal is
transmitted over large distances. Mathematically is expressed
as the ratio of the power of the transmitted signal to the
power of the same signal received by the receiver.
• Shadowing: This refers to the loss in signal power due to the
obstructions in the path of propagation. It depends on
geographical position as well as radio frequency of
electromagnetic waves.
Outline Objectives Introduction Fading Large and Small Scale Fading Multipath Fading

1. Small Scale Fading:This refers to the fluctuations in signal


strength and phase over short distance and small duration of
time. It is also called Rayleigh Fading.
• Fast Fading:It occurs mainly due to reflections for surfaces
and movement of transmitter or receiver. High doppler spread
is observed in the fast fading with Doppler bandwidth
comparable to or greater than the bandwidth of the signal and
the channel variations are as fast or faster than the signal
variations
• Slow Fading:implies that the signal fades away slowly. It
occurs mainly due to shadowing where large buildings or
geographical structures obstruct the LOS.
Outline Objectives Introduction Fading Large and Small Scale Fading Multipath Fading

Multipath Fading

Multi-path fading occurs when a signal reaches the receiver from


various path i.e. when multi-path propagation takes place.
Multi-path fading can affect all ranges of frequencies starting from
low frequency to microwave and beyond.
• Flat Fading:In flat fading, all frequency components get
affected almost equally. Flat multi-path fading causes the
amplitude to fluctuate over a period of time.
• Selective Fading: It affects different spectral components of
a radio signal with different amplitudes. Hence the name
selective fading.
Outline Objectives Introduction Fading Large and Small Scale Fading Multipath Fading

Diversity
Diversity refers to the transmission and reception of various
versions of the message signal to combat signal fading and improve
the message reliability at relatively low cost. There are many ways
to achieve diversity and these include;
• Time Diversity: The information signal is transmitted
repeatedly in time at regularly intervals
• Space Diversity: There are multiple receiving antennas placed
at different spatial locations, resulting in different (possibly
independent) received signals.
• Frequency Diversity: is obtained by transmitting the same
information on more than one carrier frequency
• Polarization Diversity: It requires two transmitter and two
receiving antennas with different polarization.
• Angle Diversity: It allows the identical antennas to be located
at same location but with a different pattern.

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