Process Control and Instrumentation
Process Control and Instrumentation
MEROX Block
Process Control Concepts
Process Control is to maintain certain process
variables (PV) of a process at a desired level (Set
Values)
Instruments are used to obtain information about
the process variables (PVs)
Controller ( a software program resident in DCS)
calculates the difference between SV and PV and
accordingly sends a signal, called Manipulated
Value (MV) to final control elements (Valves,
Vanes etc.).
DESIRED VALUE
OR
SET VALUE
PID
CONTROLLER
Manipulated variable
PROCESS VARIABLE(Pv)
OR
CONTROLLED VARIABLE(CV)
P/I Convreter OR
(MV)
MEASERD VARIABLE
I/P Convreter
SENSOR
Process
FINAL CONTROL ELEMENT
Head Type:
– A restriction of known dimension is introduced
in the flow line
– Thus, pressure drop created, which is measured
– Sub-Type:
• Orifice &
• Venturi
Flow Measurement
Orifice
– Orifice may be concentric or eccentric
– Orifice plats constricts the flow to produce a
differential pressure
– The result is a high pressure upstream and a
low pressure down stream
– Dp is proportional to the flow
– Orifice meters are inexpensive
Flow Measurement
Venturi
– Low Pressure
– Highly accurate
– Big Size Pipe
Annubar
Uses Pitot Tube
Principle
Flow is proportional
to pressure drop
Uses multiple ports
Flow Measurement
Area Meters:
– In head flow meters, the restriction area kept
constant generating a pressure differential
– Where as in area meter, a variable area holds
differential pressure constant
– Change in area is a measure of flow rate
– Ex.: Rotameter
Rotameter- Suitable for low flows
Valves – Valve is a variable
Orifice !
Valve Types:
– Plug-in-seat
– Rotatable Plug
– Rotating Vane
– Eccentric Rotation
– Cage-guided
– Deformable Flow Passage
Globe Valve – Plug-in-seat
Ball Valve/Plug Valve
- Rotatable Plug
Plug/ball rotated
Through a quarter
of a turn
The ball has a passage
Butterfly valve/ Dampers –
Rotating Vane
Quarter turn operated
Leakage prone
Valve Accessories