DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSITY

DEBREMARKOS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEENERING
COMPUTER STREAM

PROJECT TITLE: AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM AND CONTROL SYSTEM

A Final Year Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and computer Engineering.

SUBMITTED BY:
NAME ID

1. ARGACHEW TONE……………………………………………TER-0566-11
2. HENOK YETWALE …………………………….......................TER-0430-11
3. AYTENEW ADIMAS……………………………………………TER-0757-10

ADVISOR Mr.NIGUS K.(Bcs)

MAY 2023 GC

DEBRE MARKOS, ETHIPIA

CERTIFICATE/DECLARATION
This is to certify that the project report “automatic fire alarm and control system” being submitted by:
Name ID
1. Argachew Tone……………………………………………TER-0566-11
2. Henok Yetwale …………………………….......................TER-0430-11
3. Aytenew Adimas……………………………………………TER-0757-10
in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and computer

Engineering to Debre Markos University is a record of bona fide work carried out under my guidance and

supervision.

Advisor Name Signature

Mr.Nigus K. (MSc) ……………..

i
 Approval of Advisor and Examiners

This project has been submitted for examination with our approval as project advisor(s).

Advisor’s Name: Mr.Nigus Kefiyalew. (MSc) Signature: ___________________

This project has been submitted for examine with approval as a project examiner(s).
Examiner’s Name 1._____________________ Signature: ___________________
Examiner’s Name 2._____________________ Signature: ___________________
Examiner’s Name 3._____________________ Signature: ___________________

ii
 Acknowledgement
First of all we would like to express our heart full gratitude for our GOD to help us during our work
throughout all things.We extend our sincere thanks to our advisor Nigus Kefiyalew in electrical and
computer engineering at computer stream for the guidance of the thesis project. We express our
sincere gratitude to the final thesis project coordinator staff in charge, for their guidance of this
thesis project. We also extend our sincere thanks to all our friends for their support and
encouragement.
Finally we would like to express our gratitude to our family for their whole heart full support during
our study in university, without their encouragement and supports, both financial and mental, we
would not have gone this far. Thanks for their tolerance and understanding shown during our project.

iii
 Abstract
Fire alarm system plays a vital role in maintaining and monitoring the safety of all environments and
situations. An automatic fire alarm and fire control system is an essential technology that plays a
critical role in detecting and preventing fires in various settings, including residential, commercial,
and industrial buildings. This system works by using various sensors, such as smoke detectors and
heat sensors, to detect fire outbreaks and alert occupants and emergency responders. Once a fire is
detected, the system activates an alarm and initiates fire suppression mechanisms, such as sprinklers
or extinguishers, to control and extinguish the fire. The implementation of an automatic fire alarm
and fire control system provides numerous benefits, including the protection of lives and property,
reduction in damages and losses, and compliance with fire safety regulations. This paper aims to
discuss the importance, components, and functions of an automatic fire alarm and fire control system,
as well as its application in different settings. This project discusses the effective method to use the
microcontroller (Arduino) to control the other components to provide a cheap fire alarm, firefighting
which can used for more wide vision. C language is used for programming and Proteus is used for the
simulation and hardware.

iv
Table of contents pages
CHAPTER ONE.................................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................1
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................1
1.1 Statement of problems.........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Motivation of study..............................................................................................................................2
1.3 Objectives............................................................................................................................................2
1.3.1 General objective.........................................................................................................................2
1.3.2 Specific objective.........................................................................................................................2
1.3.3 Scope of the project.....................................................................................................................2
1.4 Significance of the project...................................................................................................................2
1.5 Project structure...................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO.................................................................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Literature review.....................................................................................................................................4
2.2 Fire alarm system................................................................................................................................4
2.2.1 Fire alarm system components:........................................................................................................4
2.2.2 Heat detector................................................................................................................................4
2.2.3 Lm35 temperature sensor.................................................................................................................5
2.3 Power transistor...................................................................................................................................6
2.3.1 Transistor.....................................................................................................................................6
2.3.2 BJT transistor...............................................................................................................................7
2.3.3 BC548 NPN transistor.................................................................................................................7
2.3.4 Relay............................................................................................................................................8
2.4 Adriano platform...............................................................................................................................10
2.4.1 Arduino uno board.....................................................................................................................10
2.4.2 ATmega328P microcontroller....................................................................................................11
2.5 Output appliance................................................................................................................................12
2.6 Output appliance................................................................................................................................12
2.7 Output appliance................................................................................................................................12
2.7.1 Fire alarm...................................................................................................................................12
2.7.2 Buzzer........................................................................................................................................12
2.7.3 Resistor:.....................................................................................................................................13
2.7.4 Diode:........................................................................................................................................13
2.8 Voltmeter:..........................................................................................................................................14
2.9 DC motor...........................................................................................................................................14

v
 2.9.1 12 v DC motor...........................................................................................................................15
2.10 Liquid crystal display........................................................................................................................15
2.10.1 Sealed lead acid battery (12V 7.2 Amp Hour)...........................................................................17
CHAPTER THREE...........................................................................................................................................18
SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT....................................................................................................18
3. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION..............................................................................................................18
3.1 System architecture............................................................................................................................18
3.1.1 Microcontroller module.............................................................................................................20
3.1.2 Potentiometer.............................................................................................................................21
3.1.3 DC voltmeter.............................................................................................................................21
3.1.4 Solenoid valve...........................................................................................................................22
3.1.5 Sensory module.........................................................................................................................23
3.2 LCD modules.....................................................................................................................................24
3.3 Appliance module..............................................................................................................................24
3.3.1 Buzzer........................................................................................................................................24
3.3.2 Resistor......................................................................................................................................25
3.3.3 Diode:........................................................................................................................................25
3.3.4 Relay..........................................................................................................................................26
3.4 Power supply.....................................................................................................................................27
3.4.1 Voltage regulator..............................................................................................................................27
3.4.2 Emergency power system:.........................................................................................................27
3.4.3 Power supply.............................................................................................................................28
3.4.4 Testing the system.....................................................................................................................28
3.4.5 System development..................................................................................................................29
3.5 Software configuration......................................................................................................................30
3.5.1 Overall theory of the project......................................................................................................30
CHAPTER FOUR.............................................................................................................................................31
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS....................................................................................................................31
4.1 Result.................................................................................................................................................31
4.2 Discussion.........................................................................................................................................35
4.3 Project evaluation..............................................................................................................................36
4.4 System features..................................................................................................................................36
4.4.1 Features ATmega 328/P.................................................................................................................36
4.4.2 Drawbacks / Limitation of the project............................................................................................37
4.5 Costing..............................................................................................................................................37
CHAPTER FIVE...............................................................................................................................................39

vi
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION......................................................................................................39
5.1 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................39
5.2 Recommendation...............................................................................................................................39
REFERENCE....................................................................................................................................................43

vii
List of table

Table 1.Types of heat sensors..............................................................................................................................5

Table 2፡Arduino Uno pin type definitions.........................................................................................................10
Table 3፡Pin Description of 16X2 LCD Display:................................................................................................16
Table 4፡Result, Instructions and the Response to and from the System............................................................31
Table 5፡Price list of the Hardware.....................................................................................................................34

viii
List of figure
Figure 1:the circuitry of the lm35 for the basic and full-range temp. Sensor full-range temp. Sensor.................6
Figure 2:BC548 NPN transistor..........................................................................................................................7
Figure 3:BC548 Pin Diagram..............................................................................................................................8
Figure 4:DC Relay..............................................................................................................................................9
Figure 5:Internal Structure of Relay....................................................................................................................9
Figure 6:Arduino Uno R3..................................................................................................................................11
Figure 7:atmega328p Microcontroller...............................................................................................................12
Figure 8:Buzzer.................................................................................................................................................13
Figure 9: DC Motor...........................................................................................................................................15
Figure 10:LCD Model MIS00010.....................................................................................................................16
Figure 11:Block Diagram of Simple System Design.........................................................................................18
Figure 12:Block Diagram of Smart Appliance system......................................................................................19
Figure 13:complete flow chart of the project.....................................................................................................20
Figure 14: Pin Diagram of atmega328p interfacing with Arduino.....................................................................21
Figure 15:DC Voltmeter....................................................................................................................................22
Figure 16:Solenoid Valve..................................................................................................................................22
Figure 17:Block diagram of the pin connection of LM35..................................................................................23
Figure 18:LCD Interfacing with Microcontroller..............................................................................................24
Figure 19:Buzzer Interfacing with Microcontroller...........................................................................................25
Figure 20: resistance..........................................................................................................................................25
Figure 21:Diode.................................................................................................................................................26
Figure 22:relay..................................................................................................................................................27
Figure 23:Block diagram of power supply system............................................................................................27
Figure 24:DC V Lead Acid Battery...................................................................................................................28
Figure 25: Schematic Circuit diagram of “Automatic Fire control & specific fire location...............................29

ix
Abbreviations
LCD Liquid Crystal Display

BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor

USB Universal Serial Bus

PWM Pulse Width Modulation

SRAM Static Random Access Memory

EEPROM Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

LED Light Emitting Diode

COMS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computers

MIPS Million Instruction Per Second

IDE Integrated Development Environment

x
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Fire accident is common feature in factories, houses, markets etc. Due to poor fire protection, lack of
adequate fire alarm and emergency exit, fire increases impact on life, and property. Early detection
and quick response are crucial in preventing fires from maximizing and minimizing their damage. An
automatic fire alarm and fire control system is a critical component of any building's safety
infrastructure, providing early warning and fast response in the event of a fire. The system is designed
to detect fires and alert the occupants of the building and the authorities to take action immediately.
These systems consist of various sensors, such as smoke detectors, and heat sensors. (1) when a
sensor senses the primary fire source and the microcontroller will receive this signal as a high pulse,
so the input pin of the microcontroller will be high and the response at the output pinconnected lcd
display will show “on fire. Once the sensors detect smoke or heat, they send signals to a central
control panel, which activates the alarm system and notifies the authorities. There is a common
output pin connected to the buzzer alarm. (2) to detect abnormal conditions, we can use the
temperature-sensing device lm-35 gives a certain output voltage with rising temperature. As fire
involves rising temperatures. (3)
1.1 Statement of problems
The current fire safety systems face several challenges that can compromise the safety of occupants
and the protection of property. Human error, inadequate fire detection, slow response time, lack of
automation, limited coverage, and integration issues are among the significant problems facing these
systems. Additionally, the installation of new fire safety systems can cause significant downtime and
disrupt building operations, while high maintenance costs can be time- consuming and costly.
Furthermore, the current fire safety systems lack remote monitoring capabilities, making it
challenging to respond quickly to emergencies. Addressing these challenges is crucial for improving
fire safety and preventing fire-related incidents. Moreover, the consequences of fire-related incidents
can be severe, including property damage, injury, and loss of life. The limitations of current fire
safety systems in detecting fires early and preventing their spread increase the risk of such incidents.
In addition, the limited coverage of current systems means that fires in remote or inaccessible areas
may go undetected until it's too late integration issues between fire detection and control systems
1
can result in communication breakdowns that compromise the effectiveness of the systems.
1.2 Motivation of study
 Early detection of fire: One of the primary motivations behind an automatic fire alarm system is
to detect the presence of fire as early as possible.
 Protection of life and property: A fire can be devastating, causing loss of life and significant
damage to property
 Cost-effective: Although the initial cost of installation can be high, an automatic fire alarm and
fire control system can be cost-effective in the long term. By detecting fires early and minimizing
damage.
 Increased reliability: An automatic fire alarm and fire control system can operate 24/7,
providing continuous monitoring and protection
1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 General objective
The main objective is to design a fire alarm and fire control system to reduce accidents and property
damage caused by fire.
1.3.2 Specific objective
 To sound the alarm if fire occurs
 To provide the flexibility to adjust the temperature
 To design easy use and simple firefighting system
 To design and implement cheap fire alarm system
1.3.3 Scope of the project
In a way to achieved above objectives, this project need to be implemented as below:
 The microcontroller is used as the heart of this fire alarm system that controls the
entire operations involved.

 The fire alarm system is capable to locate and identified the place that is in fire
where by it is monitored using the monitoring system.
 Capable to display the output from each sensor in the monitoring system
1.4 Significance of the project
Life-saving: The primary significance of an automatic fire alarm and fire control system is to save
lives. The system detects a fire in its early stages and alerts people in the building, allowing them to
evacuate safely and quickly.

2
Property protection: A fire can cause severe damage to property, and the financial cost of
repairing or replacing damaged property can be significant
Peace of mind: An automatic fire alarm and fire control system can provide peace of mind to
building owners and occupants.
Early detection: Automatic fire alarm systems can detect a fire in its early stages, which is
essential for minimizing the damage caused by a fire.
1.5 Project structure
This thesis is constructed into five chapters. The first chapter explains objectives, Specific
Objectives, the problem statements, and scopes of the project. The second chapter of this thesis is the
project’s theoretical background. The theoretical background is based on the thesis conducted
towards the development of the project. The theoretical reviews covered are Temperature sensor,
BJT, Relay, Controller, Microcontroller atmega328p, LCD Display and Output Appliances.
Meanwhile, chapter three explains the topic of the way we develop and design and also about the
architect of our system.
In chapter four, it explains the results and Discussion of the system development of this
project and its analysis based on the system operation and the system‟s function and also
discussed the project development where it describes the working principle of the system
and the development of the hardware and software.
Finally chapter five contains the conclusion of the project and the recommendation
suggestion for the continuity of the project and further upgrade. This chapter can be
referred to other individuals who are interested in continuing developing this project.

3
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Literature review
Automatic fire alarms and fire control systems have been in use for several decades and are a critical component
of building fire safety. Research has shown that these systems can significantly reduce the risk of fire-related
injuries, fatalities, and property damage. (1)
In a study conducted by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), it was found that automatic fire
alarm systems were effective in detecting fires in their early stages, with the majority of systems
detecting fires before they reached a size that could cause serious damage. The study also found that
buildings with automatic fire alarm systems had lower fire-related injury rates compared to those
without such systems. (4)
Another study published in the Fire Safety Journal found that the installation of automatic fire alarms and
fire control systems in high-rise buildings reduced the risk of fire-related fatalities and injuries by up
to 50%. The study also highlighted the importance of regular maintenance and testing of these systems
to ensure their effectiveness. (5)
Several studies have also focused on the role of technology in enhancing the effectiveness of automatic fire alarms
and fire control systems. For example, a study published in the Journal of Fire Protection Engineering found that
integrating fire detection systems with building automation systems could improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of fire safety systems. (6)
2.2 Fire alarm system
A key aspect of fire protection is to identify a developing fire emergency in a timely manner, and to
alert the building's occupants. They were providing a means to identify developing fire through
manual methods.
The design processes have three main stages
 Fire detection
 Notification
 Fire protection system
2.2.1 Fire alarm system components:
2.2.2 Heat detector
A number of heat detecting devices are available in the market. These devices include:
4
  Thermistor

 Thermocouple

 Resistance Temperature Device (RTD)

 Diode based Temperature sensor

All of the devices have their own advantages and disadvantages but we will be targeting that
particular device which best suits our requirement. There are certain features that should be
considered when choosing the temperature sensor for any use. The features are showed in Figure
Table 1.Types of heat sensors

THERMOCOUPLERTD THERMISTER SEMICONDUCTER

Widest range Range Range Range

-184oc to 2300oc -200oc to 850oc 0oc to 100oc -55o to 150oc

High accuracy and
Fair linearity Poor linearity Linearity:1oc

repeatability Accuracy:1oc
Need cold junction
Requires excitation Requires excitation Requires excitation

compensation
Low voltage out put Low cost High sensitivity 10mv/k, 20mv/k
1µA/k typical out put

2.2.3 Lm35 temperature sensor

The lm35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, with an output voltage linearly proportional
to the centigrade scale. This sensor is fully rated from -55 ºc to +150 ºc and with the linear scale factor of
10mv/ºc. It operates from 4 to 30 v, has less than 60 μa drain current and has low self-heating (0.08 ºc in still air).
The control circuitry or the interfacing of lm35 is really easy due to the low output impedance, linear output and
precise inherent calibration. The lm35 series is available in hermetic to transistor packages, while the lm35c,
lm35ca and lm35d are available in to-92 transistor package. The lm35d is also available in an 8 lead surface-
mount small outline package and a plastic to-220 package.

5
Reprinted from datasheet of lm35 the lm35 can be used as a basic centigrade temperature sensor for sensing the
temperature between +2 ºc and +150 ºc as well as a full-range centigrade temperature sensor for sensing the
temperature between -55 ºc and +150 ºc and the circuitry for using them as basic or full-range is shown in figure
2.1 +vs. Is the voltage supplied to lm35 and r1 is the resistance connected between –vs. And v out (output
voltage). (7)

Figure 1:the circuitry of the lm35 for the basic and full-range temp. Sensor full-range temp. Sensor

2.3 Power transistor

Power transistor requires large blocking voltage in the off state and a high current carrying capability in the on
state. For such an operation, a power bjt must have a structure substantially different from its logic level
counterpart. This modified structure leads to substantial difference in the v-z characteristics and switching
behavior between the two types of devices
2.3.1 Transistor
Transistors are semiconductors used to amplify an electrical signal or switch an electrical signal on and off. Often
you will need more power to run a component than your Arduino can provide. A transistor allows you to control
the higher power signal by breaking or closing a circuit to ground. Combining this higher power allows you to
amplify the electrical signal in your circuit. A transistor circuit has four parts; a signal power source (connects to
transistor base), an affected power source (connects to transistor collector), voltage out (connects to transistor
collector), and ground (connected to transistor emitter). The signal amplifier use of the transistor works the same
way only Signal In and Voltage In are not connected. This disconnection allows the user to send differing values
to the base of the transistor. The closer the voltage in value is to the saturation voltage of the transistor the more

6
electrical current that is allowed through the emitter to ground. By changing the amount of electrical current
allowed through to ground you change the signal value of signal out.
2.3.2 BJT transistor
A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a three layer, 2-junction device with emitter (E), base (S) and collector (C)
regions. The two junctions are emitter-to-base junction collector-to-base junction. Further the BJT may be either
npn types or pnp type. In npn transistor, a p-region is sandwiched between two regions while m pnp transistor, an
n region is sandwiched between two p-regions. The word bipolar implies that current flow in the device results
from the movements of both types of charge carriers namely holes and electrons. Fig. 2.2 also gives the circuit
S3Tnbol for npn and pnp transistors. An arrowhead is placed on inclined line indicating the emitter. In npn
transistor, the arrowhead points away from the base line while in pnp transistor, the arrowhead points towards the
base. In both cases, the arrowhead indicates the direction of flow of conventional current. For high power
operation, npn transistors are more popularly used because they are easier to fabricate and are cheaper. In our
project we use BC548 NPN transistor for switching the motor. (8)

Figure 2:BC548 NPN transistor

2.3.3 BC548 NPN transistor
BC548 is general purpose silicon, NPN, bipolar junction transistor. It is used for amplification and
switching purposes.

7
Figure 3:BC548 Pin Diagram

The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its
characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor is
biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and
taken at the emitter. BC548 is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The voltage
divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so that
it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets completely
off.
2.3.4 Relay
Relay is one of the most important electromechanical devices highly used in industrial applications specifically
in automation. A relay is used for electronic to electrical interfacing i.e. It is used to switch on or off electrical
circuits operating at high AC voltage using a low DC control voltage. A relay generally has two parts, a coil
which operates at the rated DC voltage and a mechanically movable switch. The electronic and electrical circuits
are electrically isolated But magnetically connected to each other, hence any fault on either side does not affect
the other side.

8
 Figure 4:DC Relay
Relay switch
Shown in the image above consists of five terminals. Two terminals are used to give the input DC voltage
also known as the operating voltage of the relay. Relays are available in different operating voltages like 6V,
12V, 24V etc. The rest of the three terminals are used to connect the high voltage AC circuit. The terminals
are called Common, Normally Open (NO) and Normally Closed (NC). Relays are available in various types
& categories and in order to identify the correct configuration of the output terminals, it is best to see the data
sheet or manual. You can also identify the terminals using a multi meter and at times it is printed on the relay
itself

Figure 5:Internal Structure of Relay

9
The internal structure of the relay is shown in the image above which is embedded inside the Plastic covering. (9)
2.4 Adriano platform
Arduino is an open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible hardware and software.
The Arduino is a simple yet sophisticated device which is based on Atmel‟s AT mega
microcontrollers. The Arduino software is supported by Windows, Macintosh and Linux operating
systems despite the fact that most microcontrollers are limited to Windows operating system. The
software language is based on AVR C programming language and can be expanded through C++
libraries. There are various types of Arduino microcontroller board available in the market including
the Arduino kits and Arduino shields.
2.4.1 Arduino uno board
Arduino Uno is one of the microcontroller boards manufactured by the Arduino and it is a microcontroller
board based on Atmel‟s ATmega328P microcontroller. “Uno” means one in Italian and the Uno board is the
latest in a series of USB (Universal Serial Bus) Arduino boards which is the reference model for the Arduino
platform. The Arduino Uno board has a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, a reset
button, 6 analog inputs and 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs). It uses
theAtmega16U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter instead of FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip which was
used in all the pre-ceding boards. The board has 32 KB flash memory of which 0.5 KB is used by boot-loader,
2 KB of SRAM, 1 KB of EEPROM and 16 MHz clock speed. Arduino Uno pin type definitions:
Table 2፡Arduino Uno pin type definitions

Reset 3v3 5v Gnd Vin Analog RX/TX Digital PWM(`~) AREF

In
Resets 3.3 5 Ground Voltage Analog Serial Input or Digital External
Arduino volts volts in for inputs, comm. output, pins with reference
sketch in in sources can Receive HIGH output voltage
on and and over also be and or option of used for
board out out 7V used Transmit LOW PWM analog
(7V- as
12V) Digital

10
Figure 6:Arduino Uno R3

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output
pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a USB connection, a power jack, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to
mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduno,
moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino
platform; for a comparison with previous versions. (2)
2.4.2 ATmega328P microcontroller

11
The microcontroller is a low-power CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) 8-bit Microcontroller
based on the AVR enhanced RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture. The powerful execution
of instructions in a single clock cycle leads to the achievement of 1 MIPS per MHz throughputs allowing the
designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

Figure 7:ATmega328P Microcontroller

2.5 Output appliance

As Output Appliance we will use LED, Motor and Fire alarm. The entire output appliance will Work according to
the command embedded in the controller.
2.6 Output appliance
As Output Appliance we will use LED, Motor and Fire alarm. The entire output appliance will Work according to
the command embedded in the controller.
2.7 Output appliance
As Output Appliance we will use LED, Motor and Fire alarm. The entire output appliance will Work according to
the command embedded in the controller.
2.7.1 Fire alarm
A key aspect of fire protection is to identify a developing fire emergency in a timely manner, and to alert the
building's occupants and fire emergency organizations. This is the role of fire detection and alarm systems.
Depending on the anticipated fire scenario, building and use type, number and type of occupants and criticality of
contents and mission, these systems can provide several main functions. (10)
2.7.2 Buzzer
For alarm purposes a lot of electric bells, alarms and buzzers are available in the market that has got different

12
prices and uses. The buzzer being used in this project is a 5-12 V buzzer and has got enough alarm sound to be
used in a fire alarm system. Louder buzzer would have been even better but then their operating voltages are
high as we had a supply of maximum up to 12Vavailable with us on the board. (4)

Figure 8:Buzzer

2.7.3 Resistor:
The flow of charge through any material encounters an opposing force similar in many respects to
mechanical friction this opposing force is called resistance of the material .in some electric circuit
resistance is deliberately introduced in form of resistor. Resistor used fall in three categories, only two
of which are color coded which are metal film and carbon film resistor. The third category is the
wire wound type, where value is generally printed on the vitreous paint finish of the component.
Resistors are in ohms and are represented in Greek letter omega, looks
as an upturned horseshoe. Most electronic circuit requires resistors to make them work properly and it
is obliviously important to find out something about the different types of resistors available.
Resistance is measured in ohms; the symbol for ohm is an omega ohm. 1 ohm is quite small for
electronics so resistances are often given in KOhm and MOhm. Resistors used in electronics can have
resistances as low as 0.1 ohm or as high as 10 Mom. (2)
2.7.4 Diode:
Diode is an electronic device that allows the passage of current in only one direction. The first such devices were
vacuum-tube diodes, consisting of an evacuated glass or steel envelope containing two electrodes – a cathode and
an anode. The diodes commonly used in electronic circuits are semiconductor diodes. There are different diodes
used in electronic circuits such as Junction diode, Zenger diode, Photo diodes, and tunnel diode. Junction diodes
13
consist of junction of two different kinds of semiconductor material. The Zenger diode is a special junction type
diode, using silicon, in which the voltage across the junction is independent of the current through the junction.
(2)
2.8 Voltmeter:
For most Arduino uses you will be measuring voltages that are 9V or less. Knowing this allows you to start your
voltage measurement setting at 20V and work your way down. On a circuit use the millimeter to measure voltage
from one point in the circuit to another point somewhere along the same circuit. The millimeter can be used to
measure the voltage of the whole circuit (if it‟s going from 5V to GND this will usually read 4.8 to 5V) or just a
portion. If you want to measure the voltage of just a portion of your circuit, you have to pay attention to where you
place your probes. Find the portion of the circuit you want to measure, and place one probe on the edge of that
portion nearest to the energy source. Place the other probe on the edge of that portion nearest to ground. (2)
2.9 DC motor
A DC motor is a mechanically commutated electric motor powered from direct current (DC). The
stator is stationary in space by definition and therefore the current in the rotor is switched by the
commentator to also be stationary in space. This is how the relative angle between the stator
And rotor magnetic flux is maintained near 90 degrees, which generates the maximum torque. DC motors have a
rotating armature winding (winding in which a voltage is induced) but nonrotating armature magnetic field and a
static field winding (winding that produce the main magnetic flux) or permanent magnet. Different connections of
the field and armature winding provide different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a
DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature or by changing the field current. The
introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC
motors are often controlled by power electronics systems called DC drives. The introduction of DC motors to run
machinery eliminated the need for local steam or internal combustion engines, and line shaft drive systems. DC
motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric vehicles.
Today DC motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel
rolling mills and paper machines. Operation of a DC motor can be shortly explained below, when the coil is
powered; a magnetic field is generated around the armature. First, the left side of the armature is pushed away
from the left magnet and drawn toward the right, causing rotation. Second, the armature continues to rotate. (11)

14
 Figure 9: DC Motor

2.9.1 12 v DC motor
In our project we use 12 V dc motor for emergency exit, for flowing water to the affected area and for reserve
water in the Tank.

12V 6,500 RPM DC Electric Motor

 Voltage (V): 12
 Speed (rpm): 13000
 Current (A): 10mA
At Max Power
 Output (W): 31.1
 Speed (rpm): 9304
 Current (A): 5
2.10 Liquid crystal display
LCD is as well another output appliance here. It is used to display character in the ASCII code form which is
mean the data for character that been sent by the controller to the LCD should be in 8-bit ASCII representation.
The characters that will be displayed on the LCD panel should be characters that available in the LCD datasheet
characters table. Most of the LCDs are using the Hitachi driver. The system is using the LCD to preview the
current temperature value and motor speed level. In the project we have used A LCD Display (16x2) and the
model Number is MIS- 00010.

15
Figure 10:LCD Model MIS00010
Normally available LCD in the market for normal displays in the projects is 2x16 pin LCD which is easily
available. Talking about its specifications it has got 8 data pins, 3 control pins, and rest 5 pins for GND and VCC
connections. Another LCD being used is 2x8 pin LCD but it was costly and has got better display but
compromising on price and display helps to fulfill this job in a cheaper way. So 2x16 LCD is being used in the
project which display and light intensity is also adjustable which makes it suitable to adjust for the day and
night time use for better display. Pin discretion of 16x2 LCD display. (12)

Table 3፡Pin Description of 16X2 LCD Display:

Pin Function Name

No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor V EE
4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high Register Selec
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 8-bit data pins DB3
11 DB4
12 DB5

16
 13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight V CC (5V) LED+

16 Backlight Ground (0V) LED-

2.10.1 Sealed lead acid battery (12V 7.2 Amp Hour)

 Size 150(L) x 65(D) x 93(H)mm
 Charge current 720mA for 10-14 hours
 Discharge current 20 hr rate 350mA

17
 CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
3. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
In this Chapter we are going to Explain about the system Design construction through Hardware and development
of software. In addition, the chapter elaborates the hardware and the software stage by stage. All the operations of
hardware and software are also included in this chapter. The system design of the total project is shown in below
Figure with simple block diagram.

Display

Sensor Controller
Buzzer

Appliance

Figure 11:Block Diagram of Simple System Design

The sensor basically will be the input that will be triggered the controller to control the motor by
certain condition or programming. The controller is set to decide how the output will be produced
from the motor and will be displayed at the display part. As the system requires the use of
microcontroller, the design consists of two parts, hardware and software. Hardware is constructed and
integrated module by module, hardware to software for easy troubleshooting and testing.
3.1 System architecture
The system architecture of the automatic output appliance can be divided into 4 main modules. Theses are:
 Microcontroller Module
 Sensory Module
 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Module
18
  Appliance Module
The integration of the modules are producing the system which is more or less can be divided in to two phase
where the first phase is the output smart Appliance system and the second phase is the monitoring system. The
Figure shows the separated phase through the boxes. The microcontroller, sensory and Appliance modules are in
the first phase of the system and LCD Module is in the second phase monitoring system

LCD

Zone3
Buzzer alarm
Zone2 Microcontroller
Common water pump
ATmega328p for main water tank
Zone 1
Water pump for the
incident area

Emergency exit
motor

Main power line

disconnection

Figure 12:Block Diagram of Smart Appliance system

The Smart Appliance systems will produce the output in three different areas that are the same level with input is
senses. Each level is sensed by the input which will trigger the same level of output and the status of the output
and temperature view on the LCD.

19
Flow Chart of over the entire project

Figure 13:complete flow chart of the project

3.1.1 Microcontroller module

Controller is the main part of the system where all the process flow will be controlled by this hardware
accordingly to the embedded programming in it. Microcontroller is chosen for the system as the controller. In
other word it is the heart of this device system. The functions of the microcontroller are limited by manufacturers

20
or the types of certain model. Here we use handmade version of Arduino Uno R3 for ATmega328P
microcontroller.
`ATmega328P is chosen as the controller for the project since it offers various functions and applicable for the
system also it is mostly available in the market. It‟s a 28 pin IC.

Figure 14: Pin Diagram of ATmega328P interfacing with Arduino

3.1.2 Potentiometer
The potentiometer circuit gets electricity from the 5V on the Arduino. We use potentiometer in
this project to increase and decrease the resistance to get the brightness of LCD. The value of this
signal changes depending on the setting of the dial on the potentiometer
3.1.3 DC voltmeter
The Voltmeter can be used to measure the voltage of the microcontroller circuit (if it‟s going
from 5V to GND this will usually read 4.8 to 5V) or just a portion. If we

want to measure the voltage of just a portion of your circuit, we have to pay
attention to where we place our probes.

21
 +88.8
Volts

Figure 15:DC Voltmeter

3.1.4 Solenoid valve

The response time of a solenoid valve is the lapse of time between the electrical signal and the outlet of a fluid
signal. The main advantage of the DC solenoid is its constant current consumption, which leads to smooth
switching and a coil that can cope with mechanical obstructions. A solenoid valve is an electromechanically
operated valve and it has two main parts: the solenoid and the valve. The solenoid converts electrical energy
into mechanical energy which, in turn, opens or closes the valve mechanically. A direct acting valve has only a
small flow circuit Solenoid valves may use metal seals or rubber seals, and may also have electrical interfaces to
allow for easy control.

Figure 16:Solenoid Valve

Features
3.1.4.1 Reproducible switching point accuracy

3.1.4.2 Long mechanical and electrical service life

22
 3.1.4.3 Simple, accurate adjustment of switching point With LED indicator
3.1.5 Sensory module
The LM35 temperature sensor is used as the heat detector in the system. It is used as a basic centigrade
temperature sensor which can sense the temperature from +2 ºC to +250 ºC. The power supply of 5V is used from
the port of Arduino Board and the input and output are connected to the input/output port of Arduino.

Figure 17:Block diagram of the pin connection of LM35

The pin connection of LM35 is shown in figure 9. The analog input port A0 of the Arduino board is used as the
input port and the 5V output port of the Arduino board is used as the power supply for LM35. Since the sensor is
used as a basic Centigrade temperature sensor, any external circuit is not required and the output of the sensor can
be driven directly to the input port of the board.The microcontroller reads the output voltage of the sensor every
second by using the function Analog Read. Temperature is the function of output voltage, and thus temperature
can be automatically send a signal to the microcontroller and then microcontroller will command to run calculated
by using mathematics. The temperature is calculated from the output voltage by using the formula shown in
listing 3 and if it exceeds the limit defined in the software, it will motor located in the specified Zone

23
3.2 LCD modules
LCD is used to Display Temperature output. The temperature sensor Device senses the temperature and
gives the output as a display in the LCD.
2rows x 16 columns text LCD
In this project we used 2rows x 16 columns text LCD consist of two lines by 16 characters and provides basic text
wrapping so that your text looks right on the display. The LCD display is compatible with the C stamp
microcomputers supplies and signal levels. The LCD we used was having 16 pins out of which 8 pins are directly
going to microcontroller pin number 1 to 8. Two pins are connected with Vcc one with ground and one with the
potentiometer to set the resolution of LCD.
Three control pins of LCD are also connected to microcontroller pins. They are used for enabling LCD,
performing read or write operations and to select command or data register.

Figure 18:LCD Interfacing with Microcontroller

3.3 Appliance module

In the Appliance Module we have different types of output such as Light, motor, buzzer etc.
3.3.1 Buzzer
It has two pins; one is connected with the supply and the other one with the microcontroller pin no 6. When
microcontroller will provide low signal, the circuit will be completed and the buzzer will start alarming.
24
Figure 19:Buzzer Interfacing with Microcontroller

3.3.2 Resistor
The flow of charge through any material encounters an opposing force similar in many respects to mechanical
friction this opposing force is called resistance of the material. Most electronic circuit requires resistors to make
them work properly. Resistance is measured in ohms; the symbol for ohm is an omega ohm. 1 ohm is quite small
for electronics so resistances are often given in KOhm.in this project we used the resister for LED and for the
potentiometer, but for the LED we used 2. 2 Ω and for the potentiometer 10kΩ.we used the resister 2.2Ω to LED
to protect from burning out when current is high.

R1
10k

Figure 20: resistance

3.3.3 Diode:
Diode is an electronic device that allows the passage of current in only one direction. The diodes
commonly used in electronic circuits are semiconductor diodes. There are different diodes used in
electronic circuits such as Junction diode, Zenger diode, Photo diodes, and tunnel diode. Junction
diodes consist of junction of two different kinds of semiconductor material. The Zenger diode is a
special junction type diode, using silicon, in which the voltage across the junction is independent of
the current through the junction. It is important to know that each diode will be immediately
destroyed unless its current is limited. This means that a conductor must be connected in parallel to a
diode
25
 D1
LED-GREEN

Figure 21:Diode

3.3.4 Relay
In electromechanical relays the switching element is a mechanical contact, actuated by an electromagnet. This is
the most widely used type of relay design. Then principal internal functions of the electromechanical relay are:
Conversion of electrical current (input, coil current) to a magnetic field Conversion of the magnetic field into a
mechanical force this force operates the contacts (secondary side) Contacts switch and conduct electrical current
(output, load current). Relays are normally closed and normally open. Both are used in this project: the normally
closed is used when we used main power supply and the normally open is used when emergency is occurring.

RL1
12V

26
Figure 22:relay

3.4 Power supply

Power supply is used to drive the circuit. Inappropriate voltage will damage the entire circuitry therefore it
constitutes a very important part of the circuit. Every electronic circuit requires power for its operation. Every
function simple or complex is controlled by the power supply. Even a little variation in voltage can damage all the
circuitry. So, power supply is of prime importance in all the circuits. The power supply which we get is AC
operating at 220Volts.But as our electronic circuits work only on DC therefore; we cannot employ direct usage of
supply which we get. In order to overcome this, we require various process namely transformation, rectification,
smoothing or filtering and regulation. These entire process using bridge rectifiers are illustrated below

Vcc

U1
7805
TR1 D1
6-12V 1 3 5V
VI VO
10mA

220V D3 D4 C1
50/60Hz
10mA 10mA 100uF C2 C3
100uF 100uF
D2

TRAN-2P2S 10mA

Figure 23:Block diagram of power supply system

3.4.1 Voltage regulator

As microcontroller needs constant 5 volts to operate so we need a voltage regulator circuit. We are using IC 7805
along with two polar and two non-polar capacitors for this purpose. 7805 will take input from the supply (adopter)
in our case and provide constant 5 volts throughout the circuit. The Vcc that microcontroller gets is coming from
output of this IC.
3.4.2 Emergency power system:
Defined in an independent reserve source of electric energy that, upon failure or outage of the normal
source, automatically provides reliable electric power within a specified time to critical devices and
equipment whose failure to operate satisfactorily would jeopardize the health and safety of personnel
or result in damage to property. These systems are intended to automatically supply illumination,
power, or both, to designated areas and equipment in the event of failure of the normal supply or in
the event of accident to elements of a system intended to supply, distribute, and control power and
illumination essential for safety to human life.
27
 3.4.3 Power supply
The Arduino board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the
5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage
regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. In our project we use 12
V 7.2 Ah Lead Acid Battery for power supply

Figure 24:DC V Lead Acid Battery

3.4.4 Testing the system

First of all, all the hardware units of the system were tested and it was ensured that they were in a good working
condition. Then, each and every unit were interfaced and implemented individually with the microcontroller
board and drove with the software according to the necessity of the application. The testing of the application was
not done at once after it was
Completed. Rather each unit of the application was tested individually. The second unit was no tested until the
first unit gave the expected result and until it was not working according to the necessity of the application. After
all of the units were working correctly, the units were kept together and then the whole system was developed and
tested. It was easy to figure out the bugs
and the problem of the system as the behavior of each unit was known while testing it. It would be impossible to
figure out the problems and the bugs in the system if the system was developed and tested after it was completed.

28
Figure 25: Schematic Circuit diagram of “Automatic Fire control & specific fire location

3.4.5 System development

When a sensor 1 gets activation in zone 1, the input pin of microcontroller C.1 will high as per defined program
and the response at the output pin D0-D7 connected LCD display will show “On Fire: 1” consequently output pin
B1 & B2 will get high pulse which is given to a bipolar switching transistor‟s base, this pulse create base emitter
forward bias which is responsible for transistor activation. Then this transistor activate a relay to power on a water
pump for specific fire location, main power disconnect by magnetic contactor and a motor will get ON for open an
emergency exit. Here we used a transistor because it can carry up to 500mA current but this much of current
cannot tolerate a microcontroller. Where microcontroller ratings are as follows- Power Consumption at 12 MHz,
5V, 50°C, Active: 3.6 mA, Idle Mode: 1.0 mA, Power-down Mode: 0.5 µA.
We also used in this circuit to light ON an indication LED with connected a 1kΩ resistor output pin to common
GND. Output pin D.6 is common for every fire zone as we defined program to activate a buzzer alarm and a main
water pump ON to fill water in the main water tank. For instant smoke sense, we can use a high sensitivity smoke
sensing detector to give high pulse to input pin of microcontroller from which it will get fictional activity as per
program installed in the microcontroller.
For magnetic contactor activate we connected a relay NC (Normally close) point and when relay will get

29
activation by the transistor the NC point of relay will open hence main power will disconnect in the specific fire
area. We can use all of assigned sensing input pin of microcontroller as per described working principal for
separate zone to multiple control area.
3.5 Software configuration
Programming software of this line follower is known as ARDUINO-IDE .This is open source programming
platform. The open-source ARDUINO environment makes it easy to write code and upload it to the I/O board.
Here we use ARDUINO-1.5.5 BETA platform. To configure software we have to use ARDUINO IDE named
arduino.exe the system is implemented on Arduino platform using the Arduino Uno Board. The whole system is
implemented using the C- code language written on the arduino platform. The software written on the platform
can be uploaded to the microcontroller (i.e. the arduino board) using Arduino IDE software. The Arduino
integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform written in Java, whereas the programs are written in
C.The platform comes with a software library along with the code editor with features such as syntax highlighting,
brace matching and automatic indentation. The whole program is written in the platform in the C language code
which can be uploaded to the board by a simple upload button. Basically, the project is the integration of the
software (C language code) used to interface and implement the sensors.
3.5.1 Overall theory of the project
The overall project consists of the following components:
 Microcontroller ATmega328p
 Temperature sensor LM-35.
 16x2 LCD.
 12 V DC Motor
 5 Volts Buzzer.
 12Volts Relay.
 Potentiometers 10K.
 5 Volts Voltage regulators 7805.
 BJT BC548 NPN-type
 LED‟s.
 0.0022Ω resistor for LED‟s
 Arduino C code
 12 V 7.2 Ah Battery.

30
 CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Result
The aim of the project was to implement a smart home system and the goal was met. The result was simulated on
proteus using Arduino code and C-language code of the system. The sensing is performed by LM35 for heat
detection. The detection has analogue output and this analogue output of the detectors feed to the microcontroller
as an input inside the microcontroller the ADC conversion performed and the external voltage was selected as a
reference for better accuracy. After identifying the digital reading on LCD we select a specific number to compare
with that of that digital value and the comparison is held in the software instruction. when one of the
initiating heat detects, heat above the selected specific number it activate the entire system at this moment the
LCD display show the place where the fire begin and the microcontroller send the command for the notification
appliance, the red “LED” light, and the buzzer are on, the relay closed and finally the motors are run automatically
to eliminate to the fire.
Table 4፡Result, Instructions and the Response to and from the System

Result
Condition Command

On fire Safe
Temp. >50° in Zone 1 Run pump 1
Temp.<50° in Zone 2 & Zone 1 Zone : 2, 3 Stop pump 2
Temp.< 50° in Zone 3 Stop pump 3
Temp. <50° in Zone 1 & Run pump 2
Temp.>50° in Zone 2 & Zone : 2 Zone : 1, 3 Stop pump 1
Temp.<50° in Zone 3 Stop pump 3
Temp.<50° in Zone 1 & Run pump 3
Temp.<50° in Zone 2 & Zone : 3 Zone : 1, 2 Stop pump 1
Temp.>50° in Zone 3 Stop pump 2

31
 Temp.>50° in Zone 1 & Run pump 1
Temp.>50° in Zone 2 & Zone : 1, 2 Zone : 3 Run pump 2
Temp.<50° in Zone 3 Stop pump 3
Temp.<50° in Zone 1 & Run pump 2
Temp.>50° in Zone 2 & Zone : 2, 3 Zone : 1 Run pump 3
Temp.>50° in Zone 3 Stop pump 1
Temp.>50° in Zone 1 & Run pump 1
Temp.<50° in Zone 2 & Zone : 1, 3 Zone : 2 Run pump 3
Temp.>50° in Zone 3 Stop pump 2
Temp.>50° in Zone 1 & Run pump 1
Temp.>50° in Zone 2 & Zone : 1, 2, 3 Zone : No Run pump 2
Temp.>50° in Zone 3 Run pump 3
Temp.<50° in Zone 1 & Stop pump 1
Temp.<50° in Zone 2 & Zone : No Zone : 1, 2, 3 Stop pump 2
Temp.<50° in Zone 3 Stop pump 3

NB. Emergency exit motor and Main water pump Motor are stop , when Stop pump 1 ,Stop pump 2 & Stop pump 3,
Otherwise they are always run In this simulation part all the motors are run except motor (pump) zone1 and zone3
since they are not above their stated value but zone2 is above the stated value of (50oc) that is 52.30o c but the two
zones are below their stated value, that is 49.36oc

32
4.2 Discussion

This project is an application project demonstrating of automatic fire alarm and fire control system. The
movements and the temperature are detected by installing sensors at different places. The temperature of the
premises where the sensors are installed can be known at any time before reaching the critical limit set by the user.
As this project is automatic fire alarm & fire control system, a few sensors and a LED light are used. This project
can be extended by increasing the number of sensors used along with an increase in the number of
installation places. The remote management of electronic devices can also be extended with the use of different
real electronic devices. The project was completed within the projected time with the expected result. However,
there were many hardware and software errors experienced during the development of the application. There were
many bugs in the software as well as connection errors in the hardware, which came along with the development
of the application and which was solved individually. Despite reading the datasheet of the sensors before using
them, the microcontroller was burnt out by accidentally connecting the wrong pins. Accidentally, the ground
connection and the power supply were interchanged which burnt down the microcontroller and a new
microcontroller had to be ordered. Similarly, there were some hardware errors while connecting the sensors and
the LED with the microcontroller
4.3 Project evaluation
The project has met all the objectives as listed previously. The objective as defined earlier was to detect fire,
confirm its presence by checking through multiple sensors and then indicating its position on some output device
and alarming a buzzer to inform the vicinity the presence of the fire. Some excellent features are also provided in
the project that makes the fire alarm system more or less sensitive and placement of the fire alarm system in
various multiple locations.
4.4 System features
 Pinpoints the exact location of fire.
 Displays the presence of fire without any delay.
 Sounds alarm loudly enabling the vicinity to take necessary measures to get away
from fire and take steps to put away the fire.
 Provides a flexibility to reduce or enhance the sensitivity of the sensors to detect fire.
 Interfacing various sensors with a single microcontroller chip there by reducing
the cost of the fire alarm systems.
 Reluctant to false alarm or any ambiguity

33
  This is to make the system more sensitive and obtain a quick feedback from the
desired area of condition.
4.4.1 Features ATmega 328/P
 High Performance.
 Low Power consumption.
 High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments.
 High Speed.
 Temperature Range: -40oc-85oc,
 It is inexpensive.
 Mostly available in the market.
 It‟s a 28 pin IC.
4.4.2 Drawbacks / Limitation of the project
 Detects the fire from one location at a time, if there is fire in more than 3 locations, the system will be
anable to detect and hence locate only in three locations.
 No record keeping is being done in the system which deprives us from any type of analysis which can be
beneficial for the betterment of the existing system.
 When the three tankers are full, the main Main water pump are drop out the water.
4.5 Costing
Costing is always a vital issue to make any project. Price of electronics is not stable for a developing country like
Ethiopia, because Ethiopia never produces electronics parts but import from other developed country and during
import; price depends upon the stock of foreign currency. Average price of parts used in this project is given
bellow,
Table 5፡Price list of the Hardware
Sl. Name Quantity Price per Price(ETB)
No. Quantity

1 ATmega328p with Socket 1 75 75

2 LCD Display 16x2 1 50 50
3 12 V DC Motor 5 100 500
4 Relay 12V DC 6 30 180
5 BC 548 NPN Transistor 7 50 350
6 Resistor 2.2Ω 1 8 8
34
7 Resistor 10k 1 30 30
8 LED 5 50 250
9 LM35 Sensor 3 60 180
10 12V Lead Acid Battery 1 500 500

11 Voltage Regulator(7805) 1 100 100

12 Solenoid valve 4 70 280
13 Push button 1 4 4
14 Total 2507

35
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
Fire alarm system plays an important role in maintaining and monitoring the safe of all kind environments and
situations. The main objective of this project is to make automatic fire alarm and control system in homes,
buildings and factories and we used Lm35 temperature sensor and Micro controller for efficient use of electricity.
It will help us to reduce the wastage of electricity, save lives, reduce percentage of accident and reduce waste of
electric appliance. The program we embedded in the micro controller works according to our wish. Step-by-step
approach in designing a Microcontroller based system for temperature measurement has been followed. According
to the study and analysis of various parts of the system, a design has been carried out. The results obtained from
the measurement have shown that the system perform well under all the conditions.
In conclusion, the automatic fire alarm and control system serves as a vital safeguard against fire emergencies in
buildings. By continuously monitoring temperature sensors and providing real-time alerts, the system enables
proactive fire safety measures. It promptly activates fire suppression mechanisms, alerts occupants, and initiates
emergency protocols, minimizing the potential risks associated with fires.
5.2 Recommendation
Regular maintenance:
To ensure optimal performance, regular maintenance of the automatic fire alarm and control system is crucial.
This includes inspecting sensors, verifying connections, and conducting periodic system tests. By adhering to a
maintenance schedule, potential issues can be identified and resolved promptly, minimizing the risk of system
failure during critical situations.
Integration with Emergency Response System:
Consider integrating the fire alarm system with an emergency response system or establishing direct
communication with the local fire department. This integration enables the automatic transmission of fire alarms,
facilitating a swift response. By reducing response time, the chances of containing and extinguishing fires in their
early stages increase significantly.
Backup power supply:
Installing a backup power supply or a battery backup system is essential for the fire alarm and control system. During power
outages, the backup power source ensures continuous operation, allowing the system to function effectively. This
uninterrupted power supply ensures that fire detection and control mechanisms remain operational, even in
challenging circumstances.
36
Expandability and scalability:
Design the fire alarm and control system with expandability and scalability in mind. This allows for future
additions or modifications based on changing building layouts, expansions, or updated fire safety requirements.
An adaptable system accommodates evolving needs and ensures compatibility with emerging technologies,
making it a sustainable long-term solution.
Training and awareness:
Conduct comprehensive training sessions for personnel and building occupants to familiarize them with the fire
alarm and control system. This training should include guidance on recognizing system indications, proper
evacuation procedures, and how to respond effectively during a fire emergency. Increasing awareness and
knowledge of the system promotes swift and appropriate actions, minimizing false alarms and improving overall
safety.

37
REFERENCE
1. Automatic Fire Detection and Notification System Based on Improved Y. Mukhiddinov, M.,
Abdusalomov, A.B. and Cho, J.,. 2022, or the Blind and Visually Impaired. Sensors, 22(9), p.330.
2. "Multiple Laser Alarm System using Arduino Uno." Lyceum of the Philippines–Journal of Engineering
and Computer Studies 4. Lusterio, Vincent, Robert Christian Montecer, and Neil Balba. , no. 3
(2020):. 1-1..
3. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A MICRO-CONTROLLER BASED AUTOMATIC FIRE
EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM. RILWANU, B. (2015)..
4. Automatic Fire Detection and Notification System Based on Improved yolov4 for the Blind and
Visually Impaired. Sensors. Mukhiddinov, M., Abdusalomov, A. B., & Cho, J. S.l. : , 22(9), 3307., .
(2022). .
5. "Policy awareness, enforcement and maintenance: Critical to information security effectiveness in
organizations.". Knapp, Kenneth J., and Claudia J. Ferrante. S.l. : Journal of Management Policy and
Practice , 2012):, Vols. 66-80. . 13.5 (.
6. Automation in Construction 110 "BIM-based augmented reality inspection and maintenance of fire
safety equipmen. Chen, Yi-Jao, Yong-Shan Lai, and Yen-Han Lin. . (2020): 103041..
7. A two-terminal IC temperature transducer. , . Timko, M.P., 1976. 11(6), . Pp.784-788, s.l. : IEEE
Journal of Solid-State Circuits.
8. : A Hands-On introduction with 65 projects. No starch press. Boxall, John. Arduino workshop,. 2021.
9. Texture surface defect detection of plastic relays with an enhanced feature pyramid network. Journal of
Intelligent Manufacturing, . Huang, F., Wang, B. W., Li, Q. P., & Zou, J.). (2021). 1-17.
10. Rüppel U, Schatz K. . Designing a BIM-based serious game for fire safety evacuation simulations.
Advanced engineering informatics. . 2011 Oct . 1;25(4):600-11.
11. WALL AVOIDING ROBOT.". ZAMRI, MOHD NOOR BIN. " phd diss.,. S.l., g, 2008.
12. . "Flow Data Acquisition System.. Maxwell IV, Samuel Chapman. , et al : s.n., " (2022).

38